Optic nerve retinal ganglion cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Our interests are concentrated on early changes in the retina and the optic nerve during the course of glaucoma. (nih.gov)
Treatments currently available for glaucoma exert their effects by reducing IOP, the most important risk factor for the onset and progression of the disease, but have no direct effects on RGCs or the optic nerve and are not always optimally effective in slowing the progression of the disease. (nih.gov)
Thus, our study supports the idea that the σR1 is a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative retinal diseases, such as glaucoma. (molvis.org)
However, after it was discovered that oxidative stress injury to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a leading pathophysiology of glaucoma [ 2 ], researchers' attention has turned to how to directly rescue the damaged RGCs from fatal oxidative stress. (molvis.org)
Ruling out glaucoma in myopic eyes often poses a diagnostic challenge because of atypical optic disc morphology and visual field defects that can mimic glaucoma. (nih.gov)
We determined whether neuroretinal rim assessment based on Bruch's membrane opening (BMO), rather than conventional optic disc margin (DM)-based assessment or retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, yielded higher diagnostic accuracy in myopic patients with glaucoma. (nih.gov)
Myopic subjects with refraction error greater than -2 diopters (D) (spherical equivalent) and typical myopic optic disc morphology, with and without glaucoma, were recruited from a glaucoma clinic and a local optometry practice. (nih.gov)
The final classification of myopic glaucoma or myopic control was based on consensus assessment by 3 clinicians of visual fields and optic disc photographs. (nih.gov)
Bruch's membrane opening MRW is more sensitive than DM-RA and similar to RNFL thickness for the identification of glaucoma in myopic eyes and offers a valuable diagnostic tool for patients with glaucoma with myopic optic discs. (nih.gov)
As well as providing fundamental insights into how the retina develops, discovering how the protein encoded by the strip1 gene keeps retinal ganglion cells alive also opens promising new avenues into treating diseases like glaucoma. (sciencedaily.com)
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, with the loss of vision caused by the death of retinal ganglion cells," said Professor Ichiro Masai, head of the Developmental Neurobiology Unit at OIST. (sciencedaily.com)
In the future, uncovering the full Strip1 protein pathway inside retinal ganglion cells could help scientists find ways to slow down, or even prevent, their death in patients with glaucoma. (sciencedaily.com)
Importantly, Jun, and the pathway it acts within, is known to play a role in the death of retinal ganglion cells in patients with glaucoma. (sciencedaily.com)
Glaucoma typically occurs when pressure damages the optic nerve, placing the retinal ganglion cells under immense stress, and activating Jun," said Mai. (sciencedaily.com)
Newswise - A form of gene therapy protects optic nerve cells and preserves vision in mouse models of glaucoma, according to research supported by NIH's National Eye Institute. (newswise.com)
Glaucoma results from irreversible neurodegeneration of the optic nerve, the bundle of axons from retinal ganglion cells that transmits signals from the eye to the brain to produce vision. (newswise.com)
Our study is the first to show that activating the CaMKII pathway helps protect retinal ganglion cells from a variety of injuries and in multiple glaucoma models," said the study's lead investigator, Bo Chen, Ph.D., associate professor of ophthalmology and neuroscience at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. (newswise.com)
Similarly, boosting CaMKII activity via gene therapy proved protective of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma models based on elevated eye pressure or genetic deficiencies. (newswise.com)
If we make retinal ganglion cells more resistant and tolerant to the insults that cause cell death in glaucoma, they might be able to survive longer and maintain their function," Chen concluded. (newswise.com)
Many common eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, put these cells at risk. (nih.gov)
Researchers recently reported a technique that increases the regenerative capacity of retinal axons in a mouse model of optic nerve injury, a model commonly used to study glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. (nih.gov)
People with glaucoma experience pathological changes which include the loss of retinal ganglion cells at a much faster rate than the normal aging process and optic nerve atrophy. (selfgrowth.com)
Glaucoma is irreversible neurodegeneration that involves retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, optic nerve head cupping, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. (chemdiv.com)
Single-cell transcriptome analysis of regenerating RGCs reveals potent glaucoma neural repair genes. (stanford.edu)
L oss of visual acuity is a common feature of aging, whether it's from age-related conditions such as glaucoma, an impaired ability for cells to respond to damage, or degeneration. (the-scientist.com)
In an attempt to address these issues with a genetic intervention, scientists reprogrammed neurons in mouse eyes to regrow after inducing glaucoma or crushing the optic nerve, and restored visual acuity in healthy, middle-aged mice to that of younger mice by expressing a set of genes known to revert cells to a pluripotent state, according to a study published in Nature Wednesday (December 2). (the-scientist.com)
To test whether adult mice can regain this ability, the researchers crushed the optic nerves of some mice and induced glaucoma in another set of mice by inserting tiny beads into their eyes, then injected the virus encoding the three transcription factors into all the mice's eyes. (the-scientist.com)
It allowed me to move into the field of glaucoma and retinal ganglion cell neurodegeneration. (glaucoma.org)
Optic nerve crush has been used as a model neuronal injury, including glaucoma, traumatic optic neuropathies, neurodegeneration and CNS injury. (pharmoptima.com)
Applications include traumatic optic neuropathy, glaucoma and neurodegenerative disease. (pharmoptima.com)
Glaucomatous injury is a pathohistological feature of glaucoma in the optic nerve. (pharmoptima.com)
The optic nerve crush model can test agents treating glaucoma, traumatic optic neuropathies, neurodegeneration, and CNS injury and inflammation. (pharmoptima.com)
We have previously shown that activation of innate neuroprotective pathways by repeated hypoxia exposures prevents neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells in a short-term or acute, surgically-induced model of experimental glaucoma in mice. (brightfocus.org)
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies with typical optic nerve head cupping and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and their axons with respective vision loss [1] . (aao.org)
Low-tension glaucoma (LTG) is a chronic optic neuropathy that affects adults. (medscape.com)
Its features parallel primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), including characteristic optic disc cupping and visual-field loss, with the exception of a consistently normal intraocular pressure (IOP), ie, less than 22 mm Hg. (medscape.com)
Low-tension glaucoma is an optic neuropathy with chronic loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) due to a genetic hypersensitivity to IOP. (medscape.com)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) rarely is elevated in low-tension glaucoma and typically is obtained in cases of decreased central acuity with a pale nerve to rule out anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). (medscape.com)
Thus, a reliable, The exclusion criteria were: significant quick and inexpensive test for detection of ocular diseases beside diabetic retinopathy, early dysfunction is of vital importance to including cataract, glaucoma, and optic primary and shared care programmes. (who.int)
Afterwards, the best corrected ocular diseases, including optic neuritis and visual acuity was determined on a subjec- glaucoma, where contrast sensitivity can be tive basis. (who.int)
Recently, a novel neuroretinal rim parameter, based on the minimum rim width from Bruch's membrane opening to the neuroretinal surface (BMO-MRW), has demonstrated much greater effectiveness in evaluating the ONH for glaucoma than other optic disc margin measurements such as cup-to-disc ratio and rim area. (cdc.gov)

Optic nerve section in the newborn rat results in a rapid apoptotic degeneration of most axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (nih.gov)
It is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to a specific deformation of the optic nerve head. (nih.gov)
In primates, including humans, there are generally three classes of RGCs: W-ganglion: small, 40% of total, broad fields in retina, excitation from rods. (wikipedia.org)
To evaluate the neuroprotective and neurite outgrowth effects of maltol, a natural aroma compound, on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) under oxidative stress in vitro. (molvis.org)
This oxidative stress significantly increased the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs, but the maltol drastically reduced the proportion of those apoptotic cells. (molvis.org)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) develop in waves, starting at the central retina and then progressing outward toward the periphery. (jneurosci.org)
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) exhibit compartmentalized organization, receiving synaptic inputs through their dendrites and transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain through the optic nerve. (jneurosci.org)
The team focused on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are neurons whose axons make up the optic nerve and snake their way into the brain, transmitting information from light-sensitive photoreceptors. (the-scientist.com)

This requires parallel studies on genes that are important for the function of the retina, the optic nerve and aqueous humor outflow system in the normal eye. (nih.gov)
A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
It receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types: bipolar cells and retina amacrine cells. (wikipedia.org)
Retina amacrine cells, particularly narrow field cells, are important for creating functional subunits within the ganglion cell layer and making it so that ganglion cells can observe a small dot moving a small distance. (wikipedia.org)
Retinal ganglion cells collectively transmit image-forming and non-image forming visual information from the retina in the form of action potential to several regions in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon, or midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
There are about 0.7 to 1.5 million retinal ganglion cells in the human retina. (wikipedia.org)
With about 4.6 million cone cells and 92 million rod cells, or 96.6 million photoreceptors per retina, on average each retinal ganglion cell receives inputs from about 100 rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
In the fovea (center of the retina), a single ganglion cell will communicate with as few as five photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
In the extreme periphery (edge of the retina), a single ganglion cell will receive information from many thousands of photoreceptors. (wikipedia.org)
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). (mdpi.com)
Researchers have identified a gene necessary for the survival of retinal ganglion cells -- a class of neurons located in the retina that are critical for vision. (sciencedaily.com)
Goldberg and colleagues have demonstrated through a series of interventions in mice with optic nerve injury that they can successfully regenerate retinal ganglion cells axons, which form the optic nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. (nih.gov)
They expect their studies to identify a list of small molecules and candidate genes that contribute to the ability of photoreceptor cells to home in on their appropriate target cells in the retina, known as bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Scientists have created the most detailed gene map of the retina, providing insights into how the thin layer of cells at the back of eye sense light and send messages to the brain. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Cells mapped include photoreceptors, which sense light and allow people to see, the retinal ganglion cells, which transmit messages to the brain along the optic nerve, and other cells that support the function and stability of the retina. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Crush injury to the optic nerve severs the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons leading to the gradual death of RGC neurons in the retina. (pharmoptima.com)
The retina is the thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye, made up of millions of cells that work together to process light and transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve. (futurity.org)
For inherited retinal diseases, the problem occurs in the retina. (futurity.org)
Our new retinal atlas provides new insights into the genetic code of the cells in the human retina. (futurity.org)
This allowed us to develop a genetic profile of the major cell types in the retina, and the genes they express to function normally. (futurity.org)
Now that we have a detailed map of a healthy retina, we can use this to advance our understanding of what goes wrong in inherited retinal diseases. (futurity.org)
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that mHep N-DRN is a potent anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory compound with negligible anticoagulant or hemorrhagic action and no cytotoxicity for retina cells. (bvsalud.org)
The neural signals initially processed by the retina travel via the axons of the ganglion cells through the optic nerves, dividing and partially crossing over into the optic chiasm and then travelling via the optic tracts to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). (medscape.com)
and finally reaches the photoreceptor cells of the retina. (medscape.com)
The receptor cells and the bipolar cells of the retina respond to light with graded electrotonic responses, rather than with all-or-nothing action potentials. (medscape.com)

We study genes, proteins and signaling pathways that might be essential for RGC and optic nerve development, function, survival, and regeneration. (nih.gov)
We discovered that myocilin increased cell proliferation and survival. (nih.gov)
Nerve cells in the brain and retinal ganglion cells that make up optic nerves have high energy demands and may be particularly dependent on energy production in the mitochondria for survival. (medlineplus.gov)
Using an antibody marker of CaMKII activity, Chen's team discovered that CaMKII pathway signaling was compromised whenever retinal ganglion cells were exposed to toxins or trauma from a crush injury to the optic nerve, suggesting a correlation between CaMKII activity and retinal ganglion cell survival. (newswise.com)
Increasing retinal ganglion cell survival rates translated into greater likelihood of preserved visual function, according to cell activity measured by electroretinogram and patterns of activity in the visual cortex. (newswise.com)
By regulating nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and their receptors, it is possible that acupuncture facilitates the survival pathway for cells, in contrast to eye drops, laser, and surgery, which has no effect on improving the blood flow and protecting against nerve degeneration. (selfgrowth.com)
Subtype-specific survival and regeneration of retinal ganglion cells in response to injury. (neurotree.org)
Park KK , Luo X, Mooney SJ , Yungher BJ , Belin S , Wang C , Holmes MM , He Z . Retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in naked mole-rats. (neurotree.org)
As our first aim, we will examine the survival of both the cell bodies and the axons of retinal ganglion cells, as well as the overall functional performance of the visual system of the mouse, after 4.5 months of treatment, to quantify injury in untreated mice and protection in mice receiving intermittent hypoxia. (brightfocus.org)

These axons form the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. (wikipedia.org)
The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve, which carries information to the brain. (medscape.com)

Loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve atrophy contribute to vision impairment in people with autosomal dominant optic atrophy and cataracts. (medlineplus.gov)

Maprotiline restores ER homeostasis and rescues neurodegeneration via Histamine Receptor H1 inhibition in retinal ganglion cells. (stanford.edu)

Bagli E, Zikou AK, Agnantis N, Kitsos G. Mitochondrial Membrane Dynamics and Inherited Optic Neuropathies. (medlineplus.gov)
Our work demonstrates the potential of vis-OCTF to longitudinally quantify and track RGC damage at single axon bundle level in optic neuropathies. (jneurosci.org)
Vis-OCTF for monitoring RGC axon bundle organization has the potential to bring new insight into RGC damage in optic neuropathies. (jneurosci.org)

Neuregulin expressed by neurons binds the receptor tyrosine kinase erbB2 on Schwann cell microvilli that directly contact the axon. (jneurosci.org)
Seeking to uncover the reason behind this retinal defect, Prof Masai's unit labelled the three different types of neurons that connect in the inner plexiform layer -- retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells and bipolar cells -- to see how they developed when strip1 was mutated. (sciencedaily.com)
A new study reports high contrast visual stimulation can help damaged retinal neurons to regrow optic nerve fibers. (neurosciencenews.com)
During early brain development - weeks before a mouse opens its eyes for the first time -neurons extend long axonal processes from back of the eye, forming the optic nerve. (medindia.net)
The researchers used a virus to identify which types of neurons the retinal ganglion cells made connections with once inside the superior colliculus. (medindia.net)
Researchers repaired what is otherwise irreversible damage in the animals' ocular neurons, by activating transcription factors ordinarily used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. (the-scientist.com)

Degeneration of these cells was completely prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis during lidocaine application. (nih.gov)
We are interested in investigating the potential neuroprotective benefits of stem cell transplantation, which has produced encouraging results in different models of CNS degeneration. (nih.gov)
Here, we used the σR1-knockout mouse ( Sigmar1 −/− ) to demonstrate unambiguously the role of the σR1 in protecting the retinal ganglion cells against degeneration after acute damage to the optic nerve. (molvis.org)
Our data indicated faster retinal ganglion cell death in Sigmar1 −/− than in wild-type mice under the stresses caused by optic nerve crush, providing direct evidence for a role of the σR1 in alleviating retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
Wallerian degeneration includes a characteristic demyelinating response of Schwann cells surrounding the distal stump of an injured peripheral nerve. (jneurosci.org)
This degeneration requires close contact of the distal axon with Schwann cells, but what is the signal? (jneurosci.org)
People with this condition have degeneration (atrophy) of the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain, and clouding of the lenses of the eyes (cataracts). (medlineplus.gov)
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) occurs due to an abnormality of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and causes damage to the macula [1, 2]. (chemdiv.com)
Optic nerve crush serves as a useful model for traumatic optic neuropathy and mimics glaucomatous injury, similarly inducing RGC cell death and degeneration. (pharmoptima.com)

Oppositely, expression of mutated myocilin sensitizes cells to apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. (nih.gov)
The cell viability and apoptosis were determined by using adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. (molvis.org)
Under oxidative stress, the effects of maltol on cell viability, apoptosis, and neurite outgrowth were assessed. (molvis.org)
The OPA3 protein is thought to play a role in the organization of the shape and structure of the mitochondria and in controlled cell death (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
Cells that contain these poorly functioning mitochondria seem to be more susceptible to apoptosis, particularly those with high energy demands, such as a type in the eye called retinal ganglion cells. (medlineplus.gov)
This process of cell death, called apoptosis, is a fail-safe mechanism for removing stressed cells that can't be repaired," explained Prof. Masai. (sciencedaily.com)

Retinal ganglion cell expression of cytokine enhances occupancy of NG2 cell-derived astrocytes at the nerve injury site: Implication for axon regeneration. (neurotree.org)
Thrombospondin-1 Mediates Axon Regeneration in Retinal Ganglion Cells. (neurotree.org)

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nearly all clinical and preclinical studies measure the retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) thickness as the sole indicator of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage without investigating RGC axon bundles directly. (jneurosci.org)
Intraocular pressure (IOP), positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) recordings were taken. (arvojournals.org)
In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. (lu.se)
The data suggest that up-regulation of Nf expression in the retinal ganglion cells precedes development of RNFL atrophy and plausibly explains the transient increase of axonal diameter and RNFL thickening. (lu.se)
Racial differences in the anatomy of the optic nerve head (ONH), such as larger optic discs and disc area, deeper cups, variation in lamina cribrosa position, and thicker overall retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and peripapillary choroid thicknesses in AD individuals, have also been previously described. (cdc.gov)
The purpose of this study is to determine if BMO-MRW varies with race, specifically across people of AD and ED, and how BMO-MRW relates to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. (cdc.gov)

Inactivation of p300 acetyltransferase reversed the resveratrol-induced expression of VEGFs and motor repair in rats that had undergone sciatic nerve crush injury. (vinomis.com)
Purpose: We evaluated the effects of the drug MS-818 (2-piperadino-6-methyl-5-oxo-5,6-dihydro-(7H) pyrrolo-[3,4-d] pyrimidine maleate), a synthesized pyrimidine compound, on regeneration in crush-injured sciatic nerves of rats. (iospress.com)
NGF peptide levels retained in the crushed nerves of rats 5 days after surgery and in the culture medium of IMS32 cells, a mouse Schwann cell line, incubated for 24 h with high or low doses of MS-818, were measured by enzyme immunoassay. (iospress.com)
Retinal tissue Nf concentrations per total protein (μg/mg) were significantly higher in MOG-EAE rats with ON (median 4.29, interquartile range [IQR] 3.41-5.97) compared with MOG-EAE rats without ON (1.14, IQR 1.10-1.67) or control rats (0.93, IQR 0.45-4.00). (lu.se)

Nearly 50 different mouse retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types sample the visual scene for distinct features. (elifesciences.org)
Identification of long noncoding RNAs in injury-resilient and injury-susceptible mouse retinal ganglion cells. (neurotree.org)

Citation: Ding Z, Cao J, Shen Y, Zou Y, Yang X, Zhou W, Guo Q and Huang C (2018) Resveratrol Promotes Nerve Regeneration via Activation of p300 Acetyltransferase-Mediated VEGF Signaling in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury. (vinomis.com)
The slow rate of nerve regeneration after injury may account for this. (vinomis.com)
Although many benefits of resveratrol have been shown in the nervous system, it is not clear whether resveratrol could promote fast nerve regeneration and motor repair after peripheral nerve injury. (vinomis.com)
Resveratrol increased the number of axons in the distal part of the injured nerve, indicating enhanced nerve regeneration. (vinomis.com)
The above results indicated that daily systematic resveratrol treatment promoted nerve regeneration and led to rapid motor repair. (vinomis.com)
Resveratrol activated p300 acetyltransferase-mediated VEGF signaling in the affected ventral spinal cord, which may have thus contributed to the acceleration of nerve regeneration and motor repair. (vinomis.com)
Rodents lacking VEGFs showed impaired nerve regeneration (Sun et al. (vinomis.com)
2014). Both VEGFa and VEGFb can exert this effect on nerve regeneration independent of their angiogenic roles. (vinomis.com)
Strittmatter and his team also are searching for genes that contribute to the regeneration of axons from retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
Optic nerve diseases and regeneration: How far are we from the promised land? (neurotree.org)
Proteomics and systems biology in optic nerve regeneration. (neurotree.org)
Optic nerve regeneration in mammals: Regenerated or spared axons? (neurotree.org)
Wnt signaling promotes axonal regeneration following optic nerve injury in the mouse. (neurotree.org)
qRT-PCR of Atf3, Sprr1a, Ddit3 (Chop), and Gfap from retinal RNA four days after optic nerve crush (ONC) compared to uninjured contralateral control (CTL): upregulation of regeneration-associated genes Atf3 and Sprr1a, pro-apoptotic transcription factor Ddit3 (Chop), and reactive astrocyte marker Gfap demonstrates a robust response to injury following ONC. (pharmoptima.com)

Light that enters the eye activates rod and cone photoreceptors, which then activates retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
Light activates these photoreceptors, which modulate the activity of bipolar cells. (medscape.com)
The graded responses in the photoreceptors are the result of the photochemical process, but those in the bipolar cells are synaptically driven. (medscape.com)
A light flash decreases the dark current and hyperpolarizes the photoreceptors relative to the dark state, reducing the amount of inhibitory neurotransmitters released onto the bipolar cell. (medscape.com)

Surprisingly, the researchers found that while all three neuron types developed an incorrect form and position, only the retinal ganglion cells died. (sciencedaily.com)
As these cells died, the other neuron types replaced them, leading to a disordered layer. (sciencedaily.com)
One protein, emitted by a type of excitatory neuron in the superior colliculus, lures the optic nerve cell closer like a molecular homing beacon. (medindia.net)

Specialized extensions of retinal ganglion cells, called axons, form the optic nerves, so when retinal ganglion cells die, the optic nerves atrophy and cannot transmit visual information to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
In a healthy eye, bipolar cells receive signals from photoreceptor cells across a synapse and then transmit this information either directly or indirectly to retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)

We demonstrated that myocilin is involved in myelination of the optic and sciatic nerves acting through different signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
This imbalance has at least two direct consequences: damage to individual components of the living cell and induction of inflammatory pathways that further perpetuate the damage. (hindawi.com)
Western blot of retinal tissue three days following optic nerve crush compared to uninjured control: upregulation of injury marker, pcJun, demonstrates activation of signaling pathways important for neuronal outcome following ONC. (pharmoptima.com)
Immunostained whole mount retinas following optic nerve crush (ONC): upregulation of injury marker, pcJun, demonstrates activation of injury signaling pathways resulting in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death following ONC. (pharmoptima.com)

Typical symptoms of relapses may be referable to demyelinating pathology involving the optic nerves (e.g. optic neuritis), brainstem (e.g. internuclear ophthalmoplegia) or spinal cord (e.g. partial myelitis), although non-specific symptoms referable to the cerebral hemispheres or other brain regions can also occur (Katz Sand and Lublin, 2013). (medscape.com)

At least four mutations in the OPA3 gene have been found to cause autosomal dominant optic atrophy and cataract. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the OPA3 gene that cause autosomal dominant optic atrophy and cataract occur in one copy of the gene in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
A mutation that has been found in multiple people with autosomal dominant optic atrophy and cataract results in the production of a protein with the building block (amino acid) glutamine replaced with the amino acid glutamic acid at position 105 (written as Gln105Glu or Q105E). (medlineplus.gov)
This and other OPA3 gene mutations that cause autosomal dominant optic atrophy and cataract lead to abnormal mitochondrial function. (medlineplus.gov)
This condition is characterized by vision loss due to optic nerve atrophy, delayed development, and movement problems. (medlineplus.gov)
Anikster Y, Kleta R, Shaag A, Gahl WA, Elpeleg O. Type III 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (optic atrophy plus syndrome, or Costeff optic atrophy syndrome): identification of the OPA3 gene and its founder mutation in Iraqi Jews. (medlineplus.gov)
Damage to these axons causes ganglion cell death with resultant optic nerve atrophy and patchy vision loss. (msdmanuals.com)

Millions of working-age people worldwide are affected by inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) like retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophy, or a range of rarer genetic conditions. (futurity.org)
Vision loss from inherited retinal diseases can be sudden or gradual, and partial or complete and there is a lot we still don't know about what causes these diseases. (futurity.org)
Inherited retinal diseases occur when genetic "mistakes" cause retinal cells to stop functioning correctly. (futurity.org)
More than 200 genes are known to be associated with retinal diseases. (futurity.org)

But understanding this key phase of development could potentially provide new information that could help researchers in future studies identify ways to regenerate injured optic nerve fibers. (medindia.net)
Structures located within the cone (after passing through the annulus of Zinn) include the motor innervations to the rectus muscles (cranial nerves III and VI) and the afferent sensory fibers from the globe, which are carried by the short and long posterior ciliary nerves before joining the nasociliary nerve (a branch of cranial nerve V1). (medscape.com)
Afferent fibers from the globe travel via the long and short posterior ciliary nerves. (medscape.com)
These fibers pass through the intraconal ciliary ganglion. (medscape.com)
The fibers then join the nasociliary nerve, which is a branch of the superior division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V1). (medscape.com)

We found that myocilin is expressed in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and affects their differentiation into osteoblasts. (nih.gov)
We have previously demonstrated that exosomes derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) provide retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotection in a rat optic nerve crush model (ARVO 2017, Abstract Vol.58, 2953). (arvojournals.org)

2010). Although axons in peripheral nerves have the capacity to regenerate after injury, a number of clinical reports and studies in recent years have indicated that functional recovery, especially motor function, is far from satisfactory even with advances in surgical procedures (Ruijs et al. (vinomis.com)
In this next research phase they hope to identify genes and proteins that help or hinder this ability of retinal ganglion cells to regenerate, grow axons to a target and become functional in mice. (nih.gov)
Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Although these cells can regenerate if injured during development, they typically lose their ability to heal within a few days of a mouse's birth. (the-scientist.com)

RGC feature selectivity arises from their synapses with a specific subset of amacrine (AC) and bipolar cell (BC) types, but how RGC dendrites arborize and collect input from these specific subsets remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
The primary line of information transmission is from photoreceptor to bipolar cell to ganglion cell and then to the brain, but the amacrine and horizontal cells provide lateral transmission lines that can produce the complicated center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells. (medscape.com)

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived MSCs are an alternative to adult MSCs that can circumvent issues regarding scalability and consistent quality due to their derivation from a renewable starting material. (nature.com)
Central retinal explants from embryonic day 5 (E5) chicks, but not periphery explants, promoted RGC axon growth from adjacent "test" explants. (jneurosci.org)
The Yamanaka factors that can reprogram cells into their embryonic-like state are at the heart of longevity research. (scientificamerican.com)
The discovery of the ' Yamanaka factors '-four transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4), ), proteins that can reprogram a fully mature cell into an embryonic-like state-earned Kyoto University researcher Shinya Yamanaka a share of the Nobel prize in 2012. (scientificamerican.com)
The finding, described in 2006, transformed stem cell research by providing a new source of cells that resemble embryonic stem cells, which are able to give rise to any type of specialized cell in the body except sex cells. (scientificamerican.com)

A total of 82 EVD survivors with ocular symptoms and 105 controls from asymptomatic civilian and military personnel and symptomatic eye clinic attendees underwent ophthalmic examination, including widefield retinal imaging. (cdc.gov)
A novel retinal lesion following the anatomic distribution of the optic nerve axons occurred in 14.6% (97.5% CI 7.1%-25.6%) of EVD survivors and no controls, suggesting neuronal transmission as a route of ocular entry. (cdc.gov)

The optic nerve is the bundle of axons that carry the visual signals from the eye to the brain. (checkorphan.org)

Retinal ganglion cell death was induced by acute optic nerve crush in wild-type and Sigmar1 −/− mice. (molvis.org)
Next, we performed optic nerve crush (ONC) injury on wild-type (WT) mice and showed that the changes in RGC axon bundle width and thickness were location-dependent. (jneurosci.org)
Administering the gene therapy to mice just prior to the toxic insult (which initiates rapid damage to the cells), and just after optic nerve crush (which causes slower damage), increased CaMKII activity and robustly protected retinal ganglion cells. (newswise.com)
Among gene therapy-treated mice, 77% of retinal ganglion cells survived 12 months after the toxic insult compared with 8% in control mice. (newswise.com)
Regenerative Responses and Axon Pathfinding of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Chronically Injured Mice. (neurotree.org)
In a 2016 Cell paper, a different group of scientists had activated these transcription factors in mice with progeria, a condition that causes premature aging, and found that the treatment alleviated symptoms and extended their lifespan by a matter of weeks. (the-scientist.com)

Costeff syndrome is caused by mutations in both copies of the OPA3 gene in each cell, leading to a complete loss of OPA3 protein function. (medlineplus.gov)
Reporting in elife on March 22, 2022, the scientists found that when zebrafish embryos developed without a working version of a gene called strip1 , most retinal ganglion cells died, and inner retinal layers formed abnormally. (sciencedaily.com)
Prof. Masai, along with his PhD student, Mai Ahmed, first became interested in the strip1 gene due to its role in correctly forming inner retinal layers. (sciencedaily.com)
Searching for ways to intervene, they found that activating the CaMKII pathway with gene therapy proved protective to the retinal ganglion cells. (newswise.com)
ERG), Immunostaining monitors therapeutic effect, immunoassays track biomarkers, and qRT-PCR provides information on retinal gene expression. (pharmoptima.com)
The researchers studied the genetic control of gene expression in cultured white blood-cell lines from women with PMDD and control subjects. (nih.gov)
An analysis of all gene transcription in the cultured cell lines turned up a large gene complex in which gene expression differed conspicuously in cells from patients compared with those from control subjects. (nih.gov)
More recently, his group invented tools for cleavage-free large gene insertion via mining microbial recombination protein, and developed single-cell tracking approach for studying cancer biology and cancer immunology. (stanford.edu)
Having a detailed gene profile of individual retinal cell types will help us study how these genes impact different kinds of cells, and what genetic signals cause a cell to stop functioning, leading to vision loss and blindness. (futurity.org)

Generating appropriate synapses between photoreceptor and bipolar cells is an essential step in restoring vision through photoreceptor transplantation. (nih.gov)
The bipolar cells synapse with the ganglion cells. (medscape.com)
The continuous influx of sodium ions results from binding of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to the sodium gates, which keeps the gated channels open while maintaining neurotransmitter release onto the bipolar cell, hyperpolarizing it (ie, the bipolar cells are inhibited). (medscape.com)
Both rods and cones release L-glutamate at their terminals on bipolar cells. (medscape.com)
In "off" bipolar cells, L-glutamate activates the KA/AMPA receptor to produce hyperpolarization. (medscape.com)
In "on" bipolar cells, L-glutamate activates L-AP4 receptors to produce depolarization. (medscape.com)
The bipolar cells, no longer inhibited, release neurotransmitters, which stimulate the ganglion cells to generate action potentials. (medscape.com)
Like the bipolar cells, the horizontal cells receive their inputs from receptors, and they generate no spikes. (medscape.com)
Some have suggested that these outputs may enhance contrast by strongly turning off unstimulated bipolar cells. (medscape.com)

M cells) Bistratified cell (koniocellular, or K pathway) Photosensitive ganglion cells Other ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus for eye movements (saccades) P-type retinal ganglion cells project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
These growing cells eventually branch off to shape thousands of intricate connections in precise brain regions, including the superior colliculus. (medindia.net)
Fox and his team examined how a specific subtype of optic nerve cells - ipsilateral retinal ganglion cells - finds its way to the superior colliculus during brain development. (medindia.net)

Excitation of retinal ganglion cells results in an increased firing rate while inhibition results in a depressed rate of firing. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibition of CaMKII activity, for example, has been shown to be either protective or detrimental to retinal ganglion cells, depending on the conditions. (newswise.com)

Coordinated stimulation of axon regenerative and neurodegenerative transcriptional programs by Atf4 following optic nerve injury. (ucsf.edu)

This study showed that the motor deficits caused by sciatic nerve crush injury were alleviated by daily systematic resveratrol treatment within 10 days. (vinomis.com)
2014). In vivo, VEGFs are expressed after peripheral nerve injury (Li et al. (vinomis.com)
Oxidative stress can denature lipids and proteins [ 10 , 12 - 14 ], as well as induce DNA and RNA fragmentation [ 15 - 17 ], leading to cell dysfunction, injury, and death. (hindawi.com)
It puts in place a sequence of events that ultimately protect the cell from oxidative injury. (hindawi.com)
The Optic Nerve Crush model provides an effective tool for analyzing the pathogenic mechanisms associated with neuronal injury signaling in vivo . (pharmoptima.com)
In previous studies, we have shown that monocytes infiltrate the optic nerve at the back of the eye and contribute to retinal ganglion cell injury. (brightfocus.org)

Our study aimed to detect if any specific retinal signs can be attributed to past EVD in survivors, to describe the implications for visual acuity, and to assess for EBOV persistence in survivors with cataracts amenable to cataract surgery where no intraocular inflammation was present. (cdc.gov)

The Shaffer Grant allowed us to venture out of our standard comfort zone into the impact of neuroinflammation on ganglion cell pathology. (glaucoma.org)

citation needed] Retinal ganglion cells spontaneously fire action potentials at a base rate while at rest. (wikipedia.org)

M-type retinal ganglion cells project to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. (wikipedia.org)

Walking function recovery was assessed by the sciatic nerve functional index (SFI). (iospress.com)

Dr. Cong's group is developing novel genome technology for genome engineering and single-cell genomics, leveraging scalable computational methods. (stanford.edu)
METHODS: In vitro assays (cell tube formation, viability, proliferation, and migration) with endothelial cells were performed after 24 h of treatment with mHep at 10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL or saline. (bvsalud.org)

These cells express many of the same genes expressed in brain cells-potentially providing a window into genetically influenced differences in molecular responses to sex hormones. (nih.gov)

About 80% of all retinal ganglion cells are midget cells in the parvocellular pathway. (wikipedia.org)
About 10% of all retinal ganglion cells are parasol cells, and these cells are part of the magnocellular pathway. (wikipedia.org)
About 10% of all retinal ganglion cells are bistratified cells, and these cells go through the koniocellular pathway. (wikipedia.org)
So Strip1 is needed inside retinal ganglion cells to protect them from the Jun apoptotic pathway. (sciencedaily.com)
The CaMKII (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) pathway regulates key cellular processes and functions throughout the body, including retinal ganglion cells in the eye. (newswise.com)

On the other hand, stimulating another very important point, ST36 could lead to a significant increase in blood flow in one of the abdominal arteries, called the mesenteric artery, but no significant change in the vascular resistance of some eye arteries, including the retrobulbar arteries, certral retinal artery and short posterior ciliary artery. (selfgrowth.com)

A protein interaction that helps guide cells from the eye to a tiny midbrain processing hub during brain development has been identified by researchers. (medindia.net)

Cold protection allows local cryotherapy in a clinical-relevant model of traumatic optic neuropathy eLife 2022 Mar 30;11:e75070. (stanford.edu)

The OPA3 protein is found in structures called mitochondria, which are the energy-producing centers of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
It is likely that nerve cells in other parts of the body are similarly affected by dysfunctional mitochondria, resulting in movement problems and hearing loss in some individuals with this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
Cells without any functional OPA3 protein have abnormally shaped mitochondria with reduced energy-producing capabilities. (medlineplus.gov)
It is likely that dysfunctional mitochondria and reduced energy production result in the death of these cell types more readily than other cell types. (medlineplus.gov)

ABOVE: A mouse's crushed optic nerve, composed of retinal ganglion cell axons (bright streaks), regenerates after researchers injected a virus into the eye that contains genes whose activity dedifferentiates cells into a more youthful state, allowing them to regrow. (the-scientist.com)

Retrobulbar block also provides sensory anesthesia of the cornea, uvea, and conjunctiva by blocking the ciliary nerves. (medscape.com)

These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) do not require human embryos for their derivation. (scientificamerican.com)
These first papers make some astonishing observations," says Konrad Hochedlinger of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. (scientificamerican.com)
Yamanaka's technique, which can even generate biologically youthful stem cells from centenarian donors, has been extensively studied over the past 15 years. (scientificamerican.com)
Researchers have developed a new method that efficiently turns human stem cells into retinal ganglion cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
Zack, Gamm, and their teams plan to study precursor photoreceptor cells derived from human stem cells to determine what factors help coax them into becoming fully developed and connected photoreceptor cells. (nih.gov)
These so-called Yamanaka factors, named after biologist Shinya Yamanaka, are widely used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (the-scientist.com)
The atlas will also help scientists exploring the emerging area of cell therapy, which could replace faulty retinal cells with new cells developed from stem cells in the lab. (futurity.org)

According to researchers, retinal ganglion cells act collectively to correct visual errors and improve accuracy. (neurosciencenews.com)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of photoreceptor density assessment with manual cell counting in healthy participants imaged with the Heidelberg Spectralis High Magnification Module (HMM). (bvsalud.org)

To create this map, we examined the complex genetic sequences behind more than 20,000 individual retinal cells. (futurity.org)

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION ) is a medical condition involving loss of vision due to damage to the optic nerve from insufficient blood supply. (checkorphan.org)
The distinction between AAION and non-arteritic AION was made to highlight the different etiologies of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (checkorphan.org)

When the researchers looked at the underlying mechanism, they found that Strip1 suppresses the activity of Jun, a protein associated with cell death. (sciencedaily.com)

Peripheral nerve injuries are generally associated with incomplete restoration of motor function. (vinomis.com)
Peripheral nerve injuries represent a significant source of patient morbidity and disability (Asplund et al. (vinomis.com)
The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurone system has a central as well as a peripheral axonal branch departing from a single cell body. (nature.com)

Anatomy79

Organisms23

Diseases31

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Glaucoma41

RGCs8

Retina26

Survival9

Form the optic nerve2

Loss of retinal gangl1

Neurodegeneration1

Neuropathies3

Neurons6

Degeneration9

Apoptosis6

Axon regeneration2

RNFL6

Rats4

Mouse retinal2

Regeneration14

Photoreceptors4

Neuron3

Transmit2

Pathways4

Neuritis1

Atrophy7

Diseases4

Fibers5

Mesenchymal stem2

Regenerate4

Amacrine2

Embryonic5

Ocular2

Bundle of axons1

Mice6

Gene9

Bipolar cells9

Superior colliculus3

Inhibition2

Neurodegenerative1

Injury6

Cataract1

Pathology1

Action potentials1

Lateral genicul1

Sciatic1

Methods2

Molecular1

Pathway5

Short posterior1

Midbrain1

Traumatic optic neuropathy1

Mitochondria4

Regrow1

Ciliary1

Stem7

Collectively1

Reproducibility1

Genetic1

Neuropathy2

Death1

Peripheral3