Optic proteins autoimmune aquaporin 4 aquaporin 4. Medical search. Frequent questions

Optic neuritis (ON) is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and, much less commonly, neuromyelitis optica (NMO). (medscape.com)
A case of acute optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
Abstract: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of putative autoimmune aetiology, which is characterized by severe attacks of myelitis and optic neuritis (ON). (unicamp.br)
Optic Neuritis Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
Optic neuritis (ON) may involve the retrobulbar (retrobulbar neuritis) or the intrabulbar (papillitis) portion of the optic nerve, or both. (bmj.com)
Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. (bmj.com)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4015469?tool=bestpractice.com [2] Optic Neuritis Study Group. (bmj.com)
The clinical profile of optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. (bmj.com)
Optic neuritis is an inflammatory injury of the optic nerve that causes vision loss, which is common in MS and other CNS inflammatory disorders. (medscape.com)
Over the past few years, there has been remarkable development in the area of optic neuritis. (lww.com)
Antiaquaporin4 antibodies and antimyelin oligodendrocytes antibodies are now considered as distinct entities of optic neuritis with their specific clinical presentation, neuroimaging characteristics, treatment options, and course of the disease. (lww.com)
Similarly, there has been a substantial change in the treatment of optic neuritis which was earlier limited to steroids and interferons. (lww.com)
The development of new immunosuppressant drugs and monoclonal antibodies has reduced the relapses and improved the prognosis of optic neuritis as well as an associated systemic disease. (lww.com)
This review article tends to provide an update on the approach and management of optic neuritis. (lww.com)
The landscape of optic neuritis (ON) is rapidly changing with the discovery of new antibodies, advent of latest investigations, and revised diagnostic criteria. (lww.com)
We searched PubMed and Medline for studies published during the last 10 years with the general term "optic neuritis" and specific terms like "typical optic neuritis," "atypical optic neuritis," "multiple sclerosis," "neuromyelitis optic neuritis," and "myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody. (lww.com)
two presenting with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and one with isolated optic neuritis (ON). (bmj.com)
Any patient who suddenly presents with vision loss, significant disk edema, or recurrent optic neuritis should consider testing for both MOG and AQP4 antibodies. (mayocliniclabs.com)
Patients who have more than one episode of optic neuritis absolutely should have testing. (mayocliniclabs.com)
An optic neuritis seems to be a very common presentation of MOG. (mayocliniclabs.com)
10% of patients with recurrent optic neuritis and 2% of patients with a single optic neuritis. (mayocliniclabs.com)
For example, in patients with recurrent optic neuritis, the visual outcomes are better with MOG-associated disease than AQP4-associated disease. (mayocliniclabs.com)
MOGAD is typically associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), and transverse myelitis (TM) and is less commonly associated with cerebral cortical encephalitis, brainstem or cerebellar symptoms, and clinical presentations including the combination of several phenotypes and sometimes accompanies other autoantibodies such as anti- N -methy-D aspartate receptor (NMDAR) autoantibodies with symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis. (encyclopedia.pub)
She had repeated episodes of optic neuritis and myelitis and experienced severe neurologic deficits of blindness and paralysis, from which she recovered poorly. (sumairafoundation.org)
In 1894, Eugene Devic, of Lyon, France, had described a patient with severe optic neuritis affecting both eyes and myelitis in 1894. (sumairafoundation.org)
What are the typical clinical features of optic neuritis? (clevelandclinic.org)
Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), and refers to inflammation of the optic nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)
The pain that occurs with optic neuritis is usually ocular, retroocular, periorbital, or a frontal headache. (clevelandclinic.org)
How to approach the patient with suspected optic neuritis? (clevelandclinic.org)
Funduscopic examination can appear normal acutely, but disc edema can be present in approximately one-third of patients (particularly those with anterior optic neuritis).1, 2 Optic disc pallor is generally seen weeks to months following onset of typical optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
Imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of optic neuritis include orbital MRI and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tools can be particularly helpful if the clinical history or physical examination findings are atypical for ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
VEPs evaluate optic nerve function by calculating P100 latency and amplitude, which are generally abnormal in the setting of acute and remote optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
Prolonged P100 latency is a characteristic of remote optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
What is the neurologic differential diagnosis of optic neuritis? (clevelandclinic.org)
Two of the most common symptoms experienced by people living with NMOSD are inflammation of the optic nerve (called optic neuritis) which causes blurring or loss of vision in one or both eyes, and inflammation of the spinal cord (transverse myelitis), which can lead to a host of symptoms including arm and leg weakness, muscle spasms, bladder and bowel problems, and pain. (mssociety.ca)
The team found that those with NMOSD attacks causing transverse myelitis and optic neuritis in both eyes experienced worse remission rates than those who only had optic neuritis in one eye. (mssociety.ca)
Her work showed that in addition to widespread symptoms of transverse myelitis and optic neuritis, the pediatric study group also experienced other atypical clinical features that, in some cases, could lead to symptoms like seizures, difficulty communicating (expressive aphasia) and altered mental status such as confusion and disorientation. (mssociety.ca)
However, when there are multiple attacks of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by optic neuritis, it is defined as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis-optic neuritis. (biomedcentral.com)
To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and optic neuritis preceded by autoinflammation, triggered by periodic fever syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
We report on a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with optic neuritis and periodic fever syndrome in a 12-year-old Ecuadorian Hispanic boy with several relapses over the past 10 years, always preceded by autoinflammatory manifestations and without evidence of infectious processes. (biomedcentral.com)
00:02:47] Clinically, Dr. Levy specializes in taking care of patients with rare neuroimmunological diseases including neuromyelitis optica, transverse myelitis, MOG antibody disease, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and optic neuritis. (wearesrna.org)
Study on the association between IL-2R and IL-7R gene polymorphism and idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis]. (cdc.gov)
MMP-2 -1575G/A polymorphism modifies the onset of optic neuritis as a first presenting symptom in MS? (cdc.gov)
No evidence of association between optic neuritis and secondary LHON mtDNA mutations in patients with multiple sclerosis. (cdc.gov)
A prospective case-control study comparing optical coherence tomography characteristics in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder- optic neuritis and idiopathic optic neuritis. (cdc.gov)
Association of Optic Neuritis with CYP4F2 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and IL-17A Concentration. (cdc.gov)
Autoimmune and immunogenetic profile of patients with optic neuritis in a population-based cohort. (cdc.gov)
Association of MMP-2 (?1306 C/T) Gene Polymorphism with Predisposition to Optic Neuritis and Optic Neuritis Together with Multiple Sclerosis. (cdc.gov)
Optic neuritis refers to an inflammatory injury of the optic nerve and represents a common afferent visual pathway manifestation of MS. Less often, homonymous visual field defects caused by retrogeniculate lesions are encountered. (medscape.com)
Limited forms of Devic's disease, such as single or recurrent events of longitudinally extensive myelitis , and bilateral simultaneous or recurrent optic neuritis . (mdwiki.org)
Longitudinally extensive myelitis or optic neuritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease. (mdwiki.org)
Optic neuritis or myelitis associated with lesions in specific brain areas such as the hypothalamus , periventricular nucleus , and brainstem . (mdwiki.org)
Recurrent optic neuritis. (mdwiki.org)
This whole process leads to demyelination and the common symptoms of NMO like optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. (neuromyelitis-optica.net)
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve that causes eye pain and vision problems. (neuromyelitis-optica.net)

4 , 5 , 7 The estimated frequency of CNS involvement ranges from 10-60% in different reports, depending on the parameters studied (eg, patient selection, diagnostic criteria, etc). 4 ⇓ - 6 Patients with pSS can present with a wide range of focal or diffuse neurologic or psychiatric manifestations, including motor/sensory deficits, transverse myelitis, and cognitive impairment. (ajnr.org)

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is a rare autoimmune disorder in which immune system cells and autoantibodies attack and damage the optic nerves and spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
In neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, the immune system targets aquaporin 4, a protein that is present on astrocytes in the brain and particularly the spinal cord and optic nerves, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which is present on the myelin of oligodendrocytes in the same areas of the CNS and possibly other targets. (msdmanuals.com)
In MS, the immune system cells that normally protect us from viruses, bacteria, and unhealthy cells mistakenly attack myelin in the central nervous system (brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord). (nih.gov)
MS also damages the nerve cell bodies, which are found in the brain's gray matter, as well as the axons themselves in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves that transmit visual information from the eye to the brain. (nih.gov)
The symptoms of MS depend on the severity of the inflammatory reaction as well as the location and extent of the plaques, which primarily appear in the brain stem, cerebellum (involved with balance and coordination of movement, among other functions), spinal cord, optic nerves, and the white matter around the brain ventricles (fluid-filled cavaties). (nih.gov)
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum dysfunction (NMOSD) is an inflammatory, demyelinating syndrome of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly impacts the spinal twine and optic nerves . (joopm.com)
One of today's sessions placed the focus squarely on neuromyelitis optica (more recently expanded to be called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, or NMOSD), a rare autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) in which the spinal cord and/or optic nerves are attacked and damaged by specific antibodies. (mssociety.ca)
MOG antibody disease is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system is attacking the MOG protein, which is expressed on the myelin in your brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. (wearesrna.org)
These patients have MS-like brain lesions, multifocal spine lesions and retinal and optic nerves atrophy. (mdwiki.org)
GBS is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, causing muscle weakness and other symptoms. (prepladder.com)

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder can be associated with antibodies that bind to a protein called aquaporin-4 (AQP4). (wikipedia.org)
The NMO is autoimmune in nature and antibodies to Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are associated with the development of the disease. (unicamp.br)
The overlapping clinical features of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-antibody (Ab) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-Ab disease mean that detection of disease specific serum antibodies is the gold standard in diagnostics. (biomedcentral.com)
The anti-mog spectrum in children is equally variated: Out of a sample of 41 children with MOG-antibodies 29 had clinical NMOSD (17 relapsing), 8 had ADEM (4 relapsing with ADEM-ON), 3 had a single clinical event CIS, and 1 had a relapsing tumefactive disorder. (mdwiki.org)
Interestingly, it seems that about 20% of patients who are seronegative for the aquaporin-4 protein and who have NMOSD features also have antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteins (MOGs). (medscape.com)
Antibodies are proteins our immune system makes. (neuromyelitis-optica.net)

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy is a form of monophasic or relapsing steroid-responsive meningoencephalomyelitis often accompanied by a hallmark radial periventricular brain MRI enhancement pattern and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid with lymphocytic pleocytosis. (medlink.com)
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (A-GFAP-A) is a newly discovered autoimmune nervous system disease involving the brain, spinal cord, meninges and optic nerve. (biomedcentral.com)

A. 1.5 Tesla, contrast-enhanced spin echo T1-weighted, fat-suppressed coronal MRI through the orbits shows enlargement and contrast enhancement of the left optic nerve in the retrobulbar portion (arrow). (medscape.com)
Initially, the optic nerve head may appear normal, with disc pallor months later. (medscape.com)
Visual evoked potentials may be abnormal even when visual acuity is normal and when MRI of the optic nerve reveals no abnormalities. (medscape.com)
There were 101 controls with MS. Age at onset, relapse rates and EDSS scores were significantly higher in NMOSD than in MS. Lesions and symptoms referable to the optic nerve were more common in NMOSD whereas brainstem, cerebellar and cerebral lesions were more common in MS. Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions were seen in 48/71 (68%) of cases with NMOSD. (ox.ac.uk)
Orbital MRI with and without contrast, performed with fat saturation sequences, generally reveals enlargement and enhancement of the affected optic nerve in the acute setting. (clevelandclinic.org)
OCT evaluates the optic nerve axonal integrity by measurement of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and is generally used to evaluate for evidence of prior ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) can also provide valuable information regarding optic nerve impairment in ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
These observations were not altogether surprising given that lesions were also seen in the CNS outside of the usual optic nerve and spinal cord. (mssociety.ca)
AQP4 can be found on cells in the brain, spinal cord, and along the nerve that controls vision (optic nerve). (neuromyelitis-optica.net)
The targeting of AQP4 to the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve creates inflammation. (neuromyelitis-optica.net)

Inebilizumab is indicated for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in adults with a particular antibody (patients who are anti-aquaporin-4 or AQP4 antibody positive). (wikipedia.org)
In November 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Uplizna, intended for the treatment of adults with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) who are anti-aquaporin 4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) seropositive. (wikipedia.org)
2 3 4 5 6 ] However, a more recent population-based survey conducted in urban Mangalore has shown a prevalence of 8.3/100,000 for MS and 2.6/100,000 for neuromyelitis optic spectrum diseases (NMOSD). (lww.com)
Thirty-five NMOSD, fifteen relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (RION) and ten optico spinal a number of sclerosis (OSMS) sufferers had been recruited in our examine. (joopm.com)
Cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) protein ranges had been larger within the NMOSD group. (joopm.com)
Concomitant autoimmune issues had been noticed in six NMOSD sufferers and two OSMS sufferers. (joopm.com)
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are an inflammation of the central nervous system associated with autoantibodies to aquaporin-4. (ox.ac.uk)
Elevations of CSF, white cell count and protein were more common in NMOSD. (ox.ac.uk)

The pattern of RNFL thinning most specific to MS is temporal.3 RNFL can appear normal in the acute setting but starts to decline within 4 weeks of ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 as a potential marker of acute relapse in inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: Pathological and clinical aspects. (cuanschutz.edu)

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is a demyelinating disorder that predominantly affects the eyes and spinal cord but can affect other structures in the central nervous system (CNS) that contain aquaporin 4. (msdmanuals.com)

Anti-MOG associated spectrum , often clinically presented as an anti- MOG autoimmune encephalomyelitis , [21] [22] but can also appear as negative NMO or atypical multiple sclerosis. (mdwiki.org)

In fact, MOG was initially identified as an immunodominant target for demyelinating autoantibodies in a guinea pig model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Over the past two decades, the development of targeted immunotherapeutics for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis has been successfully orchestrated through the efficacious modulation of neuroinflammatory outcomes demonstrated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. (medsci.org)

Idiopathic ON, the most common form of ON, is an inflammatory optic neuropathy in the absence of evidence of a systemic inflammatory disease. (bmj.com)
Sjögren syndrome is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that can be classified as primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) when presenting in isolation or secondary when related to another connective tissue disease. (ajnr.org)
In contrast, secondary Sjogren's syndrome presents along with other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [ rx] . (rxharun.com)

This antibody facilitated rapid and early diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, and identified a series of other clinical syndromes, including sev ere vomiting and hiccups, to name but one, that was a syndrome of neuromyelitis optica previously unrecognized before discovery of the aquaporin-4 antibody. (sumairafoundation.org)
Numerous clinical trials conducted in participants living with relapsing MS and PPMS have contributed to the understanding of MS pathogenesis allowing for development and management of this heterogeneous disease through targeted disease modifying therapies (DMTs) as the stochastic nature of symptoms evolve [ 4 ]. (medsci.org)
They are sometimes considered different diseases from Multiple Sclerosis, [4] [5] but considered by others to form a spectrum differing only in terms of chronicity, severity, and clinical course. (mdwiki.org)

Adult-onset opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is an autoimmune disorder with paraneoplastic, parainfectious, or idiopathic etiologies. (neurology.org)
We describe a patient in whom an autoimmune CNS disorder isolated to OMS arose in the context of rituximab treatment administered for refractory autoimmune dysautonomia. (neurology.org)
Sjogren's Syndrome Treatment/Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands resulting in glandular dysfunction, preferentially of the salivary and lacrimal glands [ rx] . (rxharun.com)

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are damaged by autoimmune-mediated inflammation as well as demyelination. (msdmanuals.com)
Background Autoantibodies to glial, myelin and neuronal antigens have been reported in a range of central demyelination syndromes and autoimmune encephalopathies in children, but there has not been a systematic evaluation across the range of central nervous system (CNS) autoantibodies in childhood-acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS). (bmj.com)
Diaphragmatic paralysis due to demyelination at C 3, C 4, C 5 and Neck floppiness. (prepladder.com)

Horizon is focused on the discovery, development, and commercialization of medicines that address critical needs for people impacted by rare autoimmune and severe inflammatory diseases. (wearesrna.org)
Association Between the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and the Level of Aquaporin-4 Protein Expression in Han and Minority Chinese with Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System. (cdc.gov)
Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) occurs in the absence of other autoimmune diseases and is characterized by keratoconjunctiva sicca (dry eyes) and xerostomia (dry mouth), collectively called the sicca syndrome. (rxharun.com)
In autoimmune diseases, the body mistakenly attacks healthy cells, leading to symptoms. (neuromyelitis-optica.net)

Over the years, extensive studies conducted in patients with MS have investigated the presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays targeting recombinant mouse MOG, without clear relation and specificity with MS [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
developed transgenic mice bearing MOG peptide-specific T cell receptors, resulting in spontaneous relapsing-remitting EAE along with the expansion of autoreactive B cells that produce autoantibodies binding to a conformational epitope on the native MOG protein [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
This important finding that the pathogenic autoantibodies recognize a conformational epitope on the native antigen protein led to the designation of the human anti-MOG autoantibody-associated disease [ 5 ] [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Retrieved 4 March 2023. (wikipedia.org)
2023 Fall;35(4):321-322. (cuanschutz.edu)

Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy manifests as a meningoencephalomyelitis (or limited form thereof) with dramatic steroid-responsiveness. (medlink.com)
Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy presentation is subacute (over days to a few weeks). (medlink.com)

This is a very interesting phenomenon and quite unusual in the field of autoimmune neurology. (mayocliniclabs.com)

Preliminary study on the association of AQP4 promoter polymorphism with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positivity in southern Han Chinese patients with idiopathic demyelinating disorders of central nervous system. (cdc.gov)

Autoimmune and paraneoplastic neurological disorders: A review of relevant neuroimaging findings. (cuanschutz.edu)

The AQP4 antibody attacks the AQP4 protein. (neuromyelitis-optica.net)

Ophthalmological imaging studies at his first hospitalization 10 years ago were consistent with a demyelinating and axonal lesion of the left optic tract, which is compatible with ON. (biomedcentral.com)

can help differentiate neuromyelitis optica from other optic neuropathies. (msdmanuals.com)

All patients were negative for the VGKC-complex-associated proteins LGI1, CASPR2 and contactin-2. (bmj.com)
4 ⇓ - 6 The current data from MRI studies support an increased frequency of high signal intensity lesions in the periventricular and/or subcortical WM on FLAIR and T2-weighted imaging, observed mainly in patients with pSS and evidence of CNS disease. (ajnr.org)

The presence of hemorrhages or exudates on funduscopic examination is more suggestive of other, non-demyelinating etiologies of optic neuropathy and warrants ophthalmology evaluation. (clevelandclinic.org)

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown origin, attacking, in particular, the tear and salivary glands. (rxharun.com)

OCT at onset of ON is also potentially confounded by edema of the optic disc, which may lead to overestimates of baseline RNFL.4 Ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, another OCT measure, is not confounded by disc edema but declines in a similar time frame to RNFL and therefore may be more useful as a baseline measurement. (clevelandclinic.org)

Because it was first described, new details about the pathophysiology gained momentum with the invention of an antibody towards Aquaporin-4, a water channel protein that's predominantly discovered within the astrocytes. (joopm.com)
it targeted a protein called aquaporin-4, a water channel protein on the surface of a supporting cell in the central nervous system called and astrocyte. (sumairafoundation.org)

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), arteritic or nonarteritic. (clevelandclinic.org)

The label for inebilizumab includes a warning for infusion reactions, potential depletion of certain proteins (hypogammaglobulinemia), and potential increased risk of infection - including Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, and potential reactivation of hepatitis B and tuberculosis. (wikipedia.org)

Hence, multiple systems to regulate the incorporation of different tegument protein may exist. (thebiotechdictionary.com)

4 ⇓ - 6 Although involvement of the peripheral nervous system is a well-documented feature of the disease, the prevalence, the type, and the underlying mechanism of CNS involvement remain unclear. (ajnr.org)

It uses a completely novel method of flow cytometry developed by Mayo Clinic to identify patient antibody binding to the MOG protein that is expressed on living cells. (mayocliniclabs.com)
CSF evaluation revealed 119 nucleated cells/μL (normal less than 5) with lymphocytic predominance (91%), absent red blood cells, normal glucose (55 mg/dL), and mildly elevated protein (63 mg/dL, normal range 14-45). (neurology.org)
It is a protein on the outside of certain brain cells. (neuromyelitis-optica.net)
On the other hand, the quantity of HSV-1 tegument proteins UL37 in virions is normally strictly handled despite a 20-fold boost of UL37 in contaminated cells (25). (thebiotechdictionary.com)
Both mobile and virally encoded kinases get excited about the phosphorylation of tegument protein (5, 11, 12), and serines of tegument proteins HSV-1 VP22 are phosphorylated in contaminated cells (11, 12). (thebiotechdictionary.com)
VP22 relocates to a book subcellular site with another tegument proteins, VP16, in coexpressing cells (7). (thebiotechdictionary.com)

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