• Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. (usda.gov)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide and is caused by the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii . (cdc.gov)
  • Past exposure to T. gondii was determined qualitatively by immunoglobulin (Ig) G, detected by using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit ( Toxoplasma IgG EIA, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Redmond, WA, USA). (cdc.gov)
  • Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic protozoan parasite that can infect man and animals. (ac.ir)
  • Other apicomplexan pathogens include the malaria parasite Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a systemic, parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. (athenslab.gr)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii . (glowm.com)
  • Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan protozoal parasite of significant importance to human and animal health. (frontiersin.org)
  • BACKGROUND: The parasitic protozoa Toxoplasma gondii is widely prevalent in humans and warm-blooded animals. (ac.ir)
  • Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections of humans and warm-blooded vertebrates. (ac.ir)
  • Toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii , which infects approximately 30% of the world's population. (nature.com)
  • These data demonstrated that ME49Δ cdpk3 inoculation induced effective cellular and humoral immune responses against acute and chronic Toxoplasma infections with various strains and was a potential candidate to develop a vaccine against toxoplasmosis. (nature.com)
  • Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ) is a common zoonotic intracellular parasite capable of infecting almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans 1 . (nature.com)
  • The above characteristics of Toxoplasma strains pose great challenges to the control of toxoplasmosis. (nature.com)
  • Thus, the development of an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine is critical for limiting the infection of various Toxoplasma strains. (nature.com)
  • Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are important protozoan parasites with worldwide distribution among warm-blooded animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two closely related cyst-forming protozoan parasites with worldwide distribution among warm-blooded animals (de Barros et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A questionnaire was constructed to collect information about flock management and animal risk factors possibly associated with Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia abortus infection in goats and sheep. (researchsquare.com)
  • Overall, 329 small ruminants tested positive for Toxoplasma gondii and 45 for Chlamydia abortus with a prevalence of 31.01% (95% CI: 28.23 - 33.79) for toxoplasmosis and 4.24% (95% CI: 3.03 - 5.45) for chlamydia abortus, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
  • Determining the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia abortus and the risk factors associated with infection could contribute to the control of these diseases in animals and humans in Cameroon. (researchsquare.com)
  • Toxoplasma is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes an important zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, Toxoplasma has occasionally been identified in this Zoo during necropsy of dead animals and PCR of animal blood samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, a general survey of Toxoplasma infection in animals in the Zoo seems to be needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An indirect multispecies ELISA was used for the first time to screen for Toxoplasma infection in 326 serum samples collected from 75 species of animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nested PCR assays targeting the dense granule protein 7 (GRA7) gene and B1 gene were also used to detect Toxoplasma in DNA samples extracted from 10 liver or blood specimens from 8 animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From the B1 nested PCR and the sequence data of GRA7 fragments amplified from infectious specimens, the animals in the Zoo were speculated to have been infected by at least three different Toxoplasma variants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to the serological investigation, we speculated that over one-third (36.2%) of animals in Taipei Zoo presented the infection of Toxoplasma , and the indirect multispecies ELISA we used can be applied to detect Toxoplasma infection in 31 animal species included in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequence analysis revealed that at least three Toxoplasma variants were infecting the animals of Taipei Zoo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Toxoplasma is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes an important disease, toxoplasmosis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans and birds, can be infected by Toxoplasma , making it one of the important parasites affecting public health and animal husbandry worldwide [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infection of Toxoplasma is contracted mainly by ingesting undercooked or raw meat containing viable tissue cysts or by ingesting food or water contaminated with oocysts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the intestinal epithelia of felids, Toxoplasma also multiplies sexually to produce oocysts, which are shed in the excrement to contaminate the environment [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, owners of cats as companion animals may acquire Toxoplasma infections from their pets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the wild, infected animals transmit Toxoplasma to the predators that eat them. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite that causes a zoonotic disease capable of infecting nearly all warm-blooded hosts, including humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, the authors review prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology, and public health risks of T. gondii infections in humans from equids worldwide for the past decade. (usda.gov)
  • Because 43% had oocyst-specific antibodies, we conclude that contaminated meat remains the primary source of infection but that environmental sources also pose substantial risk. (cdc.gov)
  • The public health relevance of toxoplasmosis relates to congenital ( 1 ) and postnatal infection ( 2 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Our objective, therefore, was to quantify the risk of acquiring infection from environmental sources (oocysts) compared with the risk from eating meat. (cdc.gov)
  • T. gondii infection causes toxoplasmosis, which is the leading cause of death associated with foodborne diseases in the United States. (mdpi.com)
  • Infection is through contaminated material such as earth, water, uncooked or cross-contaminated food that has been in contact with the feces of an infected individual or animal. (wikipedia.org)
  • When acquired during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis often goes unrecognized in the mother, but it can produce a severe congenital infection with ocular and neurologic damage to the infant. (glowm.com)
  • Education about the primary prevention of toxoplasmosis has decreased the rate of primary infection, but it is still an important pathogen. (glowm.com)
  • Oocysts are passed in the feces of cats for periods varying from 7 to 20 days after an initial infection. (glowm.com)
  • Tissue cysts form in the tissue of infected animals within a week of infection. (glowm.com)
  • Thus, fetal infection has not been reported in women with chronic toxoplasmosis that occurred before pregnancy. (glowm.com)
  • Due to high zoonotic potential and the risk of infection via shared marine food resources, these findings may also indicate potential health threats for other animals and humans. (frontiersin.org)
  • In intermediate hosts, T. gondii tachyzoites spread systemically, often causing subclinical infection in healthy animals and humans. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2005). T. gondii infection is usually asymptomatic in immunecompetent individuals, but it is particularly dangerous for pregnant women because the prevalence of toxoplasmosis increases during pregnancy throughout the second and Trimesters of pregnancy and congenital infection. (ac.ir)
  • The severity of clinical disease in congenitally-infected infants is inversely related to the gestational age at the time of primary maternal infection with first-trimester maternal infection, leading to more severe manifestations (Hill and Dubey, 2002). (ac.ir)
  • Congenital toxoplasmosis usually is a subclinical infection. (medscape.com)
  • Among immunodeficient individuals, toxoplasmosis most often occurs in those with defects of T-cell-mediated immunity, such as those with hematologic malignancies, bone marrow and solid organ transplants, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ).In most immunocompetent individuals, primary or chronic (latent) T gondii infection is asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • During a primary infection, the cat can excrete millions of oocysts daily for 1-3 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • T gondii oocysts, tachyzoites, and bradyzoites can cause infection in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Infection can occur by ingestion of oocysts following the handling of contaminated soil or cat litter or through the consumption of contaminated water or food sources (eg, unwashed garden vegetables). (medscape.com)
  • Rarely, infection by tachyzoites occurs from ingestion of unpasteurized milk or by direct entry into the bloodstream through a blood transfusion or laboratory accident. (medscape.com)
  • Domestic and other wild cats are the definitive hosts of T. gondii , and ingestion of oocysts excreted by cats is the main source of infection in intermediate hosts (humans and animals) 1 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Parasitic infection increases risk-taking in a social, intermediate host carnivore annotated/explained version. (fermatslibrary.com)
  • Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus CYCLOSPORA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Protozoan infection found in animals and man. (lookformedical.com)
  • Thus surveillance of T. gondii infection and the distribution of the oocysts in the living environments have been regarded as an important measure to prevent the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • in rats c3 depletion by treatment of animals with the c3 inactivator isolated from cobra venom factor results in infection that develops more rapidly, reaches a higher peak of parasitemia and is associated with an increased mortality rate (60%), in contrast to a lower degree of parasitemia and lack of mortality in c3-intact rats. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The infection rate increased to 36.2% (118/326), and the indirect multispecies ELISA appeared to be applicable to 31 of 75 species animals included in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eimeria infection of chickens is initiated by ingestion of sporulated oocysts from the environment (e.g., faeces and contaminated litter) leading to invasion of epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract by released sporozoites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, persons with TB diagnosed during 2014-2017 were older, more likely to have combined pulmonary and extra-pulmonary disease than extra-pulmonary disease alone, more likely to be of non-White race, and less likely to have human immunodeficiency virus infection, or cavitary pulmonary disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Earlier studies established that ingestion of tissue cysts in infected meat and oocysts in soil, food, or water contaminated with cat feces were the two major routes of transmission. (glowm.com)
  • Humans are usually infected with T. gondii by ingesting oocysts shed by cats or by ingesting viable tissue cysts present in raw or undercooked meat. (ac.ir)
  • In 1923, Janku reported parasitic cysts in the retina of an infant who had hydrocephalus , seizures, and unilateral microphthalmia. (medscape.com)
  • Parasitic cysts (i.e., larval forms of acanthocephalans, cestodes and nematodes) and free helminths (i.e., adult nematodes and digeneans) were morphologically and molecularly identified, and statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate the correlations between reptiles, infections, and ecological settings. (bvsalud.org)
  • citation needed] These species possess a number of unusual features:[citation needed] an endogenous phase of development in microvilli of epithelial surfaces two morphofunctional types of oocysts the smallest number of sporozoites per oocyst a multi-membraneous "feeder" organelle DNA studies suggest a relationship with the gregarines rather than the coccidia. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3 The oocyst produces the sporozoites in the enteroepithelial cells of the intestines. (glowm.com)
  • The zygote sporulates and divides to form sporozoites within the oocyst. (medscape.com)
  • Sporozoites become infectious 24 hours or more after the cat sheds the oocyst via feces. (medscape.com)
  • Further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called SPOROZOITES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites. (lookformedical.com)
  • Humans become infected mostly by ingesting food and water contaminated with oocysts or by eating infected under cooked meat. (usda.gov)
  • Cryptosporidiosis, sometimes informally called crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. (wikipedia.org)
  • and oocysts serving for parasites' spreading in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Others are a huge financial burden to food producers because of the effects these parasites have on domestic animals, for example, coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis (livestock and poultry), and fasciolosis and haemonchosis (livestock). (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • After ingestion, the parasites travel to various body tissues and cluster together in oocysts. (athenslab.gr)
  • However, simple precautions, common sense, and good hygiene, including careful handling of litter boxes and treating cats with fleas and other parasites, can further reduce the risk of zoonotic disease. (snapcats.org)
  • Both T. gondii and N. caninum are important protozoan parasites that infect a wide variety of warm-blooded animals, including bird species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the current study 200 fecal samples of dogs (n = 70 samples) and cats (n = 130 samples) from animal shelters in Carinthia, southern Austria, were examined for the presence of parasites (fecal flotation and larval migration assay) and selected bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. (lookformedical.com)
  • blood parasites of wild and domestic animals from south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • wild and domestic animals trapped from forests, villages, and rice fields in south kalimantan (3 degrees 20' s, 115 degrees 02' e, 25 m) were examined for blood parasites using giemsa stained thick and thin blood films and nuclepore filter preparations of peripheral vein and heart puncture blood. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Several gastrointestinal parasites that infect cats pose potential health threats for humans and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This overestimation might have occurred because some small-sized oocysts that belong to other coccidian parasites were mis-identified as T. gondii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cats share dogs some GIT parasites that can cause serious disease in humans, e.g., hookworms, Giardia and Cryptosporidium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • A careful history should also indicate the presence of extraintestinal disease as the underlying cause of diarrhea and may identify important predisposing factors, such as diet, environmental influences, exposure to parasites, infectious agents, drugs or toxins. (vin.com)
  • Members of this group of parasites cause economically and medically important diseases in a varietyof animals, including humans. (pdfmedarticles.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While most feline infectious diseases affect only cats, and most human infectious diseases affect only humans, it is important to be aware that some of these diseases-called zoonotic diseases-can be transmitted between cats and people. (snapcats.org)
  • Answers to several sets of related and fundamental questions (summarized in Box 3-1 ) are imperative to facilitate the understanding of indicators of waterborne pathogens and emerging infectious diseases. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The wildlife trade has been characterized as one of the biggest risk factors in the emergence of new infectious diseases. (bioone.org)
  • T gondii infects a large proportion of the world's population (perhaps one third) but uncommonly causes clinically significant disease. (medscape.com)
  • Feline species are the definitive host and its intermediate hosts are a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans (Razzak et al. (ac.ir)
  • Felids are the definitive hosts of this parasite, while virtually all warm-blooded animals, including birds, serve as intermediate hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even so, most warm-blooded animals serve merely as intermediate hosts, and felids are the sole definitive hosts of this parasite [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An order of parasitic protozoa found in blood cells and epithelial cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. (lookformedical.com)
  • Oocysts do not sporulate below 4°C or above 37°C. 4 The second form, referred to as tachyzoites, survive and multiply only in an intracellular location. (glowm.com)
  • Horse and donkey meat is eaten in several countries and humans in France have developed severe toxoplasmosis after ingesting raw horse meat. (usda.gov)
  • Congenital fetal toxoplasmosis can cause severe abnormalities, including blindness, hydrocephalus, mental retardation, and can lead to endometrial or postnatal death. (athenslab.gr)
  • From February 2020 to March 2022, four southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis ) stranded in California with severe protozoal steatitis and systemic toxoplasmosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • High parasite burdens were observed in all tissues except the central nervous system, and toxoplasmosis with severe protozoal steatitis was the primary cause of death for all cases. (frontiersin.org)
  • 1,000 animals over 24 years) were negative for prior cases of severe T. gondii -associated steatitis prior to the cases described herein, and no sublethal COUG T. gondii infections have been previously indentified in sea otters. (frontiersin.org)
  • In Pregnant women with toxoplasmosis, the parasite can be transmitted to the foetus causing severe complications. (ac.ir)
  • [ 3 ] However, certain individuals are at high risk for severe or life-threatening toxoplasmosis . (medscape.com)
  • Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Taenia taeniaeformis, and spurious excretion of Ca. hepatica in cats, indicates that these animals preyed on intermediate hosts, and that biosafety measures in pet shelters need to be evaluated for their efficacy in the prevention of pathogen transmission. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is a quite different task to accumulate evidence on the presence of pathogens, their locations in the supply chain, and their spillover to new hosts than to identify effective ways to prevent and mitigate emerging disease under real-world conditions. (bioone.org)
  • Following fertilisation, progeny oocysts are excreted and these sporulate in the external environment, becoming infectious to new hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intermediate hosts becomeinfected by oocysts shed into the environment by the definitive host. (pdfmedarticles.com)
  • The primary focus of my research is to understand how the animal immune system recognizes and responds to parasitic infections with and/or without microbial community. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • Another area of research in my laboratory investigates the inter-species dynamics in mixed parasitic-bacterial, fungal, or viral infections particularly those with clinical and therapeutic implications. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Squamate reptiles cohabiting with companion animals may represent a source of helminth infections, especially through predation by dogs and cats with an outdoor lifestyle. (bvsalud.org)
  • parasitic infections of the grey-breasted helmet guinea-fowl (numida meleagris galeata) in nigeria. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The present findings on human toxoplasmosis in Gabon suggest that at an older age, reactivation of old infections seems more frequent than new infections, as indicated by the presence of T. gondii using PCR among elevated IgG subjects without IgM. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite not being identified until 1976, it is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • The COUG genotype was first isolated from mountain lions in British Columbia, Canada during investigation of a waterborne outbreak of toxoplasmosis in humans. (frontiersin.org)
  • A Western blot assay developed at the Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory of the US Department of Agriculture, with estimated sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 100%, respectively, was used to qualitatively evaluate IgG-positive serum samples for antibodies to SSP. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent changes in human demographics and food preferences, changes in food production and distribution systems, microbial adaptation, and lack of support for public health resources and infrastructure have led to the emergence of novel as well as traditional foodborne diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Appreciate that any patient with foodborne illness may ing suspicious symptoms, disease clusters, and etiologic agents, represent the sentinel case of a more widespread outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • The laboratory also deciphers the formation and evolution of host specialization in the foodborne illnesses, such as Salmonella spp. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter jejuni and Bacillus cereus by building a genome-based phylogeny and studying the Whole genome sequencing (WGS) as an effective and rapid surveillance tool of foodborne disease. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
  • It is transmitted to humans by eating poorly cooked meat from infected animals or ingesting oocysts through the handling of cat litter containing infected feces. (athenslab.gr)
  • At present, people's demand for meat, eggs, and milk has increased gradually, which has also led to a considerable increase in the proportion of some traditional animal husbandry industries in the agricultural industrial structure. (ballyabio.com)
  • Many microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and animals enter ambient waters after import from various point and diffuse sources. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In contrast to acute diarrhea that is often a self-limiting problem and does not typically require a comprehensive work-up of the animal, chronic diarrhea cases warrant a step-by-step approach to obtain a diagnosis and formulate an optimal therapeutic plan. (vin.com)
  • T. gondii is an intracellular parasite that can infect almost all mammals and the importance of this parasite in food safety, human health and animal husbandry has been well recognized. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other vectors of disease transmission also exist. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transmission of a zoonotic disease can potentially occur when a person comes into direct contact with secretions or excretions-such as saliva or feces-from an infected cat. (snapcats.org)
  • However, since animals from shelters are frequently rehomed, diagnostic measures, appropriate hygiene and therapy as well as training of shelter staff are recommended to prevent zoonotic transmission of enteropathogens to staff or new owners. (bvsalud.org)
  • The closeness of dogs to humans, in addition to poor veterinary care and zoonotic disease awareness, poses an increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission, resulting in a significant threat to human and animal populations and food security and safety. (mdpi.com)
  • This study aimed to estimate the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Pregnant women who had referred to the Health Centers of Sanandaj in 2019. (ac.ir)
  • Educate the public in toxoplasmosis-prevention methods, such as protecting children's play areas from cat litter. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 1061 small ruminants were sampled and the sera obtained were analysed using the indirect multi-species ELISA test for toxoplasmosis and abortive chlamydia at the national veterinary laboratory. (researchsquare.com)
  • In humans, the main causes of disease are C. parvum and C. hominis (previously C. parvum genotype 1). (wikipedia.org)
  • The USDA provided the veterinary, clinical, and public health communities an indispensable resource by disseminating up to date scientific information on toxoplasmosis and its prevention. (usda.gov)
  • Test results should be interpreted in relation to each individual case and family history, clinical findings and the results of other laboratory tests and information. (athenslab.gr)
  • Diarrhea is generally regarded as the most consistent clinical sign of intestinal disease in the cat, and one of the most frustrating maladies for many veterinarians to diagnose and manage. (vin.com)
  • Antibiotics are commonly administered injudiciously to diarrheic animals, with resolution of clinical signs often wrongly equated with eradication of a "putative" infectious pathogen. (vin.com)
  • Caution should be heeded in the oversimplistic anatomical differentiation of the affected segment of bowel, because animals manifesting clinical signs of colitis often have concurrent disease in the small bowel and vice versa. (vin.com)
  • Objective: Arthritis patients experience the impact of disease beyond routinely assessed clinical measures. (cdc.gov)
  • Monoxenous life cycles occur in a single host species where they undergo asexual expansion and then sexual recombination withinthe gut, leading to shedding of a resistant spore-like stage (oocyst) into the environment. (pdfmedarticles.com)
  • The oocysts are very strong and may remain infectious for more than one year in warm humid environments. (medscape.com)
  • However, fatal neurological disease can occur, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. (frontiersin.org)