AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Blood GlucoseDiabetes MellitusHypoglycemic AgentsHemoglobin A, GlycosylatedInsulinDiabetic NephropathiesDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalDiabetic NeuropathiesDiabetes ComplicationsGlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringCase-Control StudiesRisk FactorsObesityIslets of LangerhansHyperglycemiaHypoglycemiaMice, Inbred NODGlucose Tolerance TestGlutamate DecarboxylaseDiabetes, GestationalDiabetic RetinopathyDiabetic AngiopathiesStreptozocinPrediabetic StateInsulin-Secreting CellsC-PeptideIslets of Langerhans TransplantationPregnancy in DiabeticsTime FactorsRats, Inbred BBGlucose IntoleranceGenetic Predisposition to DiseasePancreas TransplantationPancreasAlbuminuriaHLA-DQ AntigensFastingMetforminAutoantibodiesBiological MarkersInsulin Infusion SystemsEchovirus 9Insulin ResistanceBody Mass IndexBlood PressureFollow-Up StudiesPostprandial PeriodDiagnostic EquipmentPrevalenceSulfonylurea CompoundsGenotypeSelf CareCross-Sectional StudiesTreatment OutcomeAutoimmune DiseasesCohort StudiesRetrospective StudiesProspective StudiesHypertensionPolymorphism, Single NucleotideCardiovascular DiseasesAutoimmunityBody WeightDiabetic KetoacidosisInfusions, SubcutaneousLipidsAutoantigensNuclear FamilyDisease ProgressionDiabetes InsipidusGlucagonAllelesPatient Education as TopicDiabetic DietDisease Models, AnimalTriglyceridesIncidenceGlipizideGliclazideCells, CulturedInsulin, Long-ActingDiabetic FootComorbidityThiazolidinedionesRats, Sprague-DawleyAge FactorsMice, Inbred C57BLHLA AntigensMultivariate AnalysisGlycosuriaQuestionnairesGlucose Transporter Type 4Glucose Transporter Type 1Risk AssessmentGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Logistic ModelsGlucose Oxidase
Classification of Diabetes MellitusHyperglycemiaComplicationsT2DMPeople with diabetesIDDMHypertensionGestational diabetesClinicalMetabolismIncidenceChez des patientsHomeostasisObesityChildren and adolescentsIschemicAutoimmuneNIDDMLipidAdult-onset diABSTRACTPrevalence of diabetesTreatment of diabetesHyperglycaemiaLead to diabetesDyslipidemiaInsulin secretionMethodsCardiovascular diseaseMetabolic disorderAcuteSymptomsGlycemic1997Newly diagnosedSevereNormal fasting bloodLipidsVenousIntoleranceVascularLevels2001CapillaryHyperlipidemiaConcentrationInternational Diabetes FObeseProteinOvertBurden of diabetesMortalityIntroductionDiabeticsRenal2021Amino acidsGeneticSignificantlyAsymptomaticHeterogeneous
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus3
Hyperglycemia9
  • It may be started at a high dose in patients with severe hyperglycemia and in those with symptoms, if home glucose monitoring and close follow-up can be arranged. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetes is a methabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, with high morbidity and mortility worldwide. (scialert.net)
  • Although all diabetic cells are exposed to elevated levels of plasma glucose, hyperglycemic damage is limited to those cell types that are unable to down regulate glucose transport into the cell (e.g., endothelial cells), leading to intra-cellular hyperglycemia ( Brownlee, 2001 ). (scialert.net)
  • Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects secretion or insulin action, or both. (bvsalud.org)
  • The relationship between fasting hyperglycemia and insulin secretion in subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance. (edu.iq)
  • Patients with hyperglycemia are at a high risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. (j-stroke.org)
  • Patients with hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of cerebrovascular ischemic stroke [ 4 , 5 ]. (j-stroke.org)
  • Research has shown that relation between anxiety disorders depression and diabetes bound to hyperglycemia, diabetes complication and restraints imposed by diseases. (savedelicious.com)
  • On the onset of hyperglycemia, however, elevated mitochondrial aerobic respiration and activity of the electron transport chain, as well as advanced glycated end products, aggravates oxidative stress, which presents another activator of inflammatory cascades mediated by NF-κB, cAMP-regulated element-binding protein, and activator protein 1 [31] [ 22 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Complications18
  • From the above, we understand with the wide range of conditions caused or aggravated by diabetes, an herbalist and must be prepared to treat not only the disease, which in the case of Type 1 diabetes is incurable but to prevent and address all the possible complications that are commonly associated with the disease which if addressed early enough, one can accomplish a great deal. (planetherbs.com)
  • In addition, the diabetic individual is prone to late onset complications (Fujisawa et al. (gotomydoctor.com)
  • However another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of associated complications (e.g. heart disease, stroke, kidney failure), which often result in premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The burden of diabetes (both type 1 and 2) has a possibility to lead to complications of multiple body systems including nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. (scielo.br)
  • Using a large, population-based administrative cohort, we found little evidence that type 2 diabetes increases the risk of depression once comorbid diseases and the burden of diabetes complications were accounted for. (cmaj.ca)
  • 9 , 10 When associated with diabetes, depression increases the risks of work loss, 11 functional disability, 11 , 12 and micro- 13 and macrovascular complications, 14 and adds to health care costs. (cmaj.ca)
  • Such knowledge could influence clinical practice by suggesting who would most effectively be screened for depression and by evaluating ways to prevent people with diabetes from becoming depressed, in order to decrease both the patients' risk of complications and the cost of the ensuing treatments. (cmaj.ca)
  • Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia with resultant morbidity and mortality related to its associated microvascular and macrovascular complications. (scielo.org.za)
  • While T2DM is often associated with macro-and microvascular complications, studies indicate that poor management of everyday stress in diabetic patients is associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety (5-7). (researchsquare.com)
  • The disease is associated to increased mortality and high risk development of complications micro-and macrovascular complications, as well as neuropathies, blindness, kidney failure and limb amputations 1,3 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Whereas coma and seizures are well-recognized neurological sequelae of hypoglycaemia, much interest is currently focused on the potential for hypoglycaemia to cause dangerous and life-threatening cardiac complications, such as arrhythmias and myocardial ischaemia, and whether recurrent severe hypoglycaemia can cause permanent cognitive impairment or promote cognitive decline and accelerate the onset of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people with diabetes mellitus. (nature.com)
  • Diabetes management requires coordinated efforts to change the patient's lifestyle to include a heathy diet and regular exercise, and to manage multiple risk factors, to prevent or delay complications such as stroke [ 1 - 3 ]. (j-stroke.org)
  • Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes is also involved in diabetes-related vascular complications [ 10 ]. (j-stroke.org)
  • Diabetes complications, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases are the common factors that cause the death of patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated complications are considered one of the major health risks globally. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among numerous complications, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by increased accumulation of lipids and reduced glucose utilization following abnormal lipid metabolism in the myocardium along with oxidative stress, myocardial fibrosis, and inflammation that eventually result in cardiac dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, study was approved by the Centre's diabetes-related complications such as the public debt increases every year ethics committee. (who.int)
T2DM9
  • 3 In this review, we discuss the biological functions of human APOE and its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), vascular dementia (VD), and ischemic (occlusive) stroke (IS). (dovepress.com)
  • Pre-diabetes is defined as an intermediary state of hyperglycaemia that occurs between normoglycaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with blood glucose concentrations above normal but below the threshold for diagnosis of diabetes (1, 2). (researchsquare.com)
  • Globally, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that by 2045, 629 million are expected to have T2DM (3). (researchsquare.com)
  • However, dysregulation of the HPA axis in T2DM has been shown to worsen further the hyperglycaemic state causing hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia as well as increase the risk of depression in diabetic patients (8, 13-16). (researchsquare.com)
  • The risk of cancers appears to be increased in both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Previous large cohort studies conducted in the UK suggested that neither the risk of urinary bladder cancer nor mortality from urinary bladder cancer was increased in patients with T1DM or T2DM ( 11 , 16 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • 26 120 180 ] Body mass index (BMI) has been widely used to indicate the level of obesity, though recent studies have found that abdominal or visceral adiposity (vs subcutaneous), as reflected in the waist-to-hip ratio or waist circumference, is a strong criteria for predicting the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 180 ] While obesity is a risk factor for MetS, the fact that not all obese patients develop MetS or T2DM[ 25 106 186 196 203 230 266 ] suggests that adiposity may not be etiologic. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Despite its important clinical relevance, Patients with LADA are often misdiagnosed and show a sustained worse glycemic control compared to T2DM. (biomedcentral.com)
People with diabetes12
  • In 1995, about 27,851 people with diabetes develop end-stage renal disease. (planetherbs.com)
  • A bout 60 to 70% of people with diabetes have mild to severe forms of nervous system damage, which can include peripheral neuropathy, digestive problems, carpal tunnel and other nerve related problems. (planetherbs.com)
  • India has the second highest number of people with diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 5% to 10% of people with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes, in which the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by the auto immune process. (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • The objective of our study was to evaluate whether people with diabetes have a greater incidence of depression than those without diabetes. (cmaj.ca)
  • We identified 31 635 people with diabetes and 57 141 without. (cmaj.ca)
  • Several investigations 5 - 8 have documented that people with diabetes experience depression from 1.3 to 3 times as often as those without the disorder. (cmaj.ca)
  • We therefore conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study to evaluate the incidence of new-onset depression among people with diabetes, compared with those who do not have diabetes. (cmaj.ca)
  • Fred Engelbrecht and Thomas Wendt from the ExploHeidelberg Teaching Lab describe some experiments on sugar detection to demonstrate the problems that people with diabetes face every day. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Human investigations suggest that fenugreek can be beneficial as an adjunct in controlling high blood glucose and lipid levels in people with diabetes. (lww.com)
  • Currently, it is accepted that the periodontal disease is more prevalent and severe in people with diabetes mellitus glycemic index. (bvsalud.org)
  • Suggested citation for this article: Plantinga L, Rao MN, Schillinger D. Prevalence of self-reported sleep problems among people with diabetes in the United States, 2005-2008. (cdc.gov)
IDDM4
Hypertension8
  • The primary causes of type 2 diabetes is diet and physical activity, which can contribute to increased BMI, poor nutrition, hypertension, alcohol use and smoking, while genetics is also a factor. (wikipedia.org)
  • These comorbidities include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, ventilatory dysfunction, arthrosis, venous and lymphatic circulation diseases, depression, and others, which have a negative impact on health and increase morbidity and mortality. (mdpi.com)
  • Dominant negative mutations in human PPARγ associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. (scielo.br)
  • Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is better correlated with target organ damage from hypertension (HT) than clinic blood pressure readings ( 8 , 9 ). (ispub.com)
  • Ismail N, Becker B, Strzelczyk P, Ritz E. Renal disease and hypertension in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (edu.iq)
  • Though the diagnostic criteria for MetS has been variably defined in the literature, most definitions now include the presence of at least three of the following: Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein levels. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Diabetic patients often combined with metabolic disorders like hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, easily lead to cardio-cerebrovascular diseases like coronary heart disease, which is a risk factor leading to death [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The specific objectives were to review the current evidence supporting management of ten major modifiable risk factors for prevention of stroke: hypertension, current smoking, diabetes, obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, atrial fibrillation, excessive alcohol consumption, abnormal lipid profile and psychosocial stress/ depression. (cdc.gov)
Gestational diabetes6
  • A third type of diabetes is called gestational diabetes. (planetherbs.com)
  • This type of diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. (gotomydoctor.com)
  • Women who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a 20-50% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main classifications of diabetes are: Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, Gestational diabetes mellitus and Diabetes mellitus associated with other conditions or syndromes. (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. (101healthybody.com)
  • We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 20 2011 using combinations of the following keywords: vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and pregnancy, reproduction, fertility/infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm birth and bacterial vaginosis. (vitamindwiki.com)
Clinical19
  • The clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes are immense. (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • In children who do not meet the criteria described above but in whom diabetes is highly suspected, clinical judgment should be applied. (medscape.com)
  • Reinehr T. Clinical presentation of diabetes mellitus type 2 in children and adolescents. (medigraphic.com)
  • We described two patients' clinical manifestations, as well as the string of symptomatological evolution, treatments, and follow-up results. (frontiersin.org)
  • Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) share a lot of similar clinical features, such as prominent cognitive decline, memory problems, psychiatric symptoms, and movement disorders ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The first US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes, the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab, delays symptomatic type 1 diabetes onset by 2-3 years [ 4 ], opening the door for the future clinical application of antigen-specific approaches with potentially superior immunoregulatory properties [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Although these are the first reported obese, white cases from the UK to present with diabetes, we believe this clinical scenario will become more prevalent given the epidemic of childhood obesity in this country. (bmj.com)
  • 35 kg/m 2 ) with either overt clinical diabetes or unrecognised diabetes, diagnosed during oral glucose tolerance testing, over the past 24 months (see table 1). (bmj.com)
  • was first approved in 1997 and modified in 1999 Although different phrases are present in older literature and stay in use, their use in current clinical apply is inappropriate. (esaunggul.ac.id)
  • To investigate the relation between echocardiographic parameters and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in normoalbuminuric pre-hypertensive adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without clinical evidence of nephropathy or cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. (ispub.com)
  • There were no differences between the dipper and the nondipper T1DM pre-hypertensive patients with respect to age, gender, body mass index, clinical and ABPM for average day-time systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. (ispub.com)
  • K/DOQ1 clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. (edu.iq)
  • Several classes of drugs are used for diabetes management in clinical practice. (j-stroke.org)
  • We also discuss evidence from recent large clinical trials of thiazolidinedione (TZD) and new antidiabetic medications such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP1) analogues, which suggest the potential of these agents in primary and secondary stroke prevention. (j-stroke.org)
  • A large number of clinical studies have demonstrated that a significant percentage of patients with MetS have durable remission of comorbidities within days of bariatric surgery, calorie restriction (diet), or implantation of an endoluminal plastic sleeve that prevents nutrient contact with the proximal gastrointestinal mucosa, as discussed below. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • However, the clinical characterization of these patients in the primary care setting is lacking, and its clinical progression is unpredictable. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A reduction in counts of red blood cells and levels of haemoglobin in Swedish TEDDY children with multiple islet autoantibodies has been shown, and RDW values are significantly associated with HOMA-β and HbA1c[ 9 ].However, there are currently little clinical research on the correlation between red blood cell distribution and islet β-cell function among patients with LADA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ischemic heart disease 2.146 75,3 13,3 6,1 9,5 9,5of the DE.the hypothesis Has been the subject of clinical studies tadalafil kaufen safer control. (ericamulherin.com)
  • [ 1 ] Streptokinase found its initial clinical application in combating fibrinous pleural exudates, hemothorax, and tuberculous meningitis. (medscape.com)
Metabolism3
  • Several APOE isoforms with major structural differences were discovered and shown to influence the brain lipid transport, glucose metabolism, neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. (dovepress.com)
  • Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia and alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, associated with absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion and/or insulin action [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Diabetes mellitus (or simply diabetes ) is a syndrome characterised by disordered glucose metabolism and overly high blood sugar levels (hyperglycaemia). (scienceinschool.org)
Incidence11
  • A study done on Gomel city population with radiation exposure after the Chernobyl incident demonstrated increased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The incidence of diabetes mellitus in psychiatric patients has been found to be 2 to 8 times higher than in the general population [1-3]. (who.int)
  • The incidence of new-onset depression was similar in both groups (6.5 v. 6.6 per 1000 person-years among people with and without diabetes, respectively). (cmaj.ca)
  • Little information is currently available on the obverse of that temporal chain: the incidence of depression among people who have diabetes. (cmaj.ca)
  • Diabetics have two times the incidence of an acute coronary syndrome ( ACS ) and two times the mortality rate after ACS compared with patients who do not have diabetes. (arizonaadvancedmedicine.com)
  • the increasing incidence of childhood obesity in the UK and the inevitable rise in type 2 diabetes from an early age is likely to have a major long term impact on health care systems in the UK. (bmj.com)
  • 57 76 81 96 172 198 217 276 ] The incidence of MetS has been reported to be as low as 22% in overweight patients with a BMI of 25-30 and 60% in patients with a BMI of 30-35, with more than 40% of these obese patients relatively healthy. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • This study was to explore the effect of hyperlipidemia on the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases between diabetes combined with hyperlipidemia group (195 patients) and diabetes group (200 patients) were made a comparison. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multivariable Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the effect of hyperlipidemia on the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An epidemiological survey showed the incidence of acute stroke in patients with high hyper-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level was two times higher than healthy people and myocardial infarction was three times higher [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chez des patients2
  • RÉSUMÉ Nous avons évalué la prévalence de la comorbidité du diabète chez des patients grecs atteints de troubles psychiatriques, les différences entre les diabétiques de type 1 et de type 2 et l'évolution des troubles psychiatriques. (who.int)
  • La présente étude en Jordanie visait à comparer l'efficacité de l'insuline humaine prémélangée (BHI30) à celle de l'analogue de l'insuline prémélangé (BIAsp30) ainsi que les événements indésirables pour deux substances chez des patients atteints de diabète de type 2. (who.int)
Homeostasis6
Obesity6
  • Diet, obesity, allergies to certain foods, viral infections, and stress are all factors that can contribute to the onset or aggravate Type 11 diabetes. (planetherbs.com)
  • We report four white adolescents aged 13 to 15 years (three females, one male) from the south and west region of England who presented with type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with significant obesity (body mass index more than +3SDS) in the past two years. (bmj.com)
  • Case 1: A pubertal female, aged 15 years, presented with polyuria and polydypsia associated with obesity and acanthosis nigricans. (bmj.com)
  • The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the USA has closely paralleled the increase in childhood obesity noted there and across the Western world. (bmj.com)
  • 1, 5 Obesity in adulthood is recognised as an independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, and obesity in adolescence increases the risk of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. (bmj.com)
  • One potential benefit of fenugreek is improving elevated blood glucose and lipid levels associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. (lww.com)
Children and adolescents5
  • It must be noted thought that in the last decay type II diabetes in children and adolescents is being diagnosed more frequently (Fagot-Gampagna & Narayan 2001). (gotomydoctor.com)
  • Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. (medscape.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. (medscape.com)
  • Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Malecka ET, Erhardt E, Moln r D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in European children and adolescents. (medigraphic.com)
Ischemic1
  • This review will summarize the updated research progress on APOE functions and its role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, vascular dementia, and ischemic stroke. (dovepress.com)
Autoimmune11
  • Type I diabetes accounts for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes and the risk factors may be autoimmune, genetic, or environmental. (gotomydoctor.com)
  • Autoimmune markers (glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD] and islet cell antibodies) are usually negative in type 2 diabetes but are frequently present in type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Conclusion: The present study indicated a greater risk of autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells of the pancrease of the type-1 relatives and newly diagnosed type-1 patients and suggests the need for periodic recruitment of individuals in the general population, siblings and relatives of type-1 diabetic patients for planned intervention trials. (scirp.org)
  • In addition, IAAs appeared to be better autoimmune markers of type-1 diabetes compared to ICAs. (scirp.org)
  • At the onset of type 1 diabetes, many autoantibodies are detected as autoimmune markers. (scirp.org)
  • Type 1 diabetes comprises about 10% of all diabetes cases in Europe, and is characterised by the loss of the pancreatic beta cells, usually by autoimmune destruction. (scienceinschool.org)
  • The majority of type 1 diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, where beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. (101healthybody.com)
  • The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between red blood cell distribution and islet β-cell function indexes in patients with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a kind of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes, which shows the feathers of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus[ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a heterogeneous form of diabetes with a pathogenesis that includes both autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells as well as some degrees of insulin resistance [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
NIDDM3
Lipid4
  • APOE plays multiple roles in the regulation of lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood. (dovepress.com)
  • A multi-center, open label, crossover designed prospective study evaluating the effects of lipid lowering treatment on steroid synthesis in patients with Type 2 diabetes (MODEST STUDY). (florence.com.tr)
  • Other laboratory investigations were measured like HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile. (edu.iq)
  • Low hepatic ATP, hyperuricemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation reported in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients may reflect insufficient hepatic O 2 delivery, potentially accounting for the sympathetic overdrive associated with MetS. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Adult-onset di1
  • Type 2 diabetes, commonly known as adult-onset diabetes, usually appears after the age of 30. (scienceinschool.org)
ABSTRACT3
  • ABSTRACT We evaluated the prevalence of diabetes comorbidity in Greek psychiatric patients, differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetics and the outcome of psychiatric disorder. (who.int)
  • ABSTRACT Despite their reported benefits in terms of glycaemic control, insulin analogues are expensive for patients in developing countries. (who.int)
  • SEE NAMCS PATIENT DATASET NAMES FOR DSN ABSTRACT General Information This material provides documentation for users of the Micro-Data tapes of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. (cdc.gov)
Prevalence of diabetes4
  • The prevalence of diabetes in America is estimated to increase to 48.3 million by 2050. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among young and middle aged adults the prevalence of diabetes is 6.7% and prediabetes is 5.6% according to the National Family Health Survey-4. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings provide evidence of a high prevalence of diabetes in psychiatric patients and that having diabetes has an adverse effect on outcome of psychiatric illness. (who.int)
  • Increased consumption of high caloric diet and physical inactivity coincided with the increased prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes (3, 4). (researchsquare.com)
Treatment of diabetes4
  • Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. (medigraphic.com)
  • over the years, various medicinal plants and their extracts have been reported to be effective in the treatment of diabetes [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Researchers studied 31 patients referred for the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, excessive weight, fatigue, and other chronic diseases of aging. (arizonaadvancedmedicine.com)
  • Hypoglycaemia is a frequent adverse effect of treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin and sulphonylureas. (nature.com)
Hyperglycaemia1
  • Although they have different causes, patients with either form are unable to produce sufficient insulin in the beta cells of the pancreas to prevent hyperglycaemia. (scienceinschool.org)
Lead to diabetes2
Dyslipidemia1
  • Altered function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in type 2 diabetic patients, a condition preceded by pre-diabetes, has been shown to increase the risk of depression as well as cause downstream effects resulting in upregulation of gluconeogenesis and dyslipidemia. (researchsquare.com)
Insulin secretion3
Methods2
  • Methods 60 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled and randomized to switch from mealtime dosing of a rapid-acting insulin analog to either sitagliptin or mitiglinide for 16 weeks. (bmj.com)
  • METHODS: We used data from more than 800 US hospitals in the Premier Healthcare Database Special COVID-19 Release (PHD-SR) to describe hospitalized patients aged 18 years or older with COVID-19 from March 2020 through March 2021. (cdc.gov)
Cardiovascular disease1
  • About half of patients with type 2 diabetes die due to cardiovascular disease and 10% from kidney failure. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolic disorder1
  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic metabolic disorder and a main problem in health systems [ 2 ] with two main types: type I, in which the secretion of insulin from the beta cells is reduced or absent, and type II, which shows decreased insulin or insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue [ 3 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Acute3
  • blood analysis showed acute kidney injury. (cdc.gov)
  • Evaluation of the left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions by echocardiography in patients with acute leukemia. (florence.com.tr)
  • [ 2 ] In 1958, streptokinase was first used in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and this changed the focus of treatment. (medscape.com)
Symptoms6
  • Studies have shown that oral ingestion of MSG can provoke asthma attacks in patients diagnosed with asthma, and bring about symptoms of the Chinese Restaurant Syndrome (CRS). (ubc.ca)
  • Our patients presented with rapidly progressive dementia, memory problems, psychiatric symptoms, and movement disorders, and we considered all these symptoms as a presenting feature of sCJD at first, but the cerebrospinal fluid examination showed positive results for both the 14-3-3 protein and antibodies against NMDAR. (frontiersin.org)
  • 21 - 31 Most reported an increased risk of diabetes associated with a history of depression or depressive symptoms, but often only in selected subpopulations. (cmaj.ca)
  • People affected by either type of diabetes need to learn how to live with the symptoms of the disease. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Diabetes sufferers need to learn how to minimise their symptoms or even prevent the disease by eating a healthy diet and taking enough exercise. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Diabetes is associated with a higher risk of sleep problems, including not only sleep apnea but also inadequate sleep, excessive sleepiness, leg symptoms, and nocturia, independent of body mass index. (cdc.gov)
Glycemic7
  • Kooy et al found improved body weight, glycemic control, and insulin requirements when metformin was added to insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
  • Long term diabetes and poor glycemic control are the most important risk factors for DN development ( DCCT Research Group, 1993 ). (scialert.net)
  • Induction of long-term glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients by transient intensive insulin treatment. (florence.com.tr)
  • Conclusions Sitagliptin may predominantly act on FPG, whereas mitiglinide may act on postprandial plasma glucose to achieve glycemic control after switching from a bolus insulin regimen. (bmj.com)
  • Additional therapy to sitagliptin or mitiglinide is clearly required to obtain equivalent glycemic control in patients using a higher dose of insulin. (bmj.com)
  • On the other hand, patients with severe periodontitis may present difficulty in performing glycemic control. (bvsalud.org)
  • Periodontitis may influence on the glycemic control of diabetes. (bvsalud.org)
19971
  • 1997) and the adjective "mellitus" (a latin-greek word that means "honey") was introduced by the English physician John Rollo so as to distinguish the conditions from other polyuric diseases, in which glycosuria does not occur (Rollo 1797). (gotomydoctor.com)
Newly diagnosed4
  • The use of insulin regimens in patients with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent DM has substantially improved final height prognosis. (hindawi.com)
  • However, it now is clear that there is a range of residual beta cells that are dysfunctional in people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • Aim: We demonstrated the risk of developing islet autoantibodies-Insulin Autoantibodies (IAAs) and Islets cell Autoantibodies (ICAs)-in type-1 diabetic relatives and newly diagnosed type-1 patients compared to non-diabetic controls. (scirp.org)
  • The high prevalence of CAN in patients newly diagnosed with T2D suggests that its pathophysiology is rooted in an earlier stage of metabolic derangement, possibly being prediabetes. (encyclopedia.pub)
Severe4
  • Together with the major complication of cerebral edema, it is the most important cause of mortality and severe morbidity in children with diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with severe AD cannot recognize family or loved ones and cannot communicate effectively. (medscape.com)
  • Mild (self-treated) and severe (requiring help) hypoglycaemia episodes are more common in type 1 diabetes mellitus but people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus are also exposed to frequent hypoglycaemic events, many of which occur during sleep. (nature.com)
  • The burden of diabetes is growing more severe as a result of the increasing number of deaths from diabetes and medical costs [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Normal fasting blood1
Lipids2
  • 2 In the blood, APOE protein could interact with lipids, resulting in lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (dovepress.com)
  • Medical staffs should pay attention to the control of blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes to delay the occurrence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Venous2
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children is defined as a blood glucose level over 11 mmol/L, venous pH below 7.3 or serum bicarbonate level below 15 mmol/L, and either the presence of ketonemia (blood β-hydroxybutyrate level ≥ 3 mmol/L) or moderate to high ketonuria. (medscape.com)
  • It is diagnosed when a random venous plasma glucose concentration is greater than 11.1mmol per litre or a fasting plasma glucose concentration is greater than 7.0mmol per litre. (101healthybody.com)
Intolerance1
Vascular4
  • 2004), such as retinopathy, neuropathy and vascular diseases, that are largely responsible for the morbidity and mortality observed in diabetic patients. (gotomydoctor.com)
  • Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is a common dysfunction autonomic found in DM patients DM, causing abnormalities in heart rate control, and dynamic vascular 4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. (edu.iq)
  • Hyperlipidemia may promote vascular endothelial injury, increasing the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
Levels27
  • The amount of sugar in the blood then rises to unhealthy levels. (planetherbs.com)
  • Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood. (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • Consequently they produce little or no insulin and therefore require insulin injections to control their blood glucose levels . (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • This situation creates further anxiousness since parents act in different roles simultaneously, the role of a mother or father and the one who pricks her child everyday to check blood glucose levels and administer insulin therapy by injections. (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • Much of the spontaneity of everyday life disappears in a routine of set-meals, blood tests, injections and attention in trying to keep blood glucose levels within a target range. (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • Fasting C-peptide and insulin levels are usually elevated in type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Recent studies reported that some patients confirmed to have sCJD had low levels of serum antibodies to NMDAR, glycine receptor, and voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • 13 , 15 Diabetes with comorbid depression is also linked with poorer adherence to medications and self-care activities such as self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and adhering to a proper diet and exercise program. (cmaj.ca)
  • Furthermore, in alloxan-induced diabetes model MEPG (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and VAD (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) have showed significant and dose dependent antidiabetic activity by maintaining the blood glucose levels within the normal limits. (hindawi.com)
  • Diabetics have a problem with insulin, the hormone that keeps blood sugar within healthy levels. (arizonaadvancedmedicine.com)
  • When blood sugar levels are too low - less than 80 - that is hypo glycemia. (arizonaadvancedmedicine.com)
  • High sugar levels damage the kidneys so that they can no longer fully cleanse the blood of waste. (arizonaadvancedmedicine.com)
  • Elevated blood pressure levels are more frequently observed in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) than in the general population ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). (ispub.com)
  • IAA and ICA levels were estimated using ELISA reagents from Biomerica Inc. Other parameters such as fasting blood sugar, urine glucose, and urine protein were assessed using standard biochemical techniques. (scirp.org)
  • People commonly use iron for preventing and treating different types of anemia caused by low iron levels. (webmd.com)
  • Low levels of red blood cells in people with a long-term illness ( anemia of chronic disease). (webmd.com)
  • Low levels of healthy red blood cells (anemia) due to iron deficiency . (webmd.com)
  • Instead, patients must adjust their lifestyles, for example by improving their diet, taking regular exercise and monitoring their blood sugar levels. (scienceinschool.org)
  • This causes the body to need abnormally high amounts of insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels, and diabetes develops when the beta cells cannot meet this demand. (scienceinschool.org)
  • The principle of these experiments is the same as in assays to determine blood glucose levels for the diagnosis of diabetes, or to measure glucose and/or lactose levels, for example in fruit juices, milk and dairy products. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Mitiglinide significantly increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels at the end of the study from 146.5±36.3 to 168.0±38.8 mg/dL, whereas sitagliptin did not affect FPG. (bmj.com)
  • Sometimes, the body cannot make enough insulin or use the insulin it does make effectively, this is known as insulin resistance, which causes blood glucose levels to rise. (101healthybody.com)
  • Most of the treatments for diabetes are aimed at restoring and maintaining normal blood glucose levels. (101healthybody.com)
  • patient in the insulin infusion should haveoverdose° you May need to make you check testosterone levelsperciÃ2 the compar-high levels jets with cardiovascular risk is not low, orThe study protocol Has been approved by the Committeein relation to the threshold value considered (1 to 10%;new areas of research.Viagra must consider: the diagnosis, the active metaboliteflushing of viagra canada . (ericamulherin.com)
  • Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 8:182-189 2501waves userâ ur-pepsia (burning, pe-hour until a new stabilization, if it occurs one of theWang, Y., A modified regimen of extracorporeal cardiac TheCiÃ2 solves some of these problems but, as with all que -cholesterol levels are also associated with diabetes. (ericamulherin.com)
  • Taking vitamin B6 by mouth, usually with folic acid, is effective for treating high homocysteine levels in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Furthermore, WPS inhalation induced DNA damage and a significant increase in the levels of cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome C and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α along with alterations in the activity of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III and IV. (bvsalud.org)
20011
  • 2001). Some T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, is secreted directly by the thyroid along with T4, but most T3 is produced from T4 by one of two deiodinases (Types I and II 1 ) in the peripheral tissue (Schneider et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Capillary2
  • Although in all diabetic patients, GFR is initially normal or mildly elevated with no histological alterations, it progresses to produce thick glomerular basement membrane and expand to mesangial, followed by high glomerular capillary pressure and microalbuminuria. (scialert.net)
  • Besides the analysis of HRV and capillary glucose, the distance traveled during Paschoal test was also recorded. (bvsalud.org)
Hyperlipidemia3
  • The analysis results of multivariable Cox's proportional hazards regression model showed that the risks of myocardial infarction and total cardiovascular events in diabetes combined with hyperlipidemia group were respectively 1.54 times (95% CI 1.13-2.07) and 1.68 times (95% CI 1.23-2.24) higher than those in diabetes group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Population attributable risk percent of all-cause mortality and total cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes combined with hyperlipidemia was 9.6% and 26.8%, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Three hundred ninety five patients with type 2 diabetes in our hospital from January 2012 to January 2016 were divided into diabetes combined with hyperlipidemia group (195 patients) and diabetes group (200 patients). (biomedcentral.com)
Concentration3
  • A random plasma glucose concentration of 200 mg/dL or greater in association with polyuria, polydipsia, or unexplained weight loss is diagnostic of diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte problem that is defined as a rise in serum sodium concentration to a value exceeding 145 mmol/L.[1, 2, 3] It is strictly defined as a hyperosmolar condition caused by a decrease in total body water (TBW)[4] relative to electrolyte content. (medscape.com)
  • Although 1,25(OH)2D3 is the biologically active form of vitamin D the vitamin D status is mainly assessed by the measurement of serum 25(OH)D3 concentration. (vitamindwiki.com)
International Diabetes F5
  • Globally, an estimated 537 million adults are living with diabetes, according to 2019 data from the International Diabetes Federation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The International Diabetes Federation estimated in 2021 more than 140 million Chinese adults with diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alberti G, Zimmet P, Shaw J, Bloomgarden Z, Kaufman F, Silink M. Type 2 diabetes in the young: the evolving epidemic: the international diabetes federation consensus workshop. (medscape.com)
  • There have been several attempts to develop a unified set of diagnostic criteria, and in 2009 the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute developed a list of criteria that is now broadly accepted. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The latest data from the International Diabetes Federation revealed that there were 387 million diabetics worldwide in 2014. (biomedcentral.com)
Obese3
  • Increases in the overall diabetes prevalence rates largely reflect an increase in risk factors for type 2, notably greater longevity and being overweight or obese. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a major drug used in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Have you ever been frustrated by not knowing how to help your obese patients control their appetite and weight? (psychiatrist.com)
Protein4
  • Here, we described two patients first diagnosed with suspected sCJD presenting with rapidly progressive dementia, but the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed positive results for both the 14-3-3 protein and antibodies against NMDAR. (frontiersin.org)
  • Students receive five samples, labelled A to E, which contain starch, protein (bovine serum albumin), the monosaccharide glucose, or the disaccharides lactose or sucrose. (scienceinschool.org)
  • Cholecalciferol is bound to serum vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and through a two-step enzymatic pathway involving 25-hydroxylase of the liver and 1a-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) of the kidney and extrarenal tissues, it is converted to the biologically active hormone calcitriol (1a,25(OH)2D3) [1]. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • E7 from human papil omavirus type 16 cooperate to cancer: the European prospective investigation into doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp321 PMID:20047954 target the PDZ protein Na/H exchange regulatory cancer and nutrition study. (who.int)
Overt3
  • We know that more than 50% of the relatives of diabetics demonstrate insulin resistance decades before they develop overt diabetes. (arizonaadvancedmedicine.com)
  • It constitutes the major cause of silent cardiovascular events in patients without overt cardiac disease. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Interestingly, comparisons between type 1 and type 2 diabetic individuals further confirm the fact that CAN processes in T2D start earlier than the onset of overt metabolic impairment [2] [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Burden of diabetes1
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that major burden of diabetes will occur in developing countries, and by 2025, there will be 42% increase (from 51 to 72 million) in the developed countries and 170% increase (from 84 to 228 million) in the developing countries [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mortality8
  • Diabetes was the 9th-leading cause of mortality globally in 2020, attributing to over 2 million deaths annually due to diabetes directly, and to kidney disease due to diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDC mortality data show that disproportionate numbers of Asian/Pacific Islanders are dying with hepatitis B. CDC and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommend HBV testing for persons born in countries where HBV infection is endemic and for persons with sexual or blood-borne risks for infection ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Type 2 diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. (bmj.com)
  • Further, previous studies have suggested that diabetes is associated with increased risk of cancer mortality ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Previous cohort studies also reported an overall increased standardized mortality ratio for cancers among patients with T1DM compared with the general population ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, cohort studies undertaken in the UK ( 11 , 18 ) and the USA ( 19 ) reported that no significantly increased all-cause cancer mortality was found in patients with T1DM when compared to the general population. (frontiersin.org)
  • Exploring this association at the initial stage of type 2 diabetes would help the psychiatric mental health nurse to explore avenue for preventive strategies and also advocacy could be done at policy making level for early reduction of mortality and mortality. (savedelicious.com)
  • Among client with type 2 diabetes depression is found to be strongly associated with increased mortality and mortality. (savedelicious.com)
Introduction2
  • Because of these sustained beneficial effects, the policy to continue metformin treatment after the introduction of insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus should be followed unless contraindicated. (medscape.com)
  • Description of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Introduction The (NAMCS) is a national survey of patient visits to physicians' offices. (cdc.gov)
Diabetics4
  • About 75% of type 1 diabetics have antibodies to their own pancreatic cells. (planetherbs.com)
  • An estimated 85% of Type 11 diabetics are overweight when diagnosed. (planetherbs.com)
  • 0.015) and the duration of untreated mental illness was shorter (mean 2.86, SD 3.06 years compared with mean 4.13, SD 6.24 years for type 2 diabetics). (who.int)
  • There was no significant difference in outcome of psychiatric disorder between the 2 types of diabetics. (who.int)
Renal1
  • Another effect of PTH is the stimulation of renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production with possibly misleading 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations within the normal range. (vitamindwiki.com)
20212
  • In 2021 there were 4,1 million people in the UK diagnosed with diabetes, 90% of them having type 2. (wikipedia.org)
  • We enrolled 487 patients with diagnosed LADA at The Central Hospital of Wuhan from January 2018 to December 2021. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino acids1
  • Ingested glutamate is absorbed through the intestines, where it is transaminated and subsequently, metabolized by the liver leading to the release of glucose, glutamine, lactate, and other amino acids into the blood circulation. (ubc.ca)
Genetic1
  • Children with diabetes may experience delayed puberty and eventually reach a lower height than their genetic potential. (hindawi.com)
Significantly5
  • The number of new cases of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years, particularly in younger children (Alderson et al. (nursingtermpapers.com)
  • For example, the single-autoantibody-positive stage generally has a significantly lower of risk of progression [ 12 ] and as such is not considered as the earliest stage of type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and 1,5-anhydroglucitol increased significantly in both groups. (bmj.com)
  • Mean Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire scores improved significantly in both groups. (bmj.com)
  • RDW were significantly associated with HbA1c in LADA patients with high GAD titers, but the correlation was not found in subgroup with low GAD titers in either unadjusted analyses or adjusted analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Asymptomatic2
  • In an asymptomatic patient, a fasting (ie, no caloric intake for at least 8 h) plasma glucose value of 126 mg/dL or greater or a 2-hour plasma glucose value of 200 mg/dL or greater during an oral glucose tolerance test is also diagnostic of diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • There was an increase in asymptomatic shoulder pathology in diabetic patients that was associated with ageing. (scielo.org.za)
Heterogeneous2
  • Notwithstanding this achievement, we are still far from a nuanced understanding of how islet autoimmunity originates and propagates during the development of type 1 diabetes and why it is so heterogeneous among individuals. (springer.com)
  • Muscle phosphorylase deficiency adversely affecting the glycolytic pathway in skeletal musculature causes GSD type V. Like other forms of GSD, McArdle disease is heterogeneous. (medscape.com)