• He also demonstrated the need to permanently immobilise the sperm tail for successful intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). (wikipedia.org)
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI / ˈ ɪ k s i / IK -see ) is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg . (wikipedia.org)
  • In terms of insemination, ICSI needs only one sperm cell per oocyte , while IVF needs 50,000-100,000. (wikipedia.org)
  • This condition is called non-obstructive or secretory azoospermia, as opposed to obstructive azoospermia, in which complete sperm production does occur in the testicles, and potentially fertilizing spermatozoa can be obtained by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and used for ICSI. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, the distinction between living round spermatids, to be used in ROSI, and dead round spermatids, to be discarded, needs specific methods and skills, not required in the case of ICSI where sperm cell viability can be easily evaluated on the basis of sperm motility in most cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] The microinjection procedure for ROSI also differs slightly from that of ICSI, since additional stimuli are needed to ensure proper oocyte activation after spermatid injection. (wikipedia.org)
  • We examined various methods to enhance the accessibility of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technology to more users by making the technique easier, more efficient, and practical. (stanford.edu)
  • To overcome these male fertility issues, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was developed. (ijrcog.org)
  • In summary, the study highlights a strong correlation between sperm morphology, fertilization and cleavage rates, while a weak and no correlation was observed between sperm morphology and pregnancy outcome after ICSI. (ijrcog.org)
  • This study aimed to determine the effect of sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) on the cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in couples with unexplained infertility. (ecerm.org)
  • Non-male factor infertility couples with SDF ≥30% have shown lower rates of normal cleavage speed, high-quality embryos at day 3, blastocyst development, blastocyst quality, and implantation in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles [ 7 ]. (ecerm.org)
  • In assistance fertilization process, a single sperm is directly injected into the oocyte through Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) technique. (surrogacycentregeorgia.com)
  • Laser-assisted ICSI technique is applied to form a hole in the zona pellucida for the successful entrance of the sperm to the oocyte. (surrogacycentregeorgia.com)
  • The laser pulse technique is also immobilized the human sperm tail before application of the ICSI technique. (surrogacycentregeorgia.com)
  • In ICSI, all the steps are similar to the procedure of IVF, except the step of fertilization.Normally in IVF, one egg is mixed with 200,000 sperms and one of the sperms fertilizes the egg on its own. (kiranfertility.com)
  • In contrast, in ICSI, each egg is held and injected with a single live sperm. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Some Medical Facilities are advocating ICSI for all patients, including those with normal sperm counts but as a process we do not believe or advise our partner clinics for such practice as we feel that pregnancy should be achieved with minimum handling of the gametes outside the body. (kiranfertility.com)
  • If the sperm count is good enough for fertilization with IVF, our partner clinic will not do ICSI. (kiranfertility.com)
  • However, if a particular patient has a sperm count, which is in the grey-zone area, then we may subject half the eggs to IVF and half the eggs to ICSI for sake of better chances of positive results. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Creating a viable donkey embryo has been challenging, but UQ's Dr Andres Gambini, in collaboration with Argentinian and Spanish researchers, made it happen using a specialist IVF process known as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). (edu.au)
  • This is especially true if fertilization is carried out by the IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) method. (newlifeclinic.bg)
  • IMSI is an improved version of ICSI (IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection) which allows the embryologist to look at spermatozoa at a much higher magnification (x 6000), compared to x600 or less for the standard ICSI procedure. (newlifeclinic.bg)
  • Tissue is collected from the testes and processed in the laboratory to remove healthy sperm for use with intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ). (sbivf.com)
  • Used with in vitro fertilization ( IVF ), ICSI involves injection of a single sperm into the core of an egg. (sbivf.com)
  • Issues with any of these parameters can be difficult to solve and therefore, if we are not confident that there will be sufficient sperm to undertake IVF, we may recommend ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) as a way of achieving fertilisation. (thefertilityinstitute.co.uk)
  • Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a specialized IVF technique to treat severe cases of male infertility. (drsowjanyaaggarwal.com)
  • If natural conception doesn't work, you always have the option of assisted reproductive technology like in vitro fertilization and Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) . (babymed.com)
  • In general, ICSI is the most recommended treatment because an embryo can be created with any sperm, regardless of the quality of the sperm being used. (babymed.com)
  • In mammals, adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is known to play highly important roles in sperm motility and acrosomal exocytosis. (plos.org)
  • It is involved in flagellar movements and motility, and in cellular events that occur in the sperm head, that will lead to successful interaction with the egg and to fertilization [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
  • Lehti Mari S, Sironen A. Formation and Function of Sperm Tail Structures in Association with Sperm Motility Defects. (ijrcog.org)
  • Functional assessments on sperm included counting sperm amount and sperm motility, staining F-actin, and quantifying adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Testicular torsion-detorsion significantly decreased the amount of sperm, inhibited the motility, declined the F-actin expression, and reduced the content of ATP in sperm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Local injection of MSCs improved sperm function, particularly in sperm motility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Local injection of MSCs into a testis damaged by testicular torsion-detorsion restores sperm function mainly through the improvement of sperm motility and energy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Males with severe sperm factors such as low count (less than 5 million), very poor motility or high degree of abnormal sperms. (kiranfertility.com)
  • What is important is that 4-15% has good vitality and motility as well as the overall volume of semen, sperm concentration, and sperm count. (babymed.com)
  • It can be used in teratozoospermia , because once the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence blastocyst development or blastocyst morphology. (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] Even with severe teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that have a "normal" morphology, allowing for optimal success rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study used the chi-square test and Pearson's correlation to evaluate the relationship between sperm morphology and various parameters, revealing that poor sperm morphology may contribute to low fertilization, cleavage, and pregnancy outcomes. (ijrcog.org)
  • Individuals with 3% sperm morphology exhibited higher mean fertility rates and lower negative pregnancy rates compared to those with 2% and 1% morphology, highlighting the importance of good sperm morphology for successful fertilization and pregnancy outcomes. (ijrcog.org)
  • The findings suggest that an improvement in sperm morphology leads to increased fertilization and cleavage rates. (ijrcog.org)
  • Morphology - are they a normal shape or do they have abnormal features such as two sperm heads or two tails. (thefertilityinstitute.co.uk)
  • What is sperm morphology? (babymed.com)
  • Sperm morphology or teratozoospermia is the shape and size of sperm. (babymed.com)
  • Abnormal sperm morphology can affect male fertility. (babymed.com)
  • Sperm morphology is routinely tested in the male infertility semen analysis . (babymed.com)
  • Most men have a large percentage of abnormal sperm morphology, with only 4-15% of their sperm being considered normal. (babymed.com)
  • One issue with abnormal sperm morphology is that there is no easy fix. (babymed.com)
  • Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is not recommended for patients with abnormal sperm morphology. (babymed.com)
  • The morphology of sperm cells is the end result of a highly complex process of cellular modifications occurring during spermiogenesis. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • However, the focus of this article is going to be on the assessment of image analysis to indicate the normal sperm morphology of an ejaculate. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Sperm morphology was assessed in the initial semen analysis using the Kruger-Tygerberg Strict Criteria as outlined by the World Health Organization. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • More studies of fertility outcomes in large populations are required to refine the application of CASA to measuring sperm morphology. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Van Landuyt L, De Vos A, Joris H, Verheyen G, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A. Blastocyst Formation in in Vitro Fertilization versus Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycles: Influence of the Fertilization Procedure. (ijrcog.org)
  • Surgery - microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA and TESA) are surgical techniques recommended when there are few or no sperm in the ejaculate as a result of vasectomy, congenital absence of the vas deferens or epididymis, prior failed surgery or epididymal scarring from infection. (sbivf.com)
  • The ducts that carry the sperm from the testicles (known as the vas deferens) may be missing or blocked resulting in no or low quality sperm being produced in the ejaculate. (thefertilityinstitute.co.uk)
  • Infertile men may have deficiencies in sperm formation, concentration (eg, oligospermia [too few sperm], azoospermia [no sperm in the ejaculate]), or transportation. (medscape.com)
  • Normal sperm count ranges from 15 million sperm per millilitre to 200 million per millilitre. (truevoiceafrica.com)
  • A fertile male ejaculates at least 2 milliliters of semen with the right consistency to transport at least 40 million sperm toward the waiting egg(s). (sbivf.com)
  • Staessen C, Camus M, Clasen K. Conventional In-Vitro Fertilization versus Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Sibling Oocytes from Couples with Tubal Infertility and Normozoospermic Semen. (ijrcog.org)
  • During in vitro fertilization, seen here, an egg is removed from the ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory. (futurity.org)
  • In the procedure of in vitro fertilization, or IVF, a woman requires hormonal treatments via injection to stimulate egg production. (futurity.org)
  • Isolated teratozoospermia does not affect in vitro fertilization outcome and is not an indication for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Ectopic expression of gene BCL2 enhances the survival and proliferation of chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs within the pre-implantation embryo, although the identity and long-term contribution of the transplanted cells warrants further investigation. (stanford.edu)
  • The sperm, oocyte, and embryo donation program can help. (drsowjanyaaggarwal.com)
  • Which means, says Eli Y. Adashi, a professor of medical science at Brown University's Warren Alpert Medical School, that those eggs and sperm can then be fertilized to create an embryo-all in a lab. (futurity.org)
  • They then use those egg and sperm cells to fertilize the appropriate opposite gamete to give rise to an embryo that is then implanted in foster mothers, who then give birth to pups. (futurity.org)
  • In case of Azoospermia (no sperms in the semen) the sperms are collected directly from the testes with the procedures of PESA/MESA/TESE or TESA. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Males with Azoospermia, where there is no sperm present in the semen. (kiranfertility.com)
  • The Azoospermia may be of the obstructive type where there is production of sperms in the testis but blockage of the conduction system, which brings the sperm out into the semen. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Infertility in males is related to the quality or quantity of sperm in the ejaculated semen. (drsowjanyaaggarwal.com)
  • Indications for performing a postcoital test include semen hyperviscosity, increased or decreased semen volume with good sperm density, or unexplained infertility. (medscape.com)
  • The morphological assessment of human spermatozoa which includes the evaluation of the percentage of morphologically normal sperm and the determination of the incidence of various morphological abnormalities has always been part if semen analysis in couples consulting for infertility. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Three days after the surgery, orchiectomy was executed and the testis, epididymis, and sperm were separated to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MSCs significantly reversed the imbalance of glycolysis in sperm and testis induced by testicular torsion-detorsion, as evidenced by increasing the expression of phosphoglycerate kinase 2 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-spermatogenic, activating Akt, and increasing glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which led to the increase in glycolysis cascades and ATP production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nowadays, in both these types of Azoospermia, sperms can beisolated directly from the testis by Testicular Biopsy. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Testicular biopsy is indicated in azoospermic men with a normal-sized testis and normal findings on hormonal studies to evaluate for ductal obstruction, to further evaluate idiopathic infertility, and to retrieve sperm. (medscape.com)
  • Located on the posterior border of the testis, it is composed of 3 parts, including the head (caput), body (corpora), and tail (cauda). (medscape.com)
  • The epididymal head overhangs the upper pole of the testis, receives the seminal fluid from the ducts of the testis (which pierce the upper portion of the mediastinum), then allows the passage of the sperm into the distal portion of the epididymis. (medscape.com)
  • This procedure is most commonly used to overcome male infertility problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in addition to sperm donation . (wikipedia.org)
  • However, abnormal sperm development can hinder the fertilization process, leading to infertility. (ijrcog.org)
  • Although the underlying reasons for unexplained infertility have not been fully identified, increasing evidence suggests that sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) should be considered [ 3 - 5 ]. (ecerm.org)
  • Thus, MSCs may potentially rescue torsion-detorsion-induced infertility via local injection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the evidence of declining sperm counts worldwide and the increasing prevalence of male infertility, there has been limited public enlightenment about the potential causes and risk factors for male infertility. (truevoiceafrica.com)
  • Poor sperm count and quality are indicators of male-related infertility. (sbivf.com)
  • Or enable men with infertility problems to generate healthy sperm from other kinds of cells. (bostonglobe.com)
  • The cytoplasmic droplet then becomes known as excess residual cytoplasm, which can impair overall sperm function and produce higher levels of reactive oxygen species, potentially leading to male infertility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infertility in men can result from deficiencies in sperm formation, concentration, or transportation. (medscape.com)
  • As in somatic cells, sperm intracellular cAMP concentration is regulated by the opposite action of two enzymes: the adenylyl cyclases (AC), which synthesize cAMP from ATP, and the phosphodiesterases (PDE), which break the phosphodiester bond of cAMP to form 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (plos.org)
  • Men with sperm concentration lower than 15 million per milliliter had a 50 percent greater chance of being hospitalized for any medical reason at all, and poor fertility has been linked with higher rates of diabetes, heart disease, and cancers. (truevoiceafrica.com)
  • The Anatomy, Movement, and Functions of Human Sperm Tail: An Evolving Mystery. (ijrcog.org)
  • This is because the acrosome reaction has to take place and thousands of sperm cells have to be involved in IVF. (wikipedia.org)
  • The higher magnification allows much more detailed visualization of subcellular structures like the acrosome, the head, the midpiece, the cytoplasmic droplet or the tail of the spermatozoon. (newlifeclinic.bg)
  • Object lens and special optic systems are used in IMSI which enable to visualize the sperm 8000 times bigger and abnormalities on the head of the sperm can be separated. (istanbultupbebek.com.tr)
  • Males exposed to DES (diethylstilbestrol), a synthetic hormone taken by pregnant women in the 1960s and 1970s, may have anatomical abnormalities and problems with sperm count, movement and shape. (sbivf.com)
  • In humans, it leads to widely heterogenous morphological pattern, with many cellular abnormalities which may be associated with sperm dysfunction. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • In the case of consort males, who left spermatophores inside the female's body, their sperm springs into action as soon as the female's eggs start oozing out of her oviducts. (science20.com)
  • But in the case of sneaker males, their sperm doesn't get to touch the eggs until they're already outside her body, having passed by the consort's sperm. (science20.com)
  • The Fallopian tubes carry eggs from each ovaries to the uterus (womb) can be damaged or become blocked preventing the eggs ever meeting sperm. (thefertilityinstitute.co.uk)
  • Cryopreservation is the technique of storing or freezing certain products such as embryos, sperm, and eggs for further IVF or other fertilization techniques. (drsowjanyaaggarwal.com)
  • In in vitro gametogenesis, eggs and sperm can be made in the lab from any cell in a person's body. (futurity.org)
  • It's only a matter of time before scientists will be able to take cells from a person's mouth or skin and, using a process called in vitro gametogenesis, turn those cells into human eggs or sperm. (futurity.org)
  • The injections are administered for several weeks, and then the woman is subjected to a minor but not-insignificant surgical procedure in the clinic to retrieve the eggs. (futurity.org)
  • Or even same-sex couples to create sperm from biological females or eggs from biological males and conceive children who are genetically related to both parents. (bostonglobe.com)
  • Currently, women undergoing IVF must take a series of extremely expensive hormone injections to stimulate their ovaries to mature eggs, which can cause cramping, bloating, headaches, mood disruptions, and painful ovarian swelling. (bostonglobe.com)
  • In cases of nonobstructive (secretory) azoospermia, on the other hand, testicular sperm production is blocked at different stages of the process of sperm formation (spermatogenesis). (wikipedia.org)
  • We previously reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), through local injection upon testicular torsion-detorsion, restored the spermatogenesis without differentiation into sperm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human stem cell factor contributed the activation of Akt/GSK3 axis when sperm suffered from testicular torsion-detorsion-induced germ cell injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Duration of testicular torsion and the severity of cord twisting are two key prognostic factors for sperm survival and activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We previously explored that local injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 30 min before surgical detorsion was applicable to prevent testicular torsion-induced I/R injury on germ cell and maintain the spermatogenesis at acute stage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In our efforts to explore the biology of the male reproductive tract, we unexpectedly found that expression of Cre in the central nervous system resulted in recombination in the epididymis, a tissue where sperm mature for ~1-2 weeks following the completion of testicular development. (elifesciences.org)
  • Human sperm cell is a flagellate cell consisting of a disc-shaped head and a long tail released from the seminiferous tubule and mature in the epididymis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The seminiferous tubules are lined with germ cells that produce sperm and nutrient fluid. (medscape.com)
  • Medication - antibiotics may be prescribed to treat infection affecting sperm quality. (sbivf.com)
  • In normal cell biology, ROS levels increase with a decreasing antioxidant response, resulting in oxidative stress which threatens sperm biology. (mdpi.com)
  • Oxidative stress has numerous effects, including increased apoptosis, reduced motion parameters, and reduced sperm integrity. (mdpi.com)
  • Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug or sperm in a vaginal lavage. (europa.eu)
  • Every male sperm has DNA imperfection, and if the level of imperfection is higher, this leads to sub-fertile and infertile men. (drsowjanyaaggarwal.com)
  • Does having abnormal sperm mean he's infertile? (babymed.com)
  • Until the 90's, males with very low counts (less than 5 million per ml) or poor quality sperms had no hope of fathering their own genetic children. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Males with sperm anti-bodies. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Sneaker males make bigger sperm. (science20.com)
  • In this way morphological structures of sperm (head, tail defects) can be evaluated but the defects and vacuoles on the head of the sperm cannot be evaluated. (istanbultupbebek.com.tr)
  • 2001). Sperm Morphological defects Related to Environment, Lifestyle and Medical History of 1001 male Partners of Pregnant Women from Four European Cities. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • The World Health Organization, WHO, has also recognized the decline in counts and quality of spermatozoa, which gave rise to its revision of the criteria for normal versus abnormal sperm counts to be used by andrology laboratories worldwide. (truevoiceafrica.com)
  • Anabolic steroids can drastically reduce sperm counts and increasingly WFI has seen an increase in men who have decreased sperm quality which can only be attributed to the use of protein shakes. (thefertilityinstitute.co.uk)
  • We know that sperm counts can range from zero to 500,000,000 or more per ml [4-7]. (infertile.com)
  • Since the inside of the female's body is a radically different environment than outside in the open ocean, they suspect that it must be better to have small sperm for internal fertilization and large sperm for external fertilization. (science20.com)
  • Resembling a small sperm whale, it has a personality worthy of the Herman Melville novel. (listverse.com)
  • Due to its length, the epididymal duct allows space for storage and maturation of sperm. (medscape.com)
  • One of the more promising technologies is called Vasalgel , a polymer that is injected directly into the vas deferens , the tube that carries sperm out of the testicles. (acsh.org)
  • It is observed that advanced age, smoking, air pollution, long abstinence duration, testicles subjected to hot environment may increase the DNA damage in sperm. (istanbultupbebek.com.tr)
  • The testicles produce and store the sperm. (thefertilityinstitute.co.uk)
  • If all requirements for round spermatid selection and injection are successfully met, the injected oocytes develop to early embryos and can be transferred to the mother's uterus to produce pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, the use of activated oocytes resulted in the same fecundity as that of fresh, untreated sperm. (stanford.edu)
  • Pre-activated oocytes were more resistant to physical damage, showed higher survival rates, and required less time per injection. (stanford.edu)
  • If DNA damage is lower than 8%, DNA of oocytes may cure the damaged DNA in sperm and healthy baby may born. (istanbultupbebek.com.tr)
  • It plays a key role during sperm capacitation [ 3 - 6 ] and the acrosomal exocytosis [ 7 - 10 ], where it affects different intracellular signalling pathways. (plos.org)
  • The CDs of mature non-human mammalian sperm are found at the distal end of the midpiece. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although only one sperm is needed for conception, millions are released during intercourse to increase the chance of pregnancy. (sbivf.com)
  • We looked at ten (10) years apart the sperm parameters of men who presented in our clinics, and we saw a 30% decline in the sperm of men who showed up in our clinics in Nigeria. (truevoiceafrica.com)
  • The acridine orange test (AOT) exemplifies the second type of assay and differentiates sperm with normal double-stranded DNA (green fluorescence) and abnormal denatured or single-stranded DNA (orange-red fluorescence) with the help of the metachromatic shift properties of the stain [ 10 , 11 ]. (ecerm.org)
  • Hemizona assay is a diagnostic tool applied to evaluate the oocyte zona binding capacity of sperm. (surrogacycentregeorgia.com)
  • In the 1980s, Fishel sought out Falmouth-based micro-electronics firm Research Instruments to help him develop tools for the earliest beginnings of sperm microinjection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immobilization of the sperm with a micro injection needle (Diameter of 7 microns) and aspiration of the immobile sperm into the needle after crushing the tail portion of the sperm). (kiranfertility.com)
  • This is achieved as the embryologist catches these single spermatozoa by means of the so called micromanipulator (See Fig.). Each of the selected spermatozoa is separately immobilized, aspirated in the injection micropipette and injected into a single oocyte. (newlifeclinic.bg)
  • Assessing approximately 200 spermatozoa and the value of normal sperm is calculated in percentage. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • In a nutshell (no pun intended), preventing a single egg cell from being fertilized is simpler than deactivating the 40 million to 1.2 billion sperm cells found in a single ejaculation. (acsh.org)
  • Patients with Retrograde Ejaculation (ejaculation of the sperm into the urinary bladder) who fail to become pregnant with IUI. (kiranfertility.com)
  • Sperm cells are highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during cellular oxidation. (mdpi.com)
  • Of these, at least 50% should be moving vigorously through the liquid, 2% must be moving forward and at least 4% should have a normal shape - an elliptical head and tail to provide the thrust they need. (sbivf.com)
  • Studies since 2005 demonstrated that vacuoles -include the genetic materials inside the head of the sperm- give a clue about the damages in DNA structures. (istanbultupbebek.com.tr)
  • These include tail paint, Kamar Heatmount Detectors, Estrotect Heat Detectors, Bovine Beacon, tail head markers, chin-ball markers, and the HeatWatch II System, an electronic detection system that records mounting behavior. (msucares.com)
  • Sperm are the reproductive cells and contain the head, midsection, and tail. (drsowjanyaaggarwal.com)
  • The head should be oval in shape, have a mid-section, and have a long, straight tail. (babymed.com)
  • If sperm have a double tail, no tail, or a head that is crooked, misshapen, has double heads, or too large, it is considered abnormal, and unable to successfully penetrate an egg. (babymed.com)
  • As such, the proper development of the germ cell lineage, cells with the developmental potential to become an egg or sperm, is essential for the survival of sexually reproducing animals. (biologists.com)