Often formed in the proximal tubule tissue kidney tubules. Medical search. Frequent questions

Now, in close collaboration with Roche scientist Annie Moisan, they have leveraged their bioprinting and materials expertise to construct a functional 3D renal architecture containing living human epithelial cells, which line the surface of tubules in the kidney. (harvard.edu)
Special epithelial cells known as podocytes form the layer of the glomerular capsule surrounding the capillaries of the glomerulus. (innerbody.com)
Nek1 is detectable in all murine tissues but its expression in wild type and kat2J heterozygous kidneys decrease as the kidneys mature, especially in tubular epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This thesis describes a model of the kidney proximal tubule in which a sheet of proximal tubular epithelial cells can be fixed as a membrane separating two fluid chambers without the presence of a supporting structure. (manchester.ac.uk)
Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide , angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), [9] which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)

New Insights into the Pivotal Roles of Claudins in Proximal Tubule Electrolyte Reabsorption Aronson PS . (yale.edu)
New Insights into the Pivotal Roles of Claudins in Proximal Tubule Electrolyte Reabsorption Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2022, 33: 659-661. (yale.edu)
As I shall show later on, lasix and lisinopril could have raised her risk for kidney damage from crystals, the former because of increased proximal tubule reabsorption , the latter because of reduced glomerular filtration rate . (uchicago.edu)
By depleting the body of sodium and water, these drugs would also raise proximal tubule reabsorption and lower glomerular filtration. (uchicago.edu)
Tubular reabsorption - The tubules in the nephrons reabsorb the filtered blood in nearby blood vessels. (healthpages.org)
Studies suggest that mutations in the CLCN5 or OCRL gene disrupt the reabsorption function of the proximal tubules, which leads to the progressive kidney problems found in people with Dent disease. (medlineplus.gov)
Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium which in consequence causes the reabsorption of water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance). (wikipedia.org)

Every human kidney has over one million nephrons, which perform the vital function of transferring components between blood and urine. (harvard.edu)
The renal pelvis exits the kidney at the renal hilus, where urine drains into the ureter. (innerbody.com)
Each kidney contains around 1 million individual nephrons, the kidneys' microscopic functional units that filter blood to produce urine. (innerbody.com)
Podocytes work with the endothelium of the capillaries to form a thin filter to separate urine from blood passing through the glomerulus. (innerbody.com)
A series of tubes called the renal tubule concentrate urine and recover non-waste solutes from the urine. (innerbody.com)
The renal tubule carries urine from the glomerular capsule to the renal pelvis. (innerbody.com)
The tubule cells that line the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb much of the water and nutrients initially filtered into the urine. (innerbody.com)
Urine next passes through the loop of Henle, a long straight tubule that carries urine into the renal medulla before making a hairpin turn and returning to the renal cortex. (innerbody.com)
Without functional proximal tubules, the kidneys cannot produce urine (a condition called anuria). (medlineplus.gov)
The general goal of our research is to understand how the kidney regulates the composition of the urine, especially as needed to maintain the salt (NaCl) and acid-base balance of the body. (yale.edu)
We showed that the cause of the calcium oxalate kidney stones is a very high concentration of oxalate in the urine. (yale.edu)
We found that this kidney transport protein also plays a very crucial role in the intestine, where it secretes oxalate and thereby limits how much of ingested oxalate is absorbed and then excreted in the urine. (yale.edu)
Bariatric surgeries can injure kidneys by raising urine oxalate excretion. (uchicago.edu)
The kidneys of anyone with increased urine oxalate excretion could be injured as her's were, so common are the causes, so seemingly innocuous. (uchicago.edu)
But because high urine oxalate from diet alone can cause progressive fall in renal function with cortical calcium oxalate crystal deposits , this one measurement may indeed mark the beginning of kidney damage. (uchicago.edu)
An unexpected decrease in urine output followed by a rise in serum creatinine concentration, including an inability to excrete waste, keep-up electrolytes, and maintain water balance, is termed acute kidney injury (AKI) or acute renal failure. (biomedcentral.com)
As part of the urinary tract, the kidneys are responsible for blood filtration and excretion of water-soluble waste in the urine. (lecturio.com)
The kidneys are highly vascular (contain a lot of blood vessels) and are divided into three main regions: the renal cortex (outer region which contains about 1.25 million renal tubules), renal medulla (middle region which acts as a collecting chamber), and renal pelvis (inner region which receives urine through the major calyces). (healthpages.org)
Ureters - Muscular tubes that transport urine from each kidney to the bladder. (healthpages.org)
Every minute, approximately 1300 mL of blood enter the kidneys, 1299 mL leave the kidney, and approximately 1 mL leaves the body as urine. (healthpages.org)
If the body is dehydrated, the kidneys put less water is in the urine. (healthpages.org)
When the blood becomes too acidic, the kidneys remove more acid from the blood and excrete in as urine. (healthpages.org)
Other common signs of the disorder include excess calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria), calcium deposits in the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis), and kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). (medlineplus.gov)
Kidney stones can cause abdominal pain and blood in the urine (hematuria). (medlineplus.gov)
The kidneys reabsorb needed materials into the blood and excrete everything else into the urine. (medlineplus.gov)

Responsible for filtering the blood , our renal corpuscle is formed by the capillaries of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule (also known as Bowman's capsule). (innerbody.com)
At the far end of the glomerular capsule, opposite the glomerulus, is the mouth of the renal tubule. (innerbody.com)
Amyloid can deposit in the glomerulus (predominant), tubulointerstitium, or vasculature of the kidney. (renalfellow.org)
The proximal tubule absorbs water and small molecules back into the body after they have been filtered by the glomerulus. (manchester.ac.uk)
The selective filtration of plasma is performed in the cortex of the kidney in the glomerulus of the nephron. (encyclopedia.pub)
Endothelial cells of blood arteries that enter the glomerulus, a glomerular basement membrane (GBM) between them and podocytes, and podocytes themselves form the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). (encyclopedia.pub)

The 3D renal architecture created by Lewis' team mimics a proximal tubule, a serpentine hollow tube that is an essential part of each nephron. (harvard.edu)
The nephron is made of 2 main parts: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. (innerbody.com)
Our studies indicate that Nek1 deficiency leads to disordered kidney maturation, and cysts throughout the nephron. (biomedcentral.com)

Next, a "fugitive ink" (which is eventually liquefied and removed from the final architecture) is printed in a convoluted, winding tubular shape similar to the structure of natural renal proximal tubules. (harvard.edu)
Renal tubular dysgenesis is a severe kidney disorder characterized by abnormal development of the kidneys before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
As a result, kidney development is impaired, leading to the features of renal tubular dysgenesis. (medlineplus.gov)
Because these drugs impair the renin-angiotensin system, they can cause an acquired (non-inherited) form of renal tubular dysgenesis in fetuses of pregnant women who take them. (medlineplus.gov)
Cysts in kat2J homozygous mice form postnatally in Bowman's space as well as different tubular subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Tubular secretion - The remaining filtrate which contains waste product passes through the tubules to the collecting ducts and is then taken to the bladder via the ureters. (healthpages.org)

Neks, mammalian orthologs of the fungal protein kinase never-in-mitosis A, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Animal models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) have been invaluable in discovering and dissecting cellular and molecular pathways by which polycystic kidneys develop and by which progression of all types of PKD may be modified [ 1 ],[ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common life-threatening monogenic disease, affecting 12 million people worldwide. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The autosomal recessive form of polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is rarer but affects the pediatric population. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Topology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) proteins polycystin-1, polycystin-2, and fibrocystin/polyductin (FPC) are shown. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Lasix is not an ideal drug because kidneys adapt to it by increasing proximal and distal tubule sodium retention, so when stopped rebound salt and water retention can continue for weeks, and swelling exceed what was there before the drug was ever taken. (uchicago.edu)

Finally, the renal vein exits the kidney and joins with the inferior vena cava , which carries blood back to the heart. (innerbody.com)

The renal arteries branch directly from the abdominal aorta and enter the kidneys through the renal hilus. (innerbody.com)

In the embryonic kidney, Nek1 expression is most prominent in cells that will become podocytes and proximal tubules. (biomedcentral.com)

BOSTON) - Toward the ultimate goal of engineering human tissues and organs that can mimic native function for use in drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine, a Wyss Institute team led by Core Faculty member Jennifer Lewis, Sc.D., has made another foundational advance using three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. (harvard.edu)
As a fabrication platform, the approach is flexible, scalable, and adaptable, meaning that in addition to working towards larger, scaled-up kidney constructs, the team also plans to explore development of other types of complex functional human tissues and organs. (harvard.edu)
The kidneys are a pair of organs found along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. (innerbody.com)
Unlike the other abdominal organs, the kidneys lie behind the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity and are thus considered to be retroperitoneal organs. (innerbody.com)
Kidneys are an overly sensitive organ with restricted regenerative efficiency with respect to other vital organs. (biomedcentral.com)
Both ultimately send feedback signals to the kidneys Kidneys The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally against the posterior wall of the abdomen on either side of the spine. (lecturio.com)
PC1 and PC2 are widely expressed in almost all tissues and organs. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Using fugitive ink, a convoluted hollow channel is fabricated to mimic the winding shape of natural proximal tubules found inside a human kidney's nephrons. (harvard.edu)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most accessible guide for normal kidney function, which rises to the aggregate sum of fluid filtered through the entirety of the working nephrons per unit of time [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Kidney function fell progressively throughout 2016 and 2017, so by the end of 2017 she was in kidney failure. (uchicago.edu)

Seven cone-shaped renal pyramids form the renal medulla deep to the renal cortex. (innerbody.com)
The renal pyramids are aligned with their bases facing outward toward the renal cortex and their apexes point inward toward the center of the kidney. (innerbody.com)
The tissue is from the cortex of the kidney, where glomerular filtration occurs. (uchicago.edu)

Our general goal is to characterize the mechanisms regulating sodium, acid-base, and anion excretion by the kidney. (yale.edu)
Between neighboring foot processes, a cell-cell junction is present, forming slit diaphragms that form a size-selective barrier for the excretion of proteins that is critical for proper kidney filtration [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Kidney disease usually presents as reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or proteinuria which may progress to nephrotic syndrome. (renalfellow.org)

This work builds upon their demonstrated ability to bioprint tissue constructs composed of multiple types of living cells patterned alongside a vascular network in an extracellular matrix. (harvard.edu)
Finally, the entire construct is cooled, the fugitive ink is removed, and the result is an open tubule embedded within extracellular matrix. (harvard.edu)
Eventually, these cells orient into a tightly packed monolayer that lines the entire length of the 3D renal architecture and acts as a cell barrier between the inner lumen of the tubule and the extracellular matrix outside. (harvard.edu)
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases resulting from deposition of amyloid, insoluble fibrils derived from various precursor proteins, into extracellular tissues. (renalfellow.org)

The kidneys are bean-shaped with the convex side of each organ located laterally and the concave side medial. (innerbody.com)
The bean-shaped kidneys are about the size of a closed fist. (healthpages.org)

As much as 1/3 of all blood leaving the heart passes into the kidneys to be filtered before flowing to the rest of the body's tissues. (innerbody.com)

Inside the convolutions of a nephron's proximal tubules, 65-80 percent of nutrients are reabsorbed and transported from the renal filtrate back into the bloodstream. (harvard.edu)
Nutrients, which perfuse the tubule through the inlet and outlet, nourish the living cells and a keep them alive and functional for more than two months. (harvard.edu)

Human proximal tubule cells adhere to the hollow channel, forming a functional, 3D renal architecture. (harvard.edu)
The current work further expands our bioprinting platform to create functional human tissue architectures with both technological and clinical relevance," said Lewis. (harvard.edu)
The current work further expands our bioprinting platform to create functional human tissue architectures with both technological and clinical relevance," said Lewis, who is also the Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. (harvard.edu)
In this video, see how the Wyss Institute team has advanced bioprinting to the point of being able to fabricate a functional subunit of a kidney, as reported in a new study published in Scientific Reports. (harvard.edu)
The use of functional tissue-like models during pre-clinical studies will provide unprecedented insights into human-relevant drug response prior to clinical development," said Moisan, a Laboratory Head in Mechanistic Safety at Roche and author of this study. (harvard.edu)

Kidney development in kat2J homozygous mice is aberrant early, before the appearance of gross cysts: developing cortical zones are thin, populated by immature glomeruli, and characterized by excessive apoptosis of several cell types. (biomedcentral.com)

The left kidney is located slightly more superior than the right kidney due to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the body. (innerbody.com)
The right kidney often sits slightly lower than the left one because of the position of the liver. (healthpages.org)

Creatinine clearance is a good measure of filtration rate because creatinine (a waste product of the body) is filtered from the blood but is not reabsorbed by the tubules. (healthpages.org)

We found that "knockout" mice lacking one of these transport proteins have a high incidence of calcium oxalate urinary stones, the same type that is most common in human patients with kidney stones. (yale.edu)
We have also been studying mechanisms by which oxalate crystals induce inflammation and thereby cause damage to the kidney and other tissues. (yale.edu)
For example, work with mice lacking anion exchanger Slc26a6, which can function as an oxalate transporter, revealed a phenotype of calcium oxalate kidney stones. (yale.edu)
This finding in turn has motivated studies on the mechanisms and regulation of oxalate transporters and their roles in oxalate homeostasis, urolithiasis, and crystal-induced inflammation in the kidney and other tissues. (yale.edu)
This l atter causes kidney stones , and raises risk of acute and chronic oxalate nephropathy . (uchicago.edu)
Through this strip run the terminal portions of the proximal tubules, where water extraction and oxalate secretion create highest supersaturations. (uchicago.edu)

In the process of forming and suspending cell sheets 3T3 cells, human kidney 2 (HK-2) proximal tubule cells, and RPTECs were used. (manchester.ac.uk)

The adrenal glands (part of the endocrine system ) sit on top of the kidneys and release a hormone called renin which helps to regulate blood pressure, and sodium (or salt) and water retention. (healthpages.org)

The Harvard team has also previously shown that these constructs could be scaled up to create thick, vascularized tissue constructs, sustained viable for more than a month in vitro . (harvard.edu)

Then, it is rapidly degraded into a heptapeptide called angiotensin III by angiotensinases which are present in red blood cells and vascular beds in many tissues. (wikipedia.org)

Late in life, kat2J heterozygous mice form renal cysts and the cells lining these cysts lack staining for Nek1. (biomedcentral.com)
Kidney cysts are often seen in a wide range of syndromic diseases. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Etiology and Pathogenesis ( Fig. 339-1 ) ADPKD is characterized by progressive formation of epithelial-lined cysts in the kidney. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Although cysts only occur in 5% of the tubules in the kidney, the enormous growth of these cysts ultimately leads to the loss of normal surrounding tissues and loss of renal function. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The most common phenotype shared by many ciliopathies is kidney cysts. (basicmedicalkey.com)

The minor calyces merge to form 3 larger major calyces, which further merge to form the hollow renal pelvis at the center of the kidney. (innerbody.com)

Drugs or other factors can be pumped through the 3D renal architecture to investigate their nephrotoxicity and overall effects on the proximal tubule cells. (harvard.edu)
Nephrotoxicity can occur in any part of the kidney but most drug induced injury impacts the proximal tubules in some way and this can generate systemic effects. (manchester.ac.uk)
A key cause of drug failure is kidney dysfunction or nephrotoxicity, which accounts for 19 % of all drug failures during testing in phase III clinical trials. (manchester.ac.uk)

The drugs were discontinued and a kidney biopsy performed. (uchicago.edu)

acute and chronic kidney disease-their statistical data, and the conventional drugs used for treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
These drugs are one of the primary ways to control high blood pressure , heart failure , kidney failure , and harmful effects of diabetes . (wikipedia.org)

Black circles highlight proximal tubules filled with crystals, clear, sharp edged, and obviously different from cells. (uchicago.edu)

Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, such as tumors, nervous system diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, kidney injury, and blood diseases. (nature.com)
Ferroptosis plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as tumors, neurological diseases, acute kidney injury, ischemia/reperfusion, etc. (nature.com)
Diseases can interrupt this process and lead to kidney dysfunction. (manchester.ac.uk)
So as a new therapeutic approach, stem cells are under research with a focus on reducing the burden of several kidney diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
The polycystic kidney diseases are a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders and a leading cause of kidney failure. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Adipose tissue known as perirenal fat surrounds the kidneys and acts as protective padding. (innerbody.com)

The GFR examination and albuminuria, a marker of kidney damage, are both used by nephrologists to categorise kidney conditions into two categories: acute and chronic kidney disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
Dent disease is likely underdiagnosed because it may not be identified in people with mild signs and symptoms, and because its features overlap with those of other kidney disorders. (medlineplus.gov)

The indentation on the concave side of the kidney, known as the renal hilus, provides a space for the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter to enter the kidney. (innerbody.com)

A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue forms the renal capsule surrounding each kidney. (innerbody.com)

Increased cAMP promotes protein kinase A activity, among other effectors, and, in turn, leads to cyst growth by promoting proliferation and fluid secretion of cyst-lining cells through chloride and aquaporin channels in ADPKD kidneys. (basicmedicalkey.com)

The classification of amyloidosis is based on the precursor protein from which the fibrils are formed. (renalfellow.org)
When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor prorenin (already present in the blood) into renin and secrete it directly into the circulation . (wikipedia.org)

Our lab has specifically focused on identifying the proteins involved in mediating the transport of bicarbonate, NaCl and ammonium in the proximal tubule. (yale.edu)
Over 30 proteins have been identified as amyloidogenic, but mass spectrometry has identified many more proteins with the potential to form amyloid in humans. (renalfellow.org)
The misfolded proteins then aggregate and form fibrillar material that arranges into the characteristic β-pleated sheet seen in amyloidosis. (renalfellow.org)
Hyperglycemia results in the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress that damage DNA, proteins, and lipids in tissues that are affected by the disease [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
FIGURE 339-1 Scheme of the primary cilium and cystic kidney disease proteins. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Involvement of other soft tissues (macroglossia, muscular pseudohypertrophy, salivary gland enlargement) is unique to AL amyloidosis. (renalfellow.org)

According to the 2018 survey of the National Kidney Foundation, around 37 million people in the USA are affected by kidney failure, while almost 750,000 patients endure kidney failure annually, making it the leading cause of death among the US population [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In India, as per the report of 2018, the average capital spent by a kidney patient on each haemodialysis session is around USD64. (biomedcentral.com)

Tissue or cell-specific expression of the Nek1 protein was never reported, since no anti-Nek1 antibodies were available then, and the association of Nek1 with pleiotropic abnormalities including PKD was not made in mice until later [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Both forms of Dent disease (type 1 and type 2) are characterized by the features described above, but Dent disease 2 can also be associated with abnormalities unrelated to kidney function. (medlineplus.gov)

This protein also stimulates production of the hormone aldosterone, which triggers the absorption of salt and water by the kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)
To eliminate waste products from the body, the kidney filters gigantic quantities of the plasma (over 160 quarts per day) resulting in the flow of huge quantities of water, NaCl and the base bicarbonate through the renal tubules. (yale.edu)
The first portion of each renal tubule is called the proximal tubule, and the proximal tubules are collectively responsible for reabsorbing the vast majority of the filtered NaCl, bicarbonate and water, and secreting acid in the form of ammonium ions. (yale.edu)

The tumor (see the images below) occurs in both hereditary and sporadic forms, and approximately 6% are bilateral. (medscape.com)
Dent disease is a chronic kidney disorder that occurs almost exclusively in males. (medlineplus.gov)
ESRD is a life-threatening failure of kidney function that occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to filter fluids and waste products from the body effectively. (medlineplus.gov)

The ribs and muscles of the back protect the kidneys from external damage. (innerbody.com)
In a study of ultrasound and laboratory findings in Wilms tumor survivors with a solitary kidney, signs of kidney damage were seen in 22 of 53 patients (41.5%) on ultrasonography. (medscape.com)
The stored cystine is poorly soluble and crystallizes within the lysosomes of many cell types, leading to widespread tissue and organ damage. (medscape.com)
In affected individuals, kidney problems result from damage to structures called proximal tubules. (medlineplus.gov)

In most cases, there will be a solitary tumor in one kidney, but 5-13% of children have bilateral tumors and 10% have multifocal tumors in a single kidney. (medscape.com)

Up to 40% of patients with DM develop kidney dysfunction, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). (encyclopedia.pub)

Their blood pressure usually normalizes, but they quickly develop chronic kidney disease, which is characterized by reduced kidney function that worsens over time. (medlineplus.gov)

Therefore, a more accurate toxicity assay that utilises organ-on-a-chip technology and can mimic the in vivo microenvironment of the kidney is needed. (manchester.ac.uk)

Moreover, kidney cells were found to be the main source of the soluble form of Klotho, which is considered to be a hormone that exerts beneficial effects on target tissues [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Hyperglycemia also leads to the inflammation of renal tissue and its fibrosis. (encyclopedia.pub)

Without treatment, GFR may progressively decline and patients may develop end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). (renalfellow.org)

Lewis' team achieved this advance by adapting their earlier approach for bioprinting living cells to form thick tissues. (harvard.edu)
A single inlet and outlet on opposite ends of the tubule are first perfused with cell growth medium and then human proximal tubule cells, which quickly begin to adhere to the lining of the open channel. (harvard.edu)
As the cells mature, the 3D renal architecture begins to perform the same important duties as a natural nephron's proximal tubule. (harvard.edu)
What is needed is a system where the cells forming a membrane are self-supporting thus removing the substrate interactions entirely. (manchester.ac.uk)
Growth on the temperature responsive substrates was optimised, with 3T3 cells needing no optimisation, HK-2 cells unable to form sheets, and RPTECs needing high density seeding combined with coating of the substrate with collagen IV. (manchester.ac.uk)
The kidneys also produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the production of red blood cells and enzymes. (healthpages.org)

Summary of common pathologic findings in amyloidosis with kidney involvement. (renalfellow.org)

The efferent arterioles separate into the peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubules. (innerbody.com)
Next, the peritubular capillaries merge to form veins that merge again to form the large renal vein . (innerbody.com)

While the clinical manifestations of amyloidosis are rarely specific to type of amyloidosis, the kidneys are most commonly involved in AL, AA, AFib, ALect2, and AApoA1 amyloidoses. (renalfellow.org)

Anatomy20

Organisms9

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs45

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes18

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Epithelial cells5

Reabsorption7

Urine25

Glomerulus6

Nephron3

Tubular6

Polycystic kidney5

Distal1

Inferior vena1

Enter the kidneys1

Podocytes1

Organs7

Nephrons2

20161

Cortex3

Excretion2

Glomerular filt1

Extracellular4

Bean-shaped2

Body's1

Nutrients2

Functional5

Glomeruli1

Liver2

Filtration1

Oxalate6

Human kidney1

Sodium1

Viable1

Vascular1

Cysts5

Major calyces1

Nephrotoxicity3

Biopsy1

Drugs2

Crystals1

Diseases5

Surrounds1

Disorders2

Ureter1

Fibrous1

Secretion1

Precursor2

Proteins5

Muscular1

20182

Abnormalities2

Water3

Occurs3

Damage4

Tumors1

Dysfunction1

Chronic kidney1

Mimic1

Found1

Inflammation1

Progressively1

Cells6

Findings1

Capillaries2

Commonly1