Often case control studies. Medical search. Frequent questions

A case-control study is often used to produce an odds ratio, which is an inferior measure of strength of association compared to relative risk, but new statistical methods make it possible to use a case-control study to estimate relative risk, risk differences, and other quantities. (wikipedia.org)
Methods - We conducted a population-based, nested case-control study of Ontario residents, 66 years of age or older, discharged after a first acute coronary syndrome by linking multiple healthcare databases. (ices.on.ca)
Methods The study included 798 histologically confirmed primary intracranial glioma cases (45 % with proxy respondents) and 1,175 population-based controls, all adult (age 18-80) non-metropolitan residents of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. (doaj.org)
Methods A case-control study was conducted during 3 years in Stockholm, Sweden. (bmj.com)
We illustrate our methods by estimating associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with breast cancer incidence in a sample of controls, incident and prevalent cases from the U.S. Radiologic Technologists Health Study. (nih.gov)
METHODS: We did a case-control study of men and women aged 50 years and older from the English county of Cleveland, and compared patients with hip fracture with community controls. (fluoridealert.org)
Results: The pooling of studies based on phenotyping methods indicated that the overall odds ratio of colon cancer risk associated with rapid acetylator was 1.51 (95%CI: 1.07-2.12). (medscimonit.com)
Methods We did a case-control study, using case records. (bmj.com)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
This program will consist of up to twelve clinical centers which will recruit 840 sarcoidosis patients and 1680 control subjects for study over a four year period. (nih.gov)
Coordinating Center staff will collaborate fully in the development of the study protocol, monitor the clinical centers to ensure that data are reviewed for completeness and that quality control is maintained prior to processing, and conduct proper statistical analysis of the data. (nih.gov)
Under the direction of the Principal Investigator, these persons will monitor the clinical centers' activities to insure that: (1) data are forwarded in accordance with an established time schedule, (2) data are reviewed for accuracy and completeness, (3) quality control is maintained prior to and during processing of data, and (4) data is analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. (nih.gov)
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
Our service technicians use such personal protective equipment as gloves, masks, and respirators, they practice social distancing, they call ahead to notify you before a service, and they adhere strictly to all Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines when servicing inside or outside your home. (clarkpest.com)

citation needed] Porta's Dictionary of Epidemiology defines the case-control study as: an observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or another outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison group, reference group). (wikipedia.org)
Here, we briefly describe the Glioma International Case-Control (GICC) Study (recruitment, 2010-2013), a study being conducted by the Genetic Epidemiology of Glioma International Consortium that integrates data from multiple data collection sites, uses a common protocol and questionnaire, and includes biospecimen collection. (medscape.com)
To examine the genetic factors underlying familial glioma, the Genetic Epidemiology of Glioma International Consortium (GLIOGENE Consortium) was formed in 2006 to recruit families affected by ≥2 cases of glioma from 14 institutions across 5 countries. (medscape.com)
The evolution of resource allocation for prevention and control of TB in health department funding reflects the changing epidemiology of TB, new treatment guidelines, and the emergence of indicators to monitor program performance-all taking place in the context of flat funding for TB programs. (cdc.gov)

In epidemiologic studies polytomous logistic regression is commonly used in the study of etiologic heterogeneity when data are from a case-control study, and the method has good statistical properties. (ethz.ch)
After 1:5 case-control matching, multivariable adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis was performed. (frontiersin.org)

Common methodological challenges among glioma studies include small sample sizes, heterogeneity of tumor subtypes, and retrospective exposure assessment. (medscape.com)
The association was shown to be nonlinear (p(nonlinearity) = 0.06) in fractional polynomial analysis with a stronger effect in women at low plasma 25(OH)D levels, providing some evidence of a threshold effect (at circa 50 nmol/L). The association was stronger in progesterone receptor negative tumors, with suggestive evidence of effect heterogeneity (p(heterogeneity) = 0.05, case-only model). (nih.gov)
To take into account the possibility of heterogeneity across the studies, a statistical test for heterogeneity across the studies was performed. (medscimonit.com)

An observational study is a study in which subjects are not randomized to the exposed or unexposed groups, rather the subjects are observed in order to determine both their exposure and their outcome status and the exposure status is thus not determined by the researcher. (wikipedia.org)
However, because the difference between the cases and the controls will be smaller, this results in a lower power to detect an exposure effect. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, it is not usually feasible to conduct a prospective study, thus necessitating the use of case-control study designs and retrospective exposure assessments. (medscape.com)
While employed at the University of Birmingham MJAvT received funding from O 2 , Orange, T-Mobile, and Vodafone to carry out a feasibility study of health effects from radiofrequency exposure among employees of broadcasting and telecommunication industries. (bmj.com)
Previous studies of UMHS participants, using "ever-never" exposure to farm pesticides and analyzing men and women separately, found no positive association of farm pesticide exposure and glioma risks. (doaj.org)
In two previous studies, we explored the role of water exposure in NTM risk. (nature.com)
We propose and study a fully efficient method to estimate associations of an exposure with disease incidence when both, incident cases and prevalent cases, i.e., individuals who were diagnosed with the disease at some prior time point and are alive at the time of sampling, are included in a case-control study. (nih.gov)
We extend the exponential tilting model for the relationship between exposure and case status to accommodate two case groups, and correct for the survival bias in the prevalent cases through a tilting term that depends on the parametric distribution of the backward time, i.e., the time from disease diagnosis to study enrollment. (nih.gov)
We construct an empirical likelihood that also incorporates the observed backward times for prevalent cases, obtain efficient estimates of odds ratio parameters that relate exposure to disease incidence and propose a likelihood ratio test for model parameters that has a standard chi-squared distribution. (nih.gov)
In light of this theory, we have conducted a nationwide case-control study investigating whether spironolactone exposure could be associated with SARS-CoV-2's infectivity and complication rate in COVID-19 patients with liver cirrhosis. (frontiersin.org)
Although prospective studies indicate that the estimated risk for HIV infection after a percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood is approximately 0.3% (1,2), factors that influence this risk have not been determined. (cdc.gov)
Case-HCWs had a documented occupational percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood (i.e., a needlestick or a cut with a sharp object {e.g., scalpel or lancet}), HIV seroconversion temporally associated with the exposure, and no other concurrent exposure to HIV. (cdc.gov)
Control-HCWs had a documented occupational percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood and were HIV seronegative at the time of exposure and at least 6 months later. (cdc.gov)
The study included all case-HCWs reported in the United States whose exposure occurred during January 1988-August 1994 and all control-HCWs exposed after January 1988 whose 6-month follow-up evaluation was completed as of August 1994. (cdc.gov)

A case-control study (also known as case-referent study) is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute. (wikipedia.org)
The case-control is a type of epidemiological observational study. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to studies of disease, where 'person time' constitutes the observational experience of interest, in injury studies person time engaged in a particular activity to often more appropriate. (bmj.com)
Seventeen people with CFS and 17 matched-controls participated in this observational study of physiological cost during over-ground gait. (ei-resource.org)

Because it is a rare, highly fatal, and heterogeneous disease, [ 2 ] it is difficult to accrue enough cases for large-scale epidemiologic studies. (medscape.com)

citation needed] The case-control study is frequently contrasted with cohort studies, wherein exposed and unexposed subjects are observed until they develop an outcome of interest. (wikipedia.org)
The study usually involves taking a cohort of subjects and watching them over a long period. (wikipedia.org)
Marrosu MG, Cocco E, Lai M et al (2002) Patients with multiple sclerosis and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Sardinia, Italy: a cohort study. (springer.com)
Nielsen NM, Westergaard T, Frisch M et al (2006) Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis: a Danish population-based cohort study. (springer.com)
This study used a case-control cohort design. (jmir.org)

A retrospective study, on the other hand, looks backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study. (wikipedia.org)
Retrospective Study of Outcomes and Hospitalization Rates of Patients in Italy with a Confirmed Diagnosis o. (medscimonit.com)

Abstract Background An excess incidence of brain cancer in farmers has been noted in several studies. (doaj.org)
ABSTRACT Defaulting on tuberculosis (TB) treatment remains a challenge to controlling TB. (who.int)

In this paper some methodological problems particularly relevant to case-control studies of injury are illustrated by reference to previous childhood injury case-control studies. (bmj.com)
Hygiene behaviour and hospitalized severe childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study. (who.int)
The aim of the study was therefore to assess the association between specific respiratory viruses and childhood CAP. (bmj.com)
Conclusions Our study indicates viral CAP is an underestimated disease and points out hMPV as a new important target for the prevention of childhood CAP. (bmj.com)
We performed a carefully designed case-control study that points out metapneumovirus as a new important target for the prevention of childhood pneumonia. (bmj.com)

To review tobacco company strategies of using youth smoking prevention programmes to counteract the Malaysian government's tobacco control legislation and efforts in conducting research on youth to market to them. (bmj.com)
Industry internal documents reveal that youth anti-smoking programmes were launched to offset the government's tobacco control legislation. (bmj.com)
however, they were effective in diluting the government's tobacco control legislation. (bmj.com)

They require fewer resources but provide less evidence for causal inference than a randomized controlled trial. (wikipedia.org)

Risk factors of herpes zoster among children immunized with varicella vaccine: results from a nested case-control study. (nih.gov)
Results - From April 2012 to March 2014, we identified 140 cases and 560 controls who met the study criteria. (ices.on.ca)
During Phase III (12 Months) the coordinating center will collaborate with the other study investigators and project officer in developing and writing manuscripts describing results of the study. (nih.gov)
Results A total of 121 cases, of which 93 cases met the WHO criteria for radiological pneumonia, and 240 controls were included in the study. (bmj.com)
Background: Rapid NAT2 acetylation has been considered as a risk factor for developing colon cancer in a number of studies, however the overall results of such studies are inconsistent. (medscimonit.com)
Results We analysed data from 356 women: 72 cases, 83 control1, 75 control 2 , 68 control3 and 58 control4. (bmj.com)

In retrospective studies the odds ratio provides an estimate of relative risk. (wikipedia.org)
We calculated that we needed 110 cases and 110 controls to provide 79% power to detect a threefold increase in the odds of late presentation in a factor present among 10% of the control group at the 5% level of significance (two tailed test). (bmj.com)
Each \(\beta_{pm}\) parameter represents the log odds ratio for a one-unit change in risk factor \(p\) for subtype \(m\) disease versus controls. (ethz.ch)
For men ever employed as bricklayers we estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for study centre, age, lifetime cigarette smoking history, and employment in occupations with exposures to known or suspected lung carcinogens. (bmj.com)
Among the psychological domain tested in the study, the risk of developing stress (odds ratio, OR = 8.32) was high when compared to depression (OR = 3.12) and anxiety (OR = 2.127) in PCOS patients. (frontiersin.org)
The summary odds ratios were assessed by calculating a weighted average of odds ratios for all of the studies. (medscimonit.com)
However, the risk of colon cancer associated with rapid acetylator from the studies based on genotyping method was lower with a calculated overall odds ratio of 1.06 (95%CI: 0.97-1.15). (medscimonit.com)

Participants were eligible for study if they were diagnosed with glaucoma according to the case-control criteria described in the box when they were first examined by the ophthalmologist. (bmj.com)
Participants 966 people aged 18 to 69 years diagnosed with a glioma from 1 December 2000 to 29 February 2004 and 1716 controls randomly selected from general practitioner lists. (bmj.com)
It s central core is a finely detailed empirical case study that offers insights into the meaning of educational change by coming to an understanding of the ideologies, values, and attitudes of key participants a group of teachers who reveal why they act the way they do when faced with management directives to makes changes to their professional working practices. (hamptonpress.com)
This study aimed to verify and compare the QoL between individuals with (cases) and without DFD but with routine dental needs (controls), totalizing 106 participants. (bvsalud.org)

CLINICAL COORDINATING CENTER FOR ETIOLOGY OF SARCOIDOSIS: A CASECONTROL STUDY NIH GUIDE, Volume 23, Number 35, October 7, 1994 RFP AVAILABLE: NHLBI-HR-94-20 P.T. 34 Keywords: Etiology 0765034 Data Management/Analysis+ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute The overall objective of this program is to support a six year multi-center case-control study on the potential etiologic factors for sarcoidosis. (nih.gov)

CDC provides financial and technical assistance to state, local, and territorial health and educational agencies to implement high-impact programs to prevent and control youth risk behaviors, HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, STDs, and tuberculosis (TB). (cdc.gov)

Plasma samples from 360 AD cases (75.3% women, mean age 61.2 years) and 360 age- and sex-matched dementia-free controls, taken on average 9.6 years before AD diagnosis, were analyzed for anti-HSV antibodies (immunoglobulin G, IgG, and immunoglobulin M, IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (nih.gov)
In cases with 6.6 years or more between plasma sampling and AD diagnosis (n = 270), there was a significant association between presence of anti-HSV IgG antibodies and AD (OR 2.250, P = .019). (nih.gov)
In this study, 189 dialysis patients (case) positive for HCV antibodies who were followed up for more than 4 years were compared with twice as many sex/age matched controls with chronic hepatitis C who were diagnosed in the same month as the case and followed up for comparable periods. (wjgnet.com)

At matched-velocity both gross and net physiological cost of gait was greater for CFS subjects than controls (p = 0.048 and p = 0.001, respectively). (ei-resource.org)
There was a significantly higher possibility of depression ( P = 0.003), anxiety ( P = 0.016), and stress ( P = 0.001) among PCOS patients than in control subjects. (frontiersin.org)

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health developed the Upper Midwest Health Study (UMHS) as a case-control study of intracranial gliomas and pesticide uses among rural residents. (doaj.org)

At PWS both gross and net oxygen uptake of CFS subjects was significantly less than controls (p = 0.023 and p = 0.025 respectively). (ei-resource.org)
Several earlier studies have demonstrated a significantly high prevalence rate of psychiatric problems among people all over the world ( 5 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Among the patients with liver cirrhosis, the case group with COVID-19 was found to be significantly less exposed to spironolactone compared with the control group without COVID-19. (frontiersin.org)

The sample was 163 respondents, 82 respondents in the case group and 81 respondents in the control group. (hindawi.com)
After being controlled for age, in hypertensive respondents, those with dyslipidemia was 18.1 times more likely to develop CHD compared with those nondyslipidemic, whereas in nonhypertensive respondents, those with dyslipidemia was 2.5 times more likely to develop CHD compared with those nondyslipidemic. (hindawi.com)
In this study, we compared two samples, totaling 106 respondents: 53 individuals with some degree of DFD, classified as Angle's Class II or Class III (23 males and 30 females), and 53 individuals without DFD, classified Angle's Class I (23 males and 30 females). (bvsalud.org)

SEARCH : a computer package to assist the statistical analysis of case-control studies / Gary J. Macfarlane, Peter Boyle, Patrick Maisonneuve. (who.int)

Objective: This study aimed to verify and compare the impacts of and differences in QoL in individuals with and without DFD. (bvsalud.org)

Herpes zoster: family history and psychological stress-case-control study. (nih.gov)

Lighting controls represented the main challenge for LEO A DALY's engineering team, as the 2015 and 2018 code updates required the implementation of many new energy savings requirements and the use of cutting-edge lighting control systems. (csemag.com)

An age-matched, case-control study was conducted to assess the effect of physical trauma on HZ, using Medicare data. (nih.gov)
Design Population based case-control study with collection of personal interview data. (bmj.com)
We used data of a population-based case-control study comprising 289 cases and 595 matched controls. (nih.gov)
Since moving to the cloud, Burns Control Company has maximized overall efficiency, improved data management, and identified new business opportunities. (infor.com)
We conducted a population-based nested case-control study using patient data from the Colorado CF Center NTM database. (nature.com)
In accordance with current European and national law, the data used in this study is only available for the researchers participating in this project. (plos.org)
The data and variables of this study are obtained from the electronic registries of medical records, which are components of the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) ( www.sidiap.org ). (plos.org)
This case-control study used secondary data from medical record data from Harapan Kita Hospital. (hindawi.com)
Our data support the importance of considering T1D as possible factors influencing the brain atrophy in MS. Further studies are needed to confirm our data and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. (springer.com)
We conducted a nationwide case-control study on liver cirrhosis patients with or without COVID-19 from the population-based data acquired from the National Health Insurance Systems of Republic of Korea. (frontiersin.org)
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center (IRB number: 2020-1153) and written informed consent was waived by the board due to the de-identified nature of the data. (frontiersin.org)
To assess potential risk factors, CDC, in collaboration with French and British public health authorities, conducted a retrospective case-control study using data reported to national surveillance systems in the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. (cdc.gov)
Control-HCWs were identified through reports to a passive surveillance project maintained by CDC since 1983 that includes data from approximately 300 health-care institutions in the United States (1). (cdc.gov)
Of these, 185 had resumed treatment before data collection and 143 had not and were eligible as cases. (who.int)

The study demonstrates a high prevalence of psychological burden among the PCOS population. (frontiersin.org)
Sardu C, Cocco E, Mereu A et al (2012) Population based study of 12 autoimmune diseases in Sardinia, Italy: prevalence and comorbidity. (springer.com)

Cases included 183,248 patients ≥40 years from the SIDIAP database with incident cancer diagnosed between January 2008-December 2017. (plos.org)
This study aims to determine the relationship between dyslipidemia and the incidence of coronary heart disease in Harapan Kita Hospital year 2017. (hindawi.com)

Meconium stained amniotic fluid , delivery by cesarean, and two or more unfavorable peripartum events are variables that should be considered in studies about ASD etiology . (bvsalud.org)

Controls should come from the same population as the cases, and their selection should be independent of the exposures of interest. (wikipedia.org)
With 4,545 cases and 4,173 controls, the GICC Study confers the opportunity to evaluate both environmental exposures and genetic variation while accounting for tumor subtype. (medscape.com)
Of the 31 exposures sustained by case-HCWs, 29 (94%) were needlesticks (all with hollow needles) and two (7%) involved other sharp objects. (cdc.gov)

Designing case-control studies. (nih.gov)

Hospital based case-control study with prospective identification of patients. (bmj.com)
Cases included patients hospitalized for bradycardia within 1 year of starting a P2Y12inhibitor. (ices.on.ca)
The aim of this case-control study was to compare cognitive inhibition performance in suicidal and nonsuicidal depressed older patients. (psychiatrist.com)
Between January and July 2010, among the 31 depressed patients aged 65 years and older hospitalized for a current episode of major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV-TR criteria in the Department of Psychiatry of Angers University Hospital (Angers, France), 20 (65%) met the selection criteria and were included in the study. (psychiatrist.com)
Of the total number of patients, most cases or about 3000 cases are coronary heart disease, as many as 2500 CHD patients without surgery and the remaining with surgery. (hindawi.com)
It is well known that polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) may elevate psychological problems in patients, but there is a scarcity of the studies among Saudi Arabian population. (frontiersin.org)
In the PCOS patients and control groups (each with 84 samples), samples were collected using convenience sampling and a simple random approach, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
A group of MS patients affected by a second autoimmune disorder, and a control MS group without any comorbidity, were recruited. (springer.com)
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether spironolactone has a protective effect against COVID-19 and the development of associated complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. (frontiersin.org)
No dialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C progressed to cirrhosis, whereas the disease progressed to cirrhosis in more than one quarter of the controls. (wjgnet.com)
This case-control study aimed to identify determinants of treatment default among TB patients attending treatment clinics in Khartoum State from May to July 2011. (who.int)
Cases were TB patients who defaulted on treatment and controls were those who completed treatment. (who.int)
La présente étude cas-témoin avait pour objectif d'identifier les déterminants de l'abandon de traitement parmi les patients atteints de tuberculose pris en charge dans des centres de traitement dans l'État de Khartoum entre mai et juillet 2011. (who.int)

All efforts should be made to avoid sources of bias such as the loss of individuals to follow up during the study. (wikipedia.org)
Prospective studies usually have fewer potential sources of bias and confounding than retrospective studies. (wikipedia.org)
Most sources of error due to confounding and bias are more common in retrospective studies than in prospective studies. (wikipedia.org)
One should take special care to avoid sources of bias and confounding in retrospective studies. (wikipedia.org)
The potential for hospital admission bias in injury case-control studies is considered along with potential strategies for avoiding it. (bmj.com)

If a larger proportion of the cases smoke than the controls, that suggests, but does not conclusively show, that the hypothesis is valid. (wikipedia.org)

This study was done to assess the maternal and sociodemographic factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) babies. (rti.org)

For example, in a study trying to show that people who smoke (the attribute) are more likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer (the outcome), the cases would be persons with lung cancer, the controls would be persons without lung cancer (not necessarily healthy), and some of each group would be smokers. (wikipedia.org)
inclusion of sick people is sometimes appropriate, as the control group should represent those at risk of becoming a case. (wikipedia.org)
Controls can carry the same disease as the experimental group, but of another grade/severity, therefore being different from the outcome of interest. (wikipedia.org)
The Control of Tobacco Products Regulation 1993 banned direct tobacco advertisements, the sale of cigarettes to under 18 year olds, and prohibited this group from purchasing cigarettes or smoking. (bmj.com)
To examine the physiological cost of walking in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and a matched control group, walking at their preferred and at matched walking speeds. (ei-resource.org)
With OutSystems, Megasis (a TAP Group company specializing in information systems and technology for the Portuguese flag carrier) built the Flight Dispatch Control Center that offers a 360º view of all flights and notifies dispatchers of the events that require action prioritized by severity and estimated flight departure time. (outsystems.com)
A total of 60 subjects (29 in the MMT group and 31 in the control group) participated in the study. (jmir.org)
The training group showed significant increases in the delayed free recall, digit span forward, digit span backward, and fluency test scores compared with the control group. (jmir.org)
The inclusion criteria in the case group included individuals whose medical records reported an autistic disorder diagnosis , individuals had this diagnosis further confirmed by Northern Minas Autistic Support Association and specialized clinics, and their mothers had to answer positively to the question "Was your child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder ? (bvsalud.org)
Thus, the case group included 253 mothers of children / adolescents of 2-15 years old diagnosed with autism . (bvsalud.org)
The inclusion criteria in the control group included 852 individuals belonging to the same age group and enrolled in the same schools as the case group. (bvsalud.org)

Prior to 2005, CDC's method of allocation of TB funds to state and city health departments for prevention and control of TB was based on the burden of TB disease among jurisdictions that had experienced the largest increases in case counts during the TB resurgence that took place from 1985-1993. (cdc.gov)
Learn how the first step into error proofing with an out-of-the-box tightening control solution increases flexibility and product quality while generating millions of savings. (atlascopco.com)
This study aims to determine whether dyslipidemia associated with hypertension increases the risks for the incidence of CHD in Harapan Kita Hospital, National Cardiovascular Center, Jakarta, or does not. (hindawi.com)

Previous studies reported an excess of lung cancer among these workers. (bmj.com)
This is different from previous study, where dyslipidemia just was assessed based on one of the three aspects. (hindawi.com)
On the basis that spironolactone is involved in ACE2 expression and TMPRSS2 activity, previous studies have suggested that spironolactone may influence the infectivity of COVID-19. (frontiersin.org)
Previous studies have noted that cell penetration of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 ( 7 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)

In many situations, it is much easier to recruit controls than to find cases. (wikipedia.org)

Conclusions This study provided additional evidence of increased lung cancer risk in bricklayers. (bmj.com)

Many valuable case-control studies, such as Lane and Claypon's 1926 investigation of risk factors for breast cancer, were retrospective investigations. (wikipedia.org)
Studies conducted by such consortia can help overcome some of the above obstacles and may be able to attain sufficient statistical power for identifying novel risk factors for this enigmatic disease. (medscape.com)
We therefore designed this case-control study to determine both social and demographic risk factors as well as ocular and biological factors (presented elsewhere 7 ). (bmj.com)
The cases will also be followed to gain information on the natural history of this disease including risk factors for progression of disease. (nih.gov)
Risk factors for chronic postsurgical pain in visceral surgery: a matched case-control analysis. (iasp-pain.org)
We conducted a hospital-based matched case control study to identify risk factors associated with LBW in a rural district of Pakistan. (who.int)

Women with chlamydial or gonococcal PID (cases) had more recently changed sexual partners (median 154 days, IQR 61-736) than those with clinical PID but no infection (control1, median 367 days, IQR 94-1419, p = 0.082). (bmj.com)

The aim of this matched case-control study was to estimate the association of 13 types of cancer with (1) MS and (2) the diagnosis of 0, 1 or 2 individual MS components. (plos.org)

Burns Controls Company has been providing automation technology and controls for almost 50 years now, and it is continuously looking for new ways to automate, innovate, and increase overall productivity. (infor.com)
Key Words: requirements engineering, building automation, problem description Introductory Note This document gives an informal description of the problem 'Light Control System', that is the subject of the considered case study. (sciweavers.org)
Integration Designer enables 100 percent customization, allowing integrators to meet their clients' tastes while satisfying any control or automation request. (residentialsystems.com)

Viruses were detected in 81% of the cases (n=98) and 56% of the controls (n=134). (bmj.com)
Using bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) to control pathogenic bacteria is a promising approach in horticulture. (mdpi.com)

A prospective study watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor(s). (wikipedia.org)

Additionally, the large study population may enable us to explore gene-environment interactions. (medscape.com)
Additionally, recent case reports have further raised concerns for this adverse effect. (ices.on.ca)

FINDINGS: 914 cases and 1196 controls were identified, of whom 514 and 527, respectively, were interviewed. (fluoridealert.org)

Competing interests The University of Leeds has received some financial support on behalf of the four centres of the UK northern study from the UK network operators (O 2 , Orange, T-Mobile, Vodafone, 3) under legal signed contractual agreements which ensure complete independence for the scientific investigators. (bmj.com)
Method The pooled dataset included 15 608 cases and 18 531 controls from 22 centres in Europe, Canada, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. (bmj.com)

Each case was matched to four controls by inclusion date, sex and age. (plos.org)

The timing of progression of untreated infections is poorly understood and difficult to study prospectively. (bmj.com)

Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that cognitive inhibition is based on prefrontal cortex function. (psychiatrist.com)
This study aimed to develop a smart speaker-based MMT program and evaluate the efficacy of the program in older adults without cognitive impairment. (jmir.org)

To our knowledge, the GICC Study is the largest glioma study to date that includes collection of blood samples, which will allow for genetic analysis and interrogation of gene-environment interactions. (medscape.com)
We examined lung cancer risk among bricklayers within SYNERGY, a large international pooled analysis of case-control studies on lung cancer and the joint effects of occupational carcinogens ( http://SYNERGY.iarc.fr ). (bmj.com)
Case- and control-HCWs reported in the United States before 1988 were excluded from the analysis because information on some variables was not routinely collected and because postexposure use of ZDV was infrequent before 1988 (1). (cdc.gov)
For similar reasons, analysis was limited to case-HCWs reported in France since 1990 and in the United Kingdom since 1989. (cdc.gov)
v. 1, The analysis of case-control studies. (who.int)

Wireless lighting controls are used on exterior site lighting, with each pole individually dimmed according to a schedule, cutting energy use and meeting new code requirements. (csemag.com)
He combines a passion for lighting design with extensive knowledge of lighting and lighting control technologies. (csemag.com)
RTI fulfills restaurant owner's AV-over-IP vision for simple audio, video, and lighting control. (residentialsystems.com)
In a collaborative effort between integrator Christian Nielsen at SmartLiving Consulting and Conny Drivemark at ICON Scandinavia AB, an RTI distributor, a plan was created that centered on a state-of-the-art control system that would allow the staff to easily command and control TV channels, audio, and lighting at the touch of button. (residentialsystems.com)
Other components integrated within the control system included a KNX lighting package. (residentialsystems.com)

Funding: The south east and northern UK studies received funding from the Mobile Telecommunications, Health and Research (MTHR) programme and as part of the Interphone study from the EU, the Mobile Manufacturers Forum, and the GSM Association through the scientifically independent Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC). (bmj.com)
In addition the northern UK study received funding from the Health and Safety Executive, the Department of Health, the UK network operators (O 2 , Orange, T-Mobile, Vodafone, 3), and the Scottish Executive. (bmj.com)
Healthy controls were consecutively enrolled at child health units during routine visits and matched to cases on age and calendar time. (bmj.com)
Case-HCWs were identified through reports to national surveillance systems for occupationally acquired HIV infection operated by CDC, in cooperation with state and local health departments (United States), the National Public Health Network (Reseau National de Sante Publique) (France), and the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Center (United Kingdom). (cdc.gov)
The study included 31 case-HCWs (23 from the United States, five from France, and three from the United Kingdom) and 679 control-HCWs (who were from 190 of the reporting health-care institutions). (cdc.gov)

Anatomy3

Organisms1

Diseases48

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment59

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science9

Named Groups6

Health Care63

Geographicals22

Methods8

Centers7

Epidemiology4

Logistic regression2

Heterogeneity3

Exposure14

Observational4

Epidemiologic studies1

Cohort5

Retrospective study2

Abstract2

Childhood5

Tobacco Control3

Inference1

Results6

Odds7

Participants4

Etiologic1

Viral1

Antibodies3

0.0012

Gliomas1

Significantly3

Respondents3

Statistical analysis1

Objective1

Herpes1

Main1

Data14

Prevalence2

20172

Etiology1

Exposures3

Designing1

Patients13

Bias5

Hypothesis1

Sociodemographic1

Group11

Increases3

Previous4

Recruit1

Conclusions1

Risk factors6

Clinical1

Estimate1

Automation3

Viruses2

Outcomes1

Additionally2

Findings1

Centres2

Inclusion1

Poorly1

Cognitive2

Analysis5

Lighting5

Health5