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SalinitySodium ChlorideSalt-ToleranceSalt-Tolerant PlantsSeawaterGillsFresh WaterAtriplexChenopodiaceaeWater-Electrolyte BalanceBrachyuraEstuariesSaltsAcclimatizationStress, PhysiologicalPlant RootsTilapiaOsmotic PressureAdaptation, PhysiologicalWater MicrobiologyFundulidaeOsmoregulationBivalviaOsmolar ConcentrationEcosystemPlant ShootsBaysGene Expression Regulation, PlantWaterHepatopancreasDroughtsMesembryanthemumRiversHemolymphSkates (Fish)WetlandsRhizophoraceaeAmaranthaceaePlant LeavesSoilTemperaturePlants, Genetically ModifiedGerminationPhylogenyPlant ProteinsBetaineOceans and SeasGeologic SedimentsBaltic StatesAbscisic AcidSeedlingOsmosisOstreidaeCopepodaAvicenniaPhotosynthesisAmino Acids, DiaminoHydroponicsBiomassRNA, Ribosomal, 16SChromohalobacterOryza sativaLakesArabidopsisCrassostreaPlanktonAquacultureSodiumMolecular Sequence DataOchlerotatusVibrioSalt GlandPlant TranspirationLarvaOleaceaeSaline Solution, HypertonicOceanographyEnvironmentKillifishes
Temperature and salinityFreshwaterSeed germinationSaltsTolerateIrrigationEstuariesToleranceWestwardWatersDissolved oxygenHigh temperatureCoastalMuddySeverelyCarbonateTidalWater temperatureSpeciesInlandBiotopeSulfideCropsDroughtTolerantGroundwaterSeawaterEvaporationClimate changeCompositionSaltProcessesPolychaeteTemperaturesDepthEggsYieldRangeLevelsCommonlyConsequencesPracticesLowerFlowAreasWidespreadDeltaEnvironmental factorsOceanBedrockSurfaceIncreaseAmountsTreatments
Temperature and salinity3
Freshwater5
  • Late summer young travel to lower salinity and freshwater then travel back to high salinity with adults. (calvertmarinemuseum.com)
  • they are a mixture of species adapted to freshwater environments, such as floodplains, with those of typical mangroves, where salinity is high. (fapesp.br)
  • Salinity (EC) eventually responded to the higher outflows as the pulse of freshwater pushed westward. (calsport.org)
  • Due to naturally occurring processes, saltwater and freshwater are salt solutions with different salt concentrations, meaning that salinity gradient power can be generated from readily available renewable sources. (comsol.com)
  • Additional classification may include the type of water in which the submersion occurred, such as freshwater and saltwater, or natural bodies of water versus man made. (medscape.com)
Seed germination1
Salts10
Tolerate3
  • But one of paspalum s most powerful attributes is its ability to tolerate elevated salinity levels that would affect other turfgrass types much more negatively. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • Most of the crop plants can tolerate salinity within the range of 2-8 deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)
  • It is widespread and can tolerate moderately low salinities (Rogers-Talbert, 1948). (vims.edu)
Irrigation8
  • Besides being fairly bewildered by the complexity of water delivery in the American West, I was pretty surprised by the high and persistent salinity levels that come from long periods of irrigation. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • My question here is whether irrigation salinity is relevant to superintendents or even designers. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • Salinity in urban areas often results from the combination of irrigation and groundwater processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Soil water and salinity distribution under different treatments of drip irrigation. (lu.se)
  • In this study, field experiments and numerical simulations for different drip irrigation treatments in a sandy loam soil were conducted to investigate soil water and salinity distribution as well as dye infiltration patterns. (lu.se)
  • Experiments results revealed that maximum dye infiltration depth and maximum dye coverage volume occurred during the bi-weekly irrigation regime and in T3. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, T2 and daily irrigation showed lower salinity levels in the flow domain as compared to other irrigation treatments and regimes. (lu.se)
  • The ACRU agrohydrological model, in the form of ACRU2000 and its salinity module, ACRUSalinity, was employed in catchment-scale assessment of widespread irrigation with low quality mine-water in undisturbed (un-mined) and rehabilitated soils in the Upper Olifants basin of South Africa. (scielo.org.za)
Estuaries2
  • In estuaries the presence of this biotope may be associated with other natural factors including the occurrence of a competitive refuge for Capitella capitata in the reduced-salinity environment (Wolff, 1973). (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Denitrification rates in aquatic sediments from three sites upland of high salinity estuaries were measured to compare nitrate (NO-3) removal by sediment bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Tolerance2
  • Although genetic similarity reflected geographical separation, the density of SNVs also correlated with our previous report on variations in salinity tolerance. (nature.com)
  • Many of these genes are either upregulated or downregulated by either salinity or drought stress and may therefore contribute to establishing stress tolerance in pearl millet. (biomedcentral.com)
Westward1
  • Normal water year spring Delta outflows that place the Low-Salinity-Zone westward in Suisun Bay, combined with a strong spring plankton bloom , bode well for the growth and survival of young stripers. (calsport.org)
Waters5
  • This fresh surface water dilutes the high salinity of the presently descending thermohaline current, making its waters less dense (less heavy) and so less likely to sink. (dissidentvoice.org)
  • spawning can occur at age 2-3 in continental shelf waters from Summer to Winter. (calvertmarinemuseum.com)
  • Vibrio bacteria occur naturally in the Chesapeake Bay and in coastal and estuarine waters around the world. (agu.org)
  • While warmer waters are generally more favorable for Vibrio s, salinity can determine the likely locations of future hot-spots. (agu.org)
  • Two egg parasites can be found in the high salinity waters of the region. (vims.edu)
Dissolved oxygen1
High temperature3
Coastal6
  • Because of the importance of groundwater in controlling porewater salinity and mangrove root productivity in karstic oceanic islands such as SAI, water use and coastal development should be regulated in the short term to avoid the loss of mangrove area and concomitant ecosystem services. (frontiersin.org)
  • The first is coastal salinity, which is caused by the intrusion of seawater into coastal lands through sea level rise, tidal activity and dry weather. (earthjournalism.net)
  • This type of salinity is common in areas close to the sea and seen mainly in coastal districts such as Mannar, Puttalam, Jaffna, Trincomalee, Ampara, Hambantota, Galle, Kalutara and Matara. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Glossary Purpose A list of salt-spray plants that commonly occur in the Coastal Region appear below. (rio-negocios.com)
  • It's a coastal California native, occuring naturally from foggy San Franc. (rio-negocios.com)
  • It occurs naturally right throughout South Australia and in coastal regions. (rio-negocios.com)
Muddy2
  • Reduced salinity, muddy sediment dominated by the polychaete Capitella capitata with a very low species richness. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Reduced or variable salinity muddy sediment characterized by the Capitella capitata species complex with a relatively low species richness. (marlin.ac.uk)
Severely2
  • Sensitive crops lose their vigor already in slightly saline soils, most crops are negatively affected by (moderately) saline soils, and only salinity-resistant crops thrive in severely saline soils. (wikipedia.org)
  • The article aims to shed light on this issue, using the findings of field observations conducted in several areas of the island that have been severely affected by salinity. (earthjournalism.net)
Carbonate1
  • No daughter minerals occurred in the quartz-sulfide and carbonate stages. (hindawi.com)
Tidal1
Water temperature3
Species9
  • More mobile muds which occur in areas with an extremely high suspended particulate component to the water column, IMU.MobMud, may contain a similar suite of species to IMU.CapTub although in lower abundance. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Tubularia indivisa is a short lived species, and recruitment is seasonally variable with settlement peaking in early spring (march) however other smaller recruitment events occur within summer and autumn (Hughes, 1983). (marlin.ac.uk)
  • The remaining ~ 25 species occur in wild populations and have become specialised to occupy a diverse set of environments around the world 3 . (nature.com)
  • Two of the most common species causing human illness in the United States, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus , occur in the Chesapeake Bay. (agu.org)
  • A third species , Vibrio cholerae, also occurs in Chesapeake Bay but is not associated with cholera epidemics, although like other Vibrio species it can sometimes cause illness in people who eat contaminated shellfish, such as oysters. (agu.org)
  • There are relatively few studies like ours that use projections from IPCC-class climate models to examine the risk of future Vibrio species occurring and appearing in new areas, or the rates of human infection. (agu.org)
  • Other species can be studied using this same method where estuary temperature, salinity, and river flow are important factors. (agu.org)
  • Each strain or species appears to have a distinct salinity range, meaning the Vibrio s could potentially increase only when other environmental factors are or become favorable in a specific area in the bay. (agu.org)
  • Changes that have occurred in the abundance and trait distribution of adult Lake Michigan yellow perch (Perca flavescens) suggest that maternal effects on larval traits may be substantially influencing the recruitment of this heavily exploited species. (umd.edu)
Inland3
Biotope2
  • Macoma balthica , Arenicola marina and Eteone longa occur in the biotope at low abundance or frequencies and are not considered characterizing. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • This biotope typically occurs on upward-facing, extremely tide-swept, circalittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles found in a broad spectrum of wave exposures. (marlin.ac.uk)
Sulfide1
  • The coeval V L and L V types fluid inclusions with homogenization temperature of 350 to 400°C in the late retrograde skarn and quartz-sulfide stages suggest that boiling occurred under hydrostatic pressure of 150 to 280 bars, equivalent to a depth of 1.5 to 2.8 km. (hindawi.com)
Crops1
  • For example, the clearing of trees for agriculture is a major reason for dryland salinity in some areas, since deep rooting of trees has been replaced by shallow rooting of annual crops. (wikipedia.org)
Drought3
  • Drought, floods, salinity and iron toxicity are among the key environmental factors that affect paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The severity of salinity increases with the effects of the level of drought and higher evaporation. (earthjournalism.net)
  • A previously performed transcriptome analysis suggests that the expression of 30 and 42 PgNAC s are affected by salinity stress and drought stress, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Tolerant2
Groundwater2
  • It looks like the groundwater recharge is also coming from water processed under the Colorado River Salinity Control Act ( PDF ), so it may not be much of an issue even longer-term. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • This occurs when groundwater is saline (which is true in many areas), and is favored by land use practices allowing more rainwater to enter the aquifer than it could accommodate. (wikipedia.org)
Seawater1
Evaporation1
Climate change1
  • This increase in salinity is a "growing threat that [can increase with] climate change" (Arguelles et al. (umass.edu)
Composition1
  • The team, coordinated by the researcher from Ufes, explored 11 mangrove forests along the Amazon delta and collected data on the water, soil, salinity, plant composition of the forests, and carbon stocks of the ecosystems. (fapesp.br)
Salt3
  • For example, the process by which ice rejects salt to increase the salinity of brine has interesting similarities to the process of osmosis in reverse. (technologyreview.com)
  • Salinity results in salt toxicity and plant fatigue. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Increasing water demands of the communities on Vieques and the increased salinity of these water supplies (because of salt water intrusion) mandated the need for a better water supply for residents of Vieques. (cdc.gov)
Processes1
  • One of the more curious processes that occur beneath the Antarctic sea ice in winter is the formation of brinicles. (technologyreview.com)
Polychaete1
  • Terebellid worms, the bivalve Abra alba and the polychaete Glycera tridactyla may also occur. (marlin.ac.uk)
Temperatures2
  • During a summer when air temperatures were near the long-term average, melting occurred across as much as 44 percent of the surface of the Greenland ice sheet, close to the long-term average but much smaller than the record 97 percent in 2012. (arctic-council.org)
  • All three Vibrio strains now occur more frequently and in higher abundances in warmer months of the year, when water temperatures are also warmer. (agu.org)
Depth1
  • The coexisting V L and S 1 type fluid inclusions show similar homogenization temperature of 550 to about 650°C in the prograde skarn stage, indicating that immiscibility occurred at lithostatic pressure of 700 bars to perhaps 1000 bars, corresponding to a depth of 2.6 km to about 3.7 km. (hindawi.com)
Eggs2
  • Internal fertilization can occur, but most commonly eggs and sperm are broadcast into the water column where fertilization takes place. (aquariumofpacific.org)
  • In the Caspian Sea spawning occurs at night when 2-3,000 eggs per day are produced dependent on food availability. (aquariumofpacific.org)
Yield2
  • The consequences of salinity are Detrimental effects on plant growth and yield Damage to infrastructure (roads, bricks, corrosion of pipes and cables) Reduction of water quality for users, sedimentation problems, increased leaching of metals, especially copper, cadmium, manganese and zinc. (wikipedia.org)
  • High salinity leads to a decrease in paddy productivity or the yield per hectare, rather than the death of the entire crop. (earthjournalism.net)
Range1
Levels1
  • We envisage that elevated levels of organic and mineral nutrients delivered from inundated dead forests, enhanced weathering and erosion of extra-basinal areas, together with local contributions of volcanic ash, led to eutrophication and increased salinity of basinal lacustrine-lagoonal environments. (lu.se)
Commonly1
  • [ 7 ] Hypothermia occurs commonly in drowning and is usually secondary to conductive heat loss during submersion, not synonymous with cold-water drowning. (medscape.com)
Consequences1
  • The tropical forests of the Amazon and Indonesia are currently undergoing deforestation with catastrophic ecological consequences but widespread deforestation events have occurred several times in Earth's history and these provide lessons for the future. (lu.se)
Practices1
  • Different paddy varieties and agricultural practices have been developed and used to reduce the effect of salinity. (earthjournalism.net)
Lower3
  • and may occur in lower salinity. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • The effect occurs in the ice below the sea surface because brine has a lower freezing point then water. (technologyreview.com)
  • Salinity on the lower Sacramento at Emmaton (Figure 7) and Jersey Point on the lower San Joaquin (Figure 8) declined measurably. (calsport.org)
Flow1
Areas2
  • I guess I'm just curious because it seems like farmland that's perpetually irrigated can have serious salinity problems, and I just wonder if it's an ongoing concern for long-lived courses in areas like the San Joaquin or Coachella Valleys. (golfclubatlas.com)
  • In some areas, the balance of warmth and salinity is ideal for barnacle spat. (theyachtmarket.com)
Widespread1
  • In general, the outbreaks are localized to specific bays or regions, but widespread epizootics are known to occur, especially along the seaside locations of the Eastern Shore. (vims.edu)
Delta1
  • However, the Amazon delivers so much fresh water into the Atlantic that the salinity is almost zero in its delta and for dozens of kilometers in a northerly direction along the coast," says the oceanographer Angelo Bernardino, from the Federal University of Espírito Santo (Ufes), lead author of the article written alongside Brazilian, US, Australian, and Scottish colleagues. (fapesp.br)
Environmental factors1
  • Corrosion occurs when a metal is exposed to environmental factors like humidity, air salinity, and chemical content. (einsiders.com)
Ocean3
  • Overall, the hypersaline lake yields 34 percent salinity, which is ten times saltier than the average ocean. (usgs.gov)
  • In fact, changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) - the same deep-water ocean current featured in the movie "The Day After Tomorrow" - could occur quite abruptly, in geologic terms, the study says. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • They said detailed information about water salinity, ocean temperature, and melting ice - over a period of decades - is essential to the accuracy of AMOC models. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Bedrock2
  • Boulder and shingle beaches occur in the inner Kyle, and bedrock and boulder shores in the outer Kyle. (data.gov.uk)
  • CR.HCR.FaT.BalTub occurs on tide-swept bedrock, boulders and cobbles. (marlin.ac.uk)
Surface3
  • Salinity in drylands can occur when the water table is between two and three metres from the surface of the soil. (wikipedia.org)
  • Traditional ways of validating satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) products by comparing with buoy measurements, do not allow for evaluating the impact of mesoscale-to-submesoscale variability. (mdpi.com)
  • The near-surface distribution of salinity is performed using ground geophysics methods including time domain electromagnetic, frequential domain electromagnetic, vertical electrical soundings and self potential. (earthdoc.org)
Increase1
  • The findings showed substantial future increases in the occurrence, distribution and length of the season for V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, and an increase in favorable habitat for V. cholerae, although this was confined to low salinity regions of the bay. (agu.org)
Amounts1
  • Although initial treatment of submersion victims is not affected by the type of water, serum electrolyte derangements may be related to the salinity of the water (particularly if large amounts of water are ingested), while long-term infectious complications are primarily related to whether the victim was submersed in a natural or a man-made body of water. (medscape.com)
Treatments1
  • Hatching occurred at all four salinities, with no statistical differences among treatments. (ku.dk)