DiabetesWhite adiposBrown adiposOxidationSkeletal musclesAdipocytesIncreasesBlood Glucose LevelsCardiovascularAccumulationLiver and adipose tissueLipolysisSecretionMuscle glucose uptakeVisceral adipose tissueObeseDiet-induced obesityInsulin-stimulated glucoseDifferent adipose tissueAMPKLeptinHyperglycemiaRegulatesSynthesisMiceAdiponectinEndocrine organSubcutaneousPeripheral glucoseMetabolic SyndromePrevalenceMetabolism and lInflammatoryNonalcoholic fatty lTriglycerideEpidemicLipogenesisExcessTreatment of obesityMechanismsDecreaseFree fattDysfunctionGLUT4Amino acidsRole in the development of obesityPathwayOverweightWhole-body glucoseAnti-obesityAbnormalTolerance and insulin sensitivityHepatic lipid
Diabetes49
- ABSTRACT The Arab world is experiencing an epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (who.int)
- This review summarizes the major pathological factors linking obesity to diabetes, focussing on current epidemiological data related to obese diabetic patients in the Arab world, the etiology of the disease and the genetic determinants of diabetes and obesity. (who.int)
- There are alarming data related to the rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children of Arab ethnicity. (who.int)
- Replication studies identify several genetic variants in Arabs with obesity-linked diabetes. (who.int)
- For example, variants of the ADIPOQ gene (the rs266729 single-nucleotide polymorphism) are associated with obesity and diabetes in various Arab countries. (who.int)
- Gaps exist in our information about diabetes and obesity in Arabpopulations in relation to ethnic-specific cut-off points for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. (who.int)
- Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (hindawi.com)
- Additionally, because there is much evidence that obesity-induced inflammatory changes in WAT, which is caused by dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor- α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance, WAT has attracted special attention as an organ that causes diabetes and other lifestyle-related diseases. (hindawi.com)
- It is widely known that obesity is a risk factor for various "lifestyle-related diseases" such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension, and that obesity and diabetes cause increases in atherosclerotic disease. (hindawi.com)
- Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish strategies for the prevention and improvement of obesity and diabetes. (hindawi.com)
- Epidemiological studies have shown that exercise is effective for preventing and improving obesity and diabetes [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- for example, how WAT secretes physiologically active substances, collectively known as adipokines, and how obesity-induced dysregulated expression of adipokines in WAT causes insulin resistance, which is the pathogenesis of diabetes [ 9 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Collectively, we reveal that miR-29 acts as an important regulator of insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and lipid oxidation, with relevance to human physiology and type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Activation of AMPK reduced gluconeogenesis, whereas expression of the receptors in both cases increased fatty acid oxidation and lead to an amelioration of diabetes. (nature.com)
- Although a few years ago the role of gut microbiota in human health was ignored, currently a well-known fact in medical sciences is that gut microbes play an important physiological and pathophysiological role in obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic liver disease, inflammatory bowel diseases and also some other pathologic conditions [1] . (ommegaonline.org)
- Maternal overweight and obesity causes pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, hypertension and preeclampsia and affects fetal growth. (karger.com)
- This illustrates the pivotal role of intrauterine conditions on susceptibility to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the offspring. (karger.com)
- Cardarine also helps in fighting obesity, preventing diabetes and improve the overall cardiovascular function. (sarmsstore.co.uk)
- The twin epidemic of 'Diabesity'-diabetes and obesity, all over the world, both in developed and developing countries, has brought the issue of insulin resistance (IR) into new focus of research. (vjim.org)
- is an intermediate, possibly transitional, state between normal glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus that becomes more common with aging. (msdmanuals.com)
- Scientists claim blocking the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway could provide a therapeutic approach against type 2 diabetes and obesity. (genengnews.com)
- Research in mice led by a team at the National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) has shown that Smad2-deficient mice are not only protected from diet-induced obesity and diabetes but that in these animals white adipose tissue (WAT) starts to take on the characteristics of brown adipose tissue (BAT). (genengnews.com)
- Sushil G. Rane, M.D., Ph.D., and colleagues in addition showed that systemically blocking TGF-β signaling in mice protected them from obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. (genengnews.com)
- Their findings are reported in Cell Metabolism in a paper titled "Protection from Obesity and Diabetes by Blockade of TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling. (genengnews.com)
- The NIDDK researchers and their collaborators' newest research was designed to evaluate the importance of TGF-β signaling in energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity. (genengnews.com)
- Relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes. (nursinganswers.net)
- Diabetes and obesity have been highest in the most serious threats in world's health. (nursinganswers.net)
- Diabetes is now one of the serious chronic diseases which have affected many of the Australians as it is the sixth highest cause of the death by disease in Australia ("Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity still on the Rise" 2007). (nursinganswers.net)
- Type 2 diabetes increases in obesity and physically inactive lifestyles, and with the age. (nursinganswers.net)
- Type2 diabetes can result from insulin resistance that is inability to use insulin properly or insulin deficiency that is inability to produce adequate amount of insulin in the body (Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Research, 2007, p. 1). (nursinganswers.net)
- Obesity is a major public health problem in developed countries because it conveys an increased risk of chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- People who are obese are at increased risk for developing many serious health problems including diabetes, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and a reduced life expectancy. (nih.gov)
- The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, as its name implies, is front and center in the battle against obesity, given it is a major cause of diabetes, digestive and kidney diseases. (nih.gov)
- A greater understanding of the mechanisms linking obesity to diabetes is critical to the development of preventive and treatment strategies. (jneurosci.org)
- Among the benefits are increased energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory conditioning, a preventive factor for the onset of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, mental diseases and cancer. (abundanthealth.info)
- Decreased lean body mass reduces overall muscle uptake of glucose and free fatty acids, causing insulin resistance and leading to type 2 diabetes if not reversed. (abundanthealth.info)
- Increased rates of co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and hepatic damage in overweight adolescents indicate that the young are not protected from the metabolic perturbations that accompany excess adipose tissue stores. (nih.gov)
- Obesity is a major public health problem and a risk factor for type-2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Causal genetic variants of obesity and type-2 diabetes have been identified through candidate gene, family-based linkage and large scale association analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is now recognised that epigenetics plays a significant role in complex disease, and provides mechanisms whereby environmental factors can influence complex diseases such as obesity and type-2 diabetes [ 17 , 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Several studies have reported that induction of CD36 increases uptake of FFA in several cells linked to insulin resistance in diabetes, suggest that CD36 may play a pathophysiological event responsible for β-cell dysfunction and failure in T2DM. (e-dmj.org)
- In this context, metformin, has shown to be a promising drug for the regulation of the microbiota, thus favoring the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, cancer, the inflammatory state of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and aging, and pathologies associated with dysbiosis. (xiahepublishing.com)
- Modulations in the composition of the microbiota, compromising the symbiotic relationship between the host and microorganisms in a process called dysbiosis, are often associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, obesity, diabetes, cancers, neurological diseases among others. (xiahepublishing.com)
- Many of the people that have the Diabetes disease have a high level of glucose in their blood as well. (speedypaper.com)
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a chronic pathology characterized by peripheral insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver. (scienceplay.com)
- NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance/diabetes, atherosclerosis and hypertension, thus NAFLD is considered the liver's manifestation to the metabolic syndrome. (5dok.org)
- Previous studies have reported that biotin supplementation may influence blood glucose and lipid level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods We searched Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases up to 8th August 2022 for studies examining the effects of biotin supplementation in T2DM patients. (researchgate.net)
- 1, 2] It comprises a combination of risk factors for coronary heart disease, as well as for diabetes, fatty liver, and several cancers. (medscape.com)
- And we know that excessive accumulation of both subcutaneous and ectopic or visceral fat distribution causes a chronic state of inflammation and can lead to obesity , which creates a greater risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (medscape.com)
White adipos10
- Unlike other PLA2 enzymes, AdPLA is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue at higher levels than in the rest of the body, more so in white adipose tissue (WAT) than brown adipose tissue (BAT). (wikipedia.org)
- In recent years, obesity caused by the hypertrophy of white adipose tissue (WAT) has steadily increased worldwide, and has become a serious social problem [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- These studies support the hypothesis that reduced mitochondrial function, particularly in insulin-responsive tissues such as skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue, and the liver, is inextricably linked to tissue and whole body IR through the effects on cellular energy balance. (nih.gov)
- A phytol-enriched diet ameliorates severe obesity and the related metabolic abnormalities of white adipose tissue. (nara-wu.ac.jp)
- In obese and diabetic db/db mice, Lobe effectively promoted insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses in epididymal white adipose tissue (EAT), leading to improve glucose intolerance. (inforang.com)
- Compared to other two TZDs, Lobe enhanced beige adipocyte formation and thermogenic gene expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (IAT) of lean mice, which would be attributable to cold-induced thermogenesis. (inforang.com)
- 6. Leptin decreases lipogenic enzyme gene expression through modification of SREBP-1c gene expression in white adipose tissue of aging rats. (nih.gov)
- 11. Upregulation of lipogenic enzymes genes expression in white adipose tissue of rats with chronic renal failure is associated with higher level of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1. (nih.gov)
- 15. Decreased fatty acid esterification compensates for the reduced lipolytic activity in hormone-sensitive lipase-deficient white adipose tissue. (nih.gov)
- 17. Lipoprotein lipase mRNA in white adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle is increased by pioglitazone through PPAR-gamma. (nih.gov)
Brown adipos3
- Moreover, the expression of PPAR-α target genes in the liver and brown adipose tissue is enhanced by a phytol-enriched diet, suggesting that phytol and phytanic acid activate PPAR-α in these organs. (nara-wu.ac.jp)
- C3G shrinks fat cells and limits fat storage while increasing and enhancing calorie-burning brown adipose tissue. (t-nation.com)
- C3G increases and enhances the activity of brown adipose tissue, which is metabolically active and calorie-burning. (t-nation.com)
Oxidation5
- AdPLA deficiency also led to higher oxygen consumption due to the upregulation of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, increasing fatty acid oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
- Fatty acid oxidation was also found to increase to levels of wild-type mice that were deficient in non-AdPLA deficient obese mice. (wikipedia.org)
- We also provide evidence that fatty acid oxidation is negatively regulated by miR-29 overexpression, potentially through the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α expression. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. (nature.com)
- When Cardarine stimulates fatty acid oxidation through enhanced glucose uptake, the body starts consuming stored fat for its energy. (sarmsstore.co.uk)
Skeletal muscles5
- Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake rate was evaluated by dynamic PET-imaging of skeletal muscles after [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose injection. (wustl.edu)
- Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake rate was evaluated by dynamic PET-imaging of skeletal muscles after [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose injection. (wustl.edu)
- Main sites of IR are liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscles. (vjim.org)
- This powerful anabolic hormone regulates the transport of glucose into the cell through translocation of glucose transporter from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane mainly in metabolically active tissues like skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, or liver (GLUT4). (intechopen.com)
- This tightly monitored process is made possible by constant communication between various tissues - pancreas, brain, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, liver, etc. [2]. (proteobiojournal.com)
Adipocytes14
- Most of the ingested excess energy is stored within adipocytes in the form of triglycerides, which are formed through the binding of glycerol and fatty acids. (hindawi.com)
- Spectral imaging of adipose tissue provides high-quality information involving molecular compositional, structural, and functional alterations for characterization and differentiation of adipocytes (brown, white) in different adipose tissue regions (visceral, subcutaneous, etc. (intechopen.com)
- Adipocytes are the cells that primarily constitute adipose tissue. (intechopen.com)
- Besides adipocytes, adipose tissue also includes the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and a variety of immune cells such as macrophages. (intechopen.com)
- Brown adipocytes have also been found interspersed with WAT in response to cold exposure or on stimulating the β-adrenergic pathways. (genengnews.com)
- In our study we explored this adipose tissue-innate immunity axis by differentiating adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) into white and beige adipocytes. (proteobiojournal.com)
- ADSCs and adipocytes alike are capable of expressing TLRs, but white adipocytes remain the highest expressing in both control and stimulated cultures. (proteobiojournal.com)
- Exogenous or endogenous ligands acting upon these receptors initiate a pro or anti-inflammatory cascade which can affect glucose energy homeostasis particularly in adipocytes. (proteobiojournal.com)
- This prolonged state of inflammation causes what is known as adipose tissue remodeling leading to an abnormal increase in size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia) of adipocytes in the tissue. (proteobiojournal.com)
- We confirm that phytanic acid treatment induced PPAR-α target gene expression in both primary hepatocytes and brown adipocytes from wild-type mice, but not in these cells from PPAR-α-deficient mice. (nara-wu.ac.jp)
- Conclusion: A phytol-enriched diet may increase phytanic acid levels in the liver and brown adipocytes, thereby activating PPAR-α in these organs and ameliorating obesity-induced metabolic diseases. (nara-wu.ac.jp)
- In adipocytes, Lobe more potently stimulated adipogenesis and insulin-dependent glucose uptake than Rosi and Pio. (inforang.com)
- As PPARγ is abundantly expressed in adipocytes, primary effects of TZDs are detectable in adipose tissue. (inforang.com)
- Excess free fatty acids (FFAs) resulting from lipolysis and reduced uptake in adipocytes can lead to ectopic fat accumulation in liver, skeletal muscle, and other organs. (medscape.com)
Increases9
- These effects occur due to glucocorticoid receptor activation within multiple tissues, which results in inter-organ crosstalk that increases hepatic glucose production and inhibits peripheral glucose uptake. (nih.gov)
- In high-fat-diet-induced, severely obese mice, a phytol-enriched diet increases phytanic acid levels in the liver and adipose tissue, where PPAR-α is abundantly expressed. (nara-wu.ac.jp)
- The most important are the reduction in lean mass and the accumulation of adipose tissue, which increases the risk of early mortality, in addition to the loss of muscle strength, reduction in aerobic capacity and flexibility. (abundanthealth.info)
- The primary one is though initiating the 'browning' of white adipose (fat) tissue, which increases energy expenditure, improves insulin sensitivity, and helps regulate weight management. (dpsnutrition.net)
- Several studies have reported that induction of CD36 increases uptake of FFA in several cells, suggesting the functional interplay between glucose and FFA in terms of insulin secretion and oxidative metabolism. (e-dmj.org)
- C3G increases insulin sensitivity enhancing glucose uptake by myotubes, causing muscle fibers to preferentially burn calories instead of being stored as fat. (t-nation.com)
- C3G raises levels of adiponectin, which regulates glucose levels and increases fatty acid breakdown. (t-nation.com)
- Thirdly, metformin increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake by improving insulin sensitivity in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. (antiagemedical.com)
- 16. trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipoprotein lipase but increases the activity of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue from hamsters fed an atherogenic diet. (nih.gov)
Blood Glucose Levels4
- Smad3-deficient mice also gained less weight when fed a high fat diet (HFD), were protected from hepatic steatosis, and demonstrated better glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, leading to lower fasting blood glucose levels and insulin levels. (genengnews.com)
- Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)
- This leads to a decrease in blood glucose levels. (antiagemedical.com)
- Secondly, metformin decreases glucose absorption in the small intestine, which also helps to lower blood glucose levels. (antiagemedical.com)
Cardiovascular12
- Emphasis will be placed on basic and clinical mechanistic research that reflects expertise in both obesity and cardiovascular sciences. (nih.gov)
- and the impact of obesity on the maturation of the cardiovascular system in young animals. (nih.gov)
- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background The adult United States population, whose combined prevalence of overweight and obesity now exceeds 60 percent, is experiencing a mass exposure to obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors and will likely suffer the adverse clinical consequences in years to come. (nih.gov)
- The residual independent effects of obesity on cardiovascular risk, however, detected in long-term prospective studies with decades of observation, suggest a role for less well-characterized mediators such as sleep-disordered breathing, autonomic dysregulation, and pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory states. (nih.gov)
- We do not know what the consequences might be for the still-developing cardiovascular system if obesity is present during late stages of growth and maturation. (nih.gov)
- The specific relationships between obesity and cardiovascular risk vary considerably with gender, race, and type of heart disease. (nih.gov)
- These varied findings suggest that complex underlying phenomena may mediate the relationship between excess adipose tissue and elevated cardiovascular disease risk. (nih.gov)
- Mechanistic Studies in Animals and Humans Because primary treatment and prevention of obesity often fail or are only partially successful, it is anticipated that the future will bring ever-increasing demands to treat the cardiovascular conditions attributable to obesity. (nih.gov)
- Thus, in order to develop rational therapeutic approaches, we need to understand the basic biology of obesity-related cardiovascular disease. (nih.gov)
- Insulin resistance is associated with other pathologies and may be related to obesity, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome. (scienceplay.com)
- In addition to its effects on cholesterol, metformin has also been shown to decrease levels of free fatty acids and tissue plasminogen activator antigen, both of which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. (antiagemedical.com)
- In this study we highlight the involvement of obesity metabolically in affecting SARS-CoV-2 infection and the consequent health complications, mainly cardiovascular disease. (frontiersin.org)
Accumulation4
- Results: PM 2.5 exposure resulted in whole-body IR and increased hepatic lipid accumulation in the liver, which was attenuated in CCR2 -/- mice by inhibiting SREBP1c-mediated transcriptional programming, decreasing fatty acid uptake, and suppressing p38 MAPK activity. (nih.gov)
- We previously showed that oral administration of V. mandshurica ethanolic extract (VME, 400 mg/kg/day) suppresses body weight and lipid accumulation in adipose tissue in mice [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We also tested the effects of lower doses (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) of VME and VMA on fat accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- As one of the main sites of energy homeostasis, the adipose tissue upholds the delicate balance between lipogenesis (triglyceride accumulation) and lipolysis (releasing energy substrates). (proteobiojournal.com)
Liver and adipose tissue2
- Oral administration of VME or VMA (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) decreased body weight gain, liver and adipose tissue mass, adipocyte size, and serum lipid levels. (biomedcentral.com)
- These results suggest that both VM extracts exert anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced obese mice by suppressing lipogenesis and activating AMPK in the liver and adipose tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipolysis8
- AdPLA regulates adipocyte lipolysis and release of fatty acids through a G-protein coupled pathway involving prostaglandin and EP3. (wikipedia.org)
- Obesity has been attributed to adipocyte hypertrophy, where triacylglycerol synthesis exceeds lipolysis, resulting in elevated triacylglycerol storage. (wikipedia.org)
- Adipocyte hypotrophy was attributed primarily to reduced triacylglyceride content in WAT from lipolysis, while adipocyte differentiation did not play a role in reduced adipose tissue despite the effects of prostaglandins on adipogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies on AdPLA deficient and genetically obese mice (leptin deficiency) have also shown similar effects, reduced adipose tissue mass and increased lipolysis by reduction in PGE2 and EP3 activity. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been proposed that hyperinsulinemia in people with obesity sufficiently inhibits adipose tissue triglyceride lipolysis to prevent FFA-induced insulin resistance. (wustl.edu)
- Amount of insulin secreted by beta cells, required for facilitating entry of glucose into the cells and for control of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis, thereby maintaining normal fasting blood glucose is 0.25-1.5 units/hour in basal or fasting state. (vjim.org)
- In fed state, insulin promotes glycogen and lipid synthesis in muscle cells and suppresses lipolysis and gluconeogenesis from muscle amino acids. (vjim.org)
- IHTGs accumulate from fat in the diet (15%) and adipose tissue lipolysis (60%) and also from de novo lipogenesis within the hepatocyte, (25%) usually from excess carbohydrate intake. (medscape.com)
Secretion4
- Therefore, WAT is considered to be one of the tissues that play a critical role in the onset of lifestyle-related diseases, and the reduction of excess WAT and the improvement of abnormal adipokine secretion are important strategies for the prevention and improvement of lifestyle-related diseases. (hindawi.com)
- Disruption in its proper functioning results in adipose tissue remodeling (primarily hypertrophy and hyperplasia) which directly influences the secretion of said adipokines. (proteobiojournal.com)
- Though free fatty acids (FFA) stimulate insulin secretion, chronically elevated FFA impairs pancreatic β-cell function in vitro and in vivo , which leads to the induction of lipotoxicity. (e-dmj.org)
- 14. Overexpression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a in mouse adipose tissue produces adipocyte hypertrophy, increased fatty acid secretion, and fatty liver. (nih.gov)
Muscle glucose uptake1
- Aerobic exercises improve insulin sensitivity due to mitochondrial biogenesis, and resistance training seems to optimize muscle glucose uptake due to increased glut-4 translocation due to the influence of adrenaline. (scienceplay.com)
Visceral adipose tissue1
- At euthanasia, blood, spleen, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were collected, and inflammatory cells were measured using flow cytometry. (nih.gov)
Obese6
- Body composition also showed a higher percentage of water and lean tissue mass compared to non-AdPLA deficient obese mice. (wikipedia.org)
- That report states that obesity rates have risen in many countries, and that one in two individuals is either obese or overweight in about half of OECD countries. (hindawi.com)
- Results: Plasma FFA clearance was accelerated in participants with obesity and correlated negatively with muscle insulin sensitivity without a difference between lean and obese participants. (wustl.edu)
- Children of obese mothers are more at risk of overweight or obesity than those of obese fathers [ 9 ]. (karger.com)
- Here, we investigate DNA methylation in adipose tissue from obese women before and after gastric bypass and significant weight loss. (biomedcentral.com)
- lion adults are obese and 2.1 bil ion attributed to obesity. (who.int)
Diet-induced obesity1
- One upregulated gene in particular, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), has been shown to reduce diet-induced obesity. (wikipedia.org)
Insulin-stimulated glucose1
- In primary human skeletal muscle cells, inhibition and overexpression strategies demonstrate that miR-29a and miR-29c regulate glucose uptake and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
Different adipose tissue1
- Metabolic risk is affected by both the distribution of body fat between different adipose tissue depots within an individual and the differing natures of the depots themselves [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
AMPK6
- Abnormal phosphorylation levels of AKT, AMPK in VAT, and adipose tissue macrophage content in wild-type mice were not present in CCR2 -/- mice. (nih.gov)
- VME and VMA also reversed the HFD-induced mRNA expression of lipogenic genes such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α, C/EBPβ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, and leptin in adipose tissue, whereas they increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 2 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (biomedcentral.com)
- The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of cellular energy balance and metabolism and binds glycogen, the primary storage form of glucose in liver and skeletal muscle. (edu.au)
- We used male whole-body AMPK double knock-in (DKI) mice with chronic disruption of AMPK-glycogen binding to determine the effects of DKI mutation on exercise capacity, patterns of whole-body substrate utilization, and tissue metabolism during exercise. (edu.au)
- These findings highlight potential unappreciated roles for AMPK in regulating tissue glycogen dynamics and expand AMPK's known roles in exercise and metabolism. (edu.au)
- As a key regulator of energy, SIRT1 affects glucose and lipid metabolism by stimulating endocrine signaling, which is associated with many molecules related to glucose/lipid metabolism, such as Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4), Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and Proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) [ 7 - 10 ]. (ijbs.com)
Leptin4
- [ 118 ] Two amylin-based analogs are currently undergoing development for obesity treatments: a second-generation amylin analog davalintide [ 119 ] and a combination of pramlintide and metreleptin (a recombinant human leptin). (medscape.com)
- it is also a dynamic tissue that is actively involved in metabolic reactions and produces humoral factors, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are collectively referred to as adipokines. (hindawi.com)
- The discovery of leptin and adiponectin as the first adipokines (hormones of the adipose tissue) fundamentally changed our understanding of the adipose tissue and its impact on energy homeostasis. (proteobiojournal.com)
- For example, important interactions between adipose tissue and coagulation pathways have been suggested by recent reports that platelet membranes contain leptin receptors. (nih.gov)
Hyperglycemia4
- Hyperglycemia manifests itself when insulin resistance results in increased gluconeogenesis and a further reduction in peripheral glucose uptake. (diabetesjournals.org)
- It may be started at a high dose in patients with severe hyperglycemia and in those with symptoms, if home glucose monitoring and close follow-up can be arranged. (medscape.com)
- High blood glucose is also called hyperglycemia. (speedypaper.com)
- The clinical manifestations of this syndrome may include hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and abdominal obesity. (medscape.com)
Regulates3
- Adipose tissue is one of the main sites of energy homeostasis that regulates whole body metabolism with the help of adipokines. (proteobiojournal.com)
- We hypothesized that central resistin administration regulates glucose fluxes through hypothalamic neuropeptides which mediate energy and glucose homeostasis. (jneurosci.org)
- Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside regulates fatty acid metabolism via an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in human HepG2 cells. (t-nation.com)
Synthesis9
- and 7) activities of rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis in liver. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In the liver, gluconeogenesis was increased, and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reached a maximum in group D. These results suggest that in the hyperinsulinemic stage (group B), uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue is reduced, but insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis and stimulates hepatic synthesis and adipose tissue uptake of TG. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Hepatic fatty acid synthase mRNA was lower in both BEE groups, whereas PPAR γ 2 mRNA and liver cholesterol were lower in 1·25 %-BEE, suggesting decreased hepatic lipid synthesis. (cambridge.org)
- The CLA in foods derived from ruminants relates to synthesis involving 9-desaturase and trans -7 C18:1 the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by produced in the rumen. (nih.gov)
- Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
- Insulin stimulates IGF-1 (insulin-dependent growth factor), IGF-1 plays a vital role in activating the mTOR pathway (positive regulator of protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy). (scienceplay.com)
- MTOR is the main signaling pathway through which training stimulates muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis. (scienceplay.com)
- CLA is produced naturally in the digestive tract of ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep, buffalo, and to a lesser degree in pigs, chickens and turkeys, and the synthesis occur due to fermentative bacteria, Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens , which isomerize the linoleic acid in CLA or by synthesis via α9-desaturase of 11- trans octadecanoic acid [ 14 ]. (gpni.fit)
- 4. Lipoprotein lipase controls fatty acid entry into adipose tissue, but fat mass is preserved by endogenous synthesis in mice deficient in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. (nih.gov)
Mice9
- AdPLA deficiency was shown to reduce adipose tissue mass for mice in both standard and high fat diets. (wikipedia.org)
- RESULTS: Our results indicated that Jingfang Granules effectively protected mice from acute lung injury induced by bleomycin, which was confirmed by higher body weight, lower pulmonary edema and lung index, and improved pathology and fibrosis of lung tissue compared to model group. (bvsalud.org)
- Further investigation on blood glucose profile of all mice groups revealed a healthy level of blood glucose. (siftdesk.org)
- Previous research has also found that TGF-β levels correlate with obesity in mice and humans, while studies by Dr. Rane's team has identified an important role for the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in the regulation of insulin gene transcription and β cell function. (genengnews.com)
- They found that mice in which the Smad3 gene was globally knocked out exhibited enhanced insulin sensitivity and increased whole-body glucose uptake, which was particularly marked in WAT compared with other metabolically active tissues such as skeletal muscle. (genengnews.com)
- Here we demonstrate that in normal mice resistin delivered in the lateral cerebral ventricle increased endogenous glucose production during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, consistent with induction of hepatic insulin resistance. (jneurosci.org)
- The effects of central resistin on glucose production as well as hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines were abrogated in mice lacking NPY. (jneurosci.org)
- 2. Absence of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) ameliorates fatty livers but not obesity or insulin resistance in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) mice. (nih.gov)
- 10. Overexpression of Insig-1 in the livers of transgenic mice inhibits SREBP processing and reduces insulin-stimulated lipogenesis. (nih.gov)
Adiponectin7
- AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 serve as receptors for adiponectin in vitro , and their reduction in obesity seems to be correlated with reduced adiponectin sensitivity. (nature.com)
- Simultaneous disruption of both AdipoR1 and R2 abolished adiponectin binding and actions, resulting in increased tissue triglyceride content, inflammation and oxidative stress, and thus leading to insulin resistance and marked glucose intolerance. (nature.com)
- Therefore, AdipoR1 and R2 serve as the predominant receptors for adiponectin in vivo and play important roles in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo . (nature.com)
- Figure 5: Targeted disruption of both Adipor1 and Adipor2 results in abrogation of adiponectin binding and adiponectin actions, leading to marked glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. (nature.com)
- The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. (nature.com)
- Both extracts increased adiponectin serum concentrations and mRNA expression in epididymal adipose tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
- Other newly discovered molecules of adipose tissue origin, such as perilipin, adiponectin, and resistin, are potentially of interest with regard to their interactions with the cardivascular system. (nih.gov)
Endocrine organ5
- Scherer, P.E. Adipose tissue: from lipid storage compartment to endocrine organ. (nature.com)
- Adipose tissue is a complicated, crucial, and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ. (intechopen.com)
- Adipose tissue is the primary storage location for excess energy but it may also be defined as an endocrine organ. (intechopen.com)
- Adipose tissue as a metabolically active endocrine organ: While a major role of adipose tissue is the storage of lipid energy, recent work has highlighted the role of adipose tissue as a metabolically active endocrine organ. (nih.gov)
- Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ [ 5 ] and plays a fundamental role in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Subcutaneous3
- In total, 485,577 CpG sites were profiled in matched, before and after weight loss, subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
- A paired analysis revealed significant differential methylation in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
- We identify robust correlations between changes in methylation and clinical trait, including associations between fasting glucose and HDAC4 , SLC37A3 and DENND1C in subcutaneous adipose. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral glucose1
- Sensing of peripheral hormones and nutrients by the hypothalamus plays an important role in maintaining peripheral glucose homeostasis. (jneurosci.org)
Metabolic Syndrome3
- Participants were designated as having metabolic syndrome if they met criteria for 3 of 5 variables: 1) high blood pressure, 2) low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, 3) high fasting blood glucose level, 4) high waist circumference, and 5) high triglyceride level. (cdc.gov)
- Obesity, a metabolic syndrome affecting one-third of the population, has proven to be a major risk factor for COVID-19 severe complications. (frontiersin.org)
- Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance) is a multifactorial disease with multiple risk factors that arises from insulin resistance accompanying abnormal adipose deposition and function. (medscape.com)
Prevalence2
- The latest statistical data showed that Malaysia has experienced an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity. (siftdesk.org)
- The high prevalence of obesity is thought to result from the interaction of genetic susceptibility with behaviors and environmental factors that promote increased calorie intake and sedentary lifestyles. (nih.gov)
Metabolism and l1
Inflammatory4
- Higher adipose PPAR γ mRNA, transforming growth factor β mRNA and adipose tissue histology suggested a pro-fibrogenic phenotype that was less inflammatory in 1·25 %-BEE. (cambridge.org)
- These results suggest that BEE may have improved some metabolic disturbances present in this mouse model of obesity by lowering serum TAG, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance. (cambridge.org)
- We further stimulated our cultures with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, or meteorin-like, glial cell differentiation regulator (METRNL) to trigger an inflammatory response. (proteobiojournal.com)
- ET-1, a 21-amino acid peptide primarily secreted by vascular endothelial cells, is a potent vasoconstrictor and pro-inflammatory peptide [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nonalcoholic fatty l1
- Nutrients including simple sugars, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and animal protein promote nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) directly by promoting IHTG and inhibiting antioxidant activity and indirectly by affecting insulin sensitivity and triglyceride metabolism. (medscape.com)
Triglyceride2
- Clinical diagnosis is made on the basis of the presence of 3 of 5 conditions: 1) high triglyceride level, 2) low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, 3) high fasting blood glucose level, 4) presence of central obesity (ie, high waist circumference), and 5) high blood pressure (1). (cdc.gov)
- 1. Defective uptake of triglyceride-associated fatty acids in adipose tissue causes the SREBP-1c-mediated induction of lipogenesis. (nih.gov)
Epidemic4
- The incidence of global epidemic in obesity has emerged as one of the major health issues as a consequence of excessive consumption of energy-dense diets and sedentary lifestyle. (siftdesk.org)
- With the rapid expansion of obesity epidemic worldwide, it is crucial to develop new effective anti-obesity therapeutic agent for prevention and control measures to tackle the global obesity scenario. (siftdesk.org)
- The obesity epidemic is a problem of global importance with a profound impact on maternal-fetal health. (karger.com)
- Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States that affects approximately one-third of adults and nearly 17 percent of children and teens. (nih.gov)
Lipogenesis1
- 9. Increased hepatic lipogenesis but decreased expression of lipogenic gene in adipose tissue in human obesity. (nih.gov)
Excess2
- Insulin hormone is also responsible for the stimulation of the absorption and storage of any excess glucose in the blood. (speedypaper.com)
- When the adipocyte tissue capacity to store excess energy is diminished, as is seen in many obesity phenotypes, hepatocytes store the extra lipids, called intrahepatic triglycerides (IHTGs). (medscape.com)
Treatment of obesity3
- The critical therapeutic end point in the treatment of obesity is not only the reduction in bodyweight, but the reduction in morbidity and mortality from associated comorbidities. (medscape.com)
- Lypopolyssacharide, endocanabinoid system and gut microbiota seem to play an important role in the development of obesity and emerge as a possible target for the treatment of obesity and correlated diseases. (ommegaonline.org)
- Hippocrates used acetic acid to prevent infection by treating wounds with it and today it is recommended for anything from warts to jellyfish stings, but research shows that we may be missing a key element in the treatment of obesity in some patients. (walkingoffpounds.com)
Mechanisms4
- Glucose uptake is regulated by several mechanisms, where insulin plays the most prominent role. (intechopen.com)
- We will present regulatory mechanisms and modulators of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. (intechopen.com)
- Environmental factors can influence obesity by epigenetic mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
- The three major mechanisms of glucose control in the body. (antiagemedical.com)
Decrease5
- Exercise training (TR) not only leads to a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the inflammation-related adipokines in WAT. (hindawi.com)
- In adipose tissue a progressive decrease in VLDL-TG uptake and lipoprotein lipase activity was found, and uptake of 2-DOG by muscle and adipose tissue was further reduced. (diabetesjournals.org)
- With advancing age, there is a decrease in lean body mass and its replacement by adipose tissue, thus the caloric expenditure in old age tends to decrease, which favors the increase of obesity and all the problems arising from it. (abundanthealth.info)
- A very novel one is that it has also been shown to help decrease the 'beiging' of adipose tissue. (dpsnutrition.net)
- It reduces hepatic glucose output, may decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, and may increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)
Free fatt3
- Background: Although it is well-accepted that increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration causes lipid overload and muscle insulin resistance in people with obesity, plasma FFA concentration poorly predicts insulin-resistant glucose metabolism. (wustl.edu)
- L-BAIBA plays an important role in the benefits of regular exercise and is the starting point for a positive sequence of events including increased free fatty acid oxidization, improved glucose uptake, and reduced body fat. (dpsnutrition.net)
- Fatty acid translocase cluster determinant 36 (CD36), which is part of the free fatty acid (FFA) transporter system, has been identified in several tissues such as muscle, liver, and insulin-producing cells. (e-dmj.org)
Dysfunction3
- Inflammation in turn results in immune cells infiltrating into the tissue and further promoting adipocyte dysfunction. (proteobiojournal.com)
- Currently, pathogenesis of obesity is categorized as not only as a form of metabolic dysfunction, but also as chronic low-grade inflammation. (proteobiojournal.com)
- Adipose tissue plays a key role in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, and gastric bypass provides a model to investigate obesity and weight loss in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
GLUT41
- Conversely, overexpression of miR-29 by electroporation of mouse tibialis anterior muscle decreased glucose uptake and glycogen content in vivo, concomitant with decreased abundance of GLUT4. (diabetesjournals.org)
Amino acids3
- The human CD36 gene is located on chromosome 7 (7q11.2) and consists of 15 exons with a single peptide chain of 472 amino acids and has a predicted molecular mass of 53 kDa [ 3 ]. (e-dmj.org)
- Insulin also transports amino acids (from the so-called pool of amino acids in the blood) to other tissues, such as the skeletal muscle itself. (scienceplay.com)
- Ceramides are waxy substances containing fatty acids that, along with other metabolites such as branched chain amino acids and diacylglycerols, have been implicated as antagonists of insulin action and are detrimental if circulating levels are excessive. (medscape.com)
Role in the development of obesity1
- It has also been reported to play a crucial role in the development of obesity in mouse models. (wikipedia.org)
Pathway1
- 12. Comparison of the expression and activity of the lipogenic pathway in human and rat adipose tissue. (nih.gov)
Overweight2
- Also alarming are the ever rising rates of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, which have tripled over the last 30 years. (nih.gov)
- The obesity often caused by this overweight is detrimental to the health of millions of people. (molecularmetabolism.com)
Whole-body glucose1
Anti-obesity5
- Findings from quantitative PCR (qPCR) technique have disclosed anti-obesity mechanism of SCOBY papaya beverages. (siftdesk.org)
- For example, vinegar and Kimchi are some of the nutritionally enhanced fermented foods that have been reported to have anti-obesity effects, supported by evidence collected from the in-vivo studies which confirm their influences on gut microbiota and gene expression (Han et al. (siftdesk.org)
- The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that low doses of two different V. mandshurica extracts have anti-obesity effects. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, previous and current attempts at anti-obesity strategies focusing on energy expenditure are highlighted. (molecularmetabolism.com)
- A precise understanding of the components surrounding energy expenditure, including tailored approaches based on genetic, biomarker, or physical characteristics, must be integrated into future anti-obesity treatments. (molecularmetabolism.com)
Abnormal1
- These observations suggest that the biotin administration ameliorates abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic patients, presumably by enhancing the activity of the biotin-dependent enzyme, pyruvate carboxylase, with a subsequent promotion of glucose utilization for the entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (researchgate.net)
Hepatic lipid1
- Conclusions: PM 2.5 mediates IR by regulating VAT inflammation, hepatic lipid metabolism, and glucose utilization in skeletal muscle via both CCR2-dependent and -independent pathways. (nih.gov)