• This review summarizes the major pathological factors linking obesity to diabetes, focussing on current epidemiological data related to obese diabetic patients in the Arab world, the etiology of the disease and the genetic determinants of diabetes and obesity. (who.int)
  • Most obese males had higher AIM tissue distribution in the adipocytes (64.7%, P =0.021) and macrophages (88.2%, P =0.024) vs lean males. (eurospe.org)
  • Obese adolescent males particularly showed an association of low CD40 (M1 macrophage marker) intensity with high AIM adipocyte intensity suggesting an anti-inflammatory role of AIM in the adipocytes in male adolescents with mild obesity possibly reflecting a protective mechanism against metabolic complications in this age group. (eurospe.org)
  • Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • We are also studying tumour samples from normal weight and obese breast cancer patients to better understand the role adipocytes play in promoting aggressive tumour growth and spread, and identify patients likely to benefit from additional treatment during cancer therapy. (otago.ac.nz)
  • The findings suggested that different levels and chemical compositions of these phenolic compounds might prevent obesity or improve the insulin profile of people who are obese, Luna-Vital said. (news-medical.net)
  • Obese individuals exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired adipocyte differentiation that negatively impact glucose metabolism. (sdgln.com)
  • In obese humans, adipocyte-secreted CCL20 may contribute to the deposition of Compact disc4+ helper and Compact disc8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes within adipose tissues, possibly via connections with CCR6 which was upregulated on T cells in obese adipose tissues (100). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • reported that both visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes from obese human beings and mice portrayed all MHCII elements necessary for antigen display and increased degrees of Compact disc80 and Compact disc86, and could work as APCs therefore. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Indeed, the principal adipocytes isolated from obese mice could induce antigen-specific Compact disc4+ T cell activation (58). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • further defined that mostly huge adipocytes from obese adipose tissues exhibited an increased expression degree of MHCII substances and acted as APCs to activate Compact disc4+ T cells to secrete IFN- (103). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Taken together, one important mechanism for obese adipose CD4+ T cell activation may be mediated through MHCII expressed on ATMs and adipocytes. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are overweight or obese, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. (medscape.com)
  • The mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD) cluster includes the most obese but not the most insulin resistant individuals. (lu.se)
  • The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obese subjects [ 3 ] suggests that adipose tissue (AT) has a major role in the body distribution of vitamin D, but the causal relationship between obesity and low levels of circulating 25(OH)D has not been completely elucidated yet. (medscape.com)
  • lion adults are obese and 2.1 bil ion attributed to obesity. (who.int)
  • Adipose tissue abundance relies partly on the factors that regulate adipogenesis, i.e. proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, as an alternative, we produced EXIQON microarray of brown and white primary murine adipocytes (prior to and following differentiation) to yield global profiles of miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the regulation of the pathways that lead to proliferation and differentiation of white and brown pre-adipocytes could be crucial for revealing the underlying mechanisms of obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has been suggested that adipogenesis is regulated by PPARβ/δ followed by PPARγ and C/EBPα promoting differentiation into mature adipocytes [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we show that murine GATA-2 and GATA-3 are specifically expressed in white adipocyte precursors and that their down-regulation sets the stage for terminal differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • Constitutive GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression suppressed adipocyte differentiation and trapped cells at the preadipocyte stage. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, GATA-2 and GATA-3 regulate adipocyte differentiation through molecular control of the preadipocyte-adipocyte transition. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Simultaneously, adipocytes secrete various cytokines including leptin, resistin, TNF-α and IL-6 to regulate the differentiation and function of T and B lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • ATX is also important in adipogenesis since it is upregulated during preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes and secreted into circulation by the adipose tissue [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The circadian clock component NR1D1 (REVERBα) is considered a dominant regulator of lipid metabolism, with global Nr1d1 deletion driving dysregulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) lipogenesis and obesity. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, it is still unclear if adipocytes from other depots, such as intramuscular adipocytes, also emerging in the context of obesity and aging ( 6 ) can influence skeletal muscle metabolism, function, and mass. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Circadian control of adipocyte creatine metabolism underlies the timing of diet -induced thermogenesis , and enhancement of adipocyte circadian rhythms through overexpression of the clock activator brain and muscle Arnt-like protein -1 (BMAL1) ameliorated metabolic complications during diet -induced obesity . (bvsalud.org)
  • Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated glycerol metabolism contributes to the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (lu.se)
  • Frequent complications of obesity, changes in lipid metabolism in adipocytes. (ukaachen.de)
  • Pharmacological factor involved in obesity includes lipoprotein lipase having a central role in metabolism of both triglyceride rich particles and high density lipoprotein. (omicsonline.org)
  • Insulin resistance and disordering of lipid metabolism occur in obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis. (lww.com)
  • Population studies show a strong association between indices of inflammation, and abnormal lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, obesity and atherosclerosis. (lww.com)
  • Unhealthy diets high in saturated fats, sugars, and refined carbohydrates also provoke obesity and impaired glucose metabolism. (sdgln.com)
  • CSHA is pleased to announce the Cold Spring Harbor Asia-Metabolism, Obesity and Obesity-associated Diseases, which will be held at the Suzhou Dushu Lake Conference Center (CSHA's exclusive venue) in Suzhou, China, located approximately 60 miles west of Shanghai. (csh-asia.org)
  • Vitamin D is a lipophilic hormone playing a key role in bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis, [ 1 ] and it is also involved in many other pathological processes [ 2 ] commonly linked with obesity. (medscape.com)
  • Human Adipocytes Induce Inflammation and Atrophy in Muscle Cells During Obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Using a combination of three-dimensional coculture and conditioned media experiments, they showed that the secretome of inflamed human visceral adipocytes induces atrophy in human skeletal muscle cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Moreover, endothelial cells secrete Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) that target adipocytes in vivo . (cherrybiotech.com)
  • Particularly, we will describe and discuss the EV-dependent communication and regulation between adipocytes, adiponectin, and the endothelial cells regulating systemic energy homeostasis in health and metabolic disease in humans. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • GATA-3-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit an enhanced capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and defective GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression is associated with obesity. (nih.gov)
  • Our results highlight the crucial role of ETP as an obesity-associated factor that promotes tumor growth in the context of adipocyte interactions with tumor and stromal cells. (jci.org)
  • This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adipocytes are the main constituent cells of adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that adipocytes have immunological functions capable of recruiting and activating immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, there is no clear evidence that adipocytes interact directly with CD8 + T cells through antigen:MHCI complex. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • First, they exposed fat-storing cells, or adipocytes - that they derived from stem cells - to caffeine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • PBM-treated hypertrophic cells (1064 nm and 17.6 J/cm2 every day for 7 days following addition of PA) decreased the lipid levels in hypertrophic adipocytes, restored the GLUT4 protein expression and enhanced glucose transport. (google.com)
  • In humans the generation of fat cells (adipocytes) is a major factor behind the growth of adipose tissue during childhood. (europa.eu)
  • Increased fat storage in fully differentiated adipocytes, resulting in enlarged fat cells, is well documented and thought to be the most important mechanism whereby fat depots increase in adults. (europa.eu)
  • Very little is known about the maintenance of fat cells (adipocytes) in humans, how different fat depots are maintained and how (or if) this is altered in obesity. (europa.eu)
  • The local tumour microenvironment is the milieu within which the tumour develops, and includes tumour blood vessels, other cells types (e.g. immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes), soluble growth factors and signalling molecules. (otago.ac.nz)
  • We are culturing human fat cells (adipocytes) and tumour cells together, to find out how adipocytes alter tumour cell phenotype and response to therapy. (otago.ac.nz)
  • To examine the impact of anthocyanins on obesity-induced inflammation, then-graduate student and first author of the study Qiaozhi Zhang combined fat cells - called adipocytes - from mice with large immune cells called macrophages. (news-medical.net)
  • They observed that the phenolic compounds in the extracts altered the cells' development, reducing the adipocytes' fat content from 8%-56%, depending on the differing phenols used. (news-medical.net)
  • In this study, with the assumption that adipose tissue can be mechanically responsive (as is the case for well-known musculoskeletal tissues), we hypothesized that mechanical loading applied to the adipose tissue and its component cells, such as adipocytes, may play a role in the exercise control of insulin sensitivity. (unl.edu)
  • TNF-α is produced, by cells of the immune system and by adipocytes. (lww.com)
  • Fat cells (adipocytes) also produce cytokines, inflammatory mediators and other substances that incite inflammation and predispose the body to other problems. (cornell.edu)
  • Obesity also stresses pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin initially, leading to exhaustion and burnout over time. (sdgln.com)
  • Obesity creates inflammation mediated by immune cells within fat tissue that alters insulin pathway functioning. (sdgln.com)
  • Another statement showed the preadipocyte- and endothelial cell-derived stromal-derived element-1 (CXCL12), mediated early infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes in obesity, which preceded the increase of macrophages in adipose cells of mice on HFD (101). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • CD8+ T Cell Activation Compared to CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells show a greater increase in adipose tissue in obesity and in aging (31, 43, 106). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Additional signs and symptoms in some individuals with this disorder include low levels of white blood cells (neutropenia), overly friendly behavior, and obesity that develops in late childhood or adolescence. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This protein is thought to be involved in normal growth and development of nerve cells (neurons) and fat cells (adipocytes), and may play a role in the storage and distribution of fats in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In IR adipocytes, uptake of D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was higher, but, after adrenaline stimulation, the decrement in D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 was stronger in control cells, which also showed increased expression of Cyp27a1 and Cyp27b1 and higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3. (medscape.com)
  • In the USA, obesity has recent- obesity is associated with progres- aberrations of cancer cells, summa- ly surpassed tobacco use as the sion but not incidence [9]. (who.int)
  • The current results indicated that PBMT inhibited FFA generation and release in insulin-resistant adipocytes and reduced plasma FFA levels in diabetic db/db mice and HFD-fed mice. (google.com)
  • We observed very important changes in molecules that reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in the insulin-resistant adipocytes,' Luna-Vital said. (news-medical.net)
  • In the first stage of weight problems induced by HFD, raised free of charge essential fatty acids will be the initial stimulus for adipocyte hypertrophy and MHCII-related gene upregulation, possibly via activation of JNK and STAT1, which Purpureaside C may further activate CIITA, a prime regulator of MHCII expression (103, 104). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • mice do manifest profound obesity, yet without the accompanying WAT in2ammation and 1brosis exhibited by controls. (elifesciences.org)
  • Sesamin attenuates obesity-associated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in high-fat and high-fructose diet-fed mice. (cabi.org)
  • We found that genetic enhancement of adipocyte thermogenesis through ablation of the zinc finger protein 423 (ZFP423) attenuated obesity caused by consumption of a high-fat diet during the inactive ( light ) period by increasing futile creatine cycling in mice . (bvsalud.org)
  • Scientists at the University of Illinois have developed new hybrids of purple corn containing different combinations of phytochemicals that may fight obesity, inflammation and diabetes, a new study in mice indicates. (news-medical.net)
  • p53 in AgRP neurons is required for protection against diet-induced obesity via JNK1. (uib.no)
  • We found 65 miRNAs regulated during in vitro adipogenesis in primary adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we propose a molecular mechanism where the AQP7 mobility in adipocytes is dependent on perilipin 1 and protein kinase A. Biochemical analyses combined with ex vivo studies in human primary adipocytes, demonstrate that perilipin 1 binds to AQP7, and that catecholamine activated protein kinase A phosphorylates the N-terminus of AQP7, thereby reducing complex formation. (lu.se)
  • We investigated the role of S100B in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages using a cell-culture model. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, S100B as an adipokine may play a role in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages to establish a vicious paracrine loop. (nih.gov)
  • cfDNA released from degenerated adipocytes promoted monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in wild-type macrophages, but not in TLR9-deficient (Tlr9−/−) macrophages. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Apoptosis Inhibitor of Macrophages: an Anti-Inflammatory Adipocyte Factor in Mild Adolescent Obesity? (eurospe.org)
  • Obesity in the males was associated with higher tissue AIM distribution in both adipocytes and macrophages. (eurospe.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide a preliminary analysis of miRNAs associated with primary cell in vitro adipogenesis and demonstrate that the inflammation-associated miRNA, mir-21 is up-regulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue in human obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Not only do Adipocytes have energy storage and endocrine functions, but they also play an immunological role. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to their main functions, adipocytes have endocrine functions and can secrete a variety of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, many other factors appear to increase a person's predisposition to obesity, including endocrine disruptors (eg, bisphenol A [BPA]), gut microbiome, sleep/wake cycles, and environmental factors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Consumption of a high-fat Western diet (HFWD) contributes to obesity, disrupted adipose endocrine function, and development of metabolic dysfunction (MetDys). (cdc.gov)
  • The potential implications of our results are pretty big, as obesity is a major health concern for society, and we also have a growing diabetes epidemic, and brown fat could potentially be part of the solution. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If we could get the human body to turn 'bad fat' into 'good fat' that burns calories instead of storing them, we could add a serious new tool to tackle the obesity epidemic in the United States," says study leader Sheng Bi, M.D., an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Obesity and related metabolic disorders have reached global epidemic proportions in recent decades. (unl.edu)
  • Adipocytes secrete more hormones like resist in and cytokines like TNF-alpha that both impede insulin action. (sdgln.com)
  • Thus, adipocytes may produce peptide and/or lipid factors that are secreted into the systemic bloodstream and negatively influence skeletal muscle mass. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The endothelial-dependent regulation of blood flow in AT is hampered in obesity, which negatively affects the adipocyte. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat is accumulated to an extent that health may be negatively affected. (omicsonline.org)
  • IRX5 regulates adipocyte amyloid precursor protein and mitochondrial respiration in obesity. (uib.no)
  • NIOSH reports that Appalachian coal miners have higher rates of obesity and metabolic dysfunction (MetDys) compared to the general U.S. adult population. (cdc.gov)
  • Hence, the adipocyte, as a major constituent of the mammary tumor stroma ( 3 ), is a likely contributor to tumor growth. (jci.org)
  • Adipocyte-derived factors involved in tumor progression include proteins such as adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, and ECM components that control tumor cell behavior within the tumor microenvironment. (jci.org)
  • We will discuss how obesity changes the AT environment and how these changes contribute to obesity-associated metabolic disease in humans. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • The finding could lead to better obesity treatments for humans, the scientists report. (sciencedaily.com)
  • studies indicated that RANTES is Purpureaside C an adipokine that can be produced by adipocytes and takes on an important part in T cell migration, suggesting a potential part of the RANTES/CCR5 axis in adipose T cell build up in obesity (24). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, since 2009 Associate Professor Currie's interests have expanded to include the contribution to tumour progression made by tumour infiltrating immune cell populations, breast cancer stem cell-like populations, and obesity-related factors. (otago.ac.nz)
  • In various human cancers, obesity is linked to invasive tumours that are resistant to therapy and have poor outcome. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Obesity-related cancers. (who.int)
  • This article explores the link between obesity and diabetes, the mechanisms behind the connection, complications that can arise, and preventive lifestyle measures and medical interventions to reduce diabetes risk. (sdgln.com)
  • This work package explores the differences between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity and focuses on elucidating the mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes improvement or remission after gastric bypass surgery. (lu.se)
  • Obesity, the most common comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2: is leptin the link? (nature.com)
  • The authors state that " Obesity is characterized by pathological adipose tissue (AT) expansion. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • Adipocytes are involved in adaptive immunity to mediate the pathological processes of a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune syndromes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Owing to the increase in obesity, life expectancy may start to decrease in developed countries for the first time in recent history. (europa.eu)
  • Some researchers have suggested that prompting the body to turn white fat into brown fat could be a successful way to fight obesity, and studies have focused on specific pathways that could facilitate this fat burning process. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Here we showed that obesity-related adipocyte degeneration causes release of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which promotes macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), originally known as a sensor of exogenous DNA fragments. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Obesity is characterized by accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes. (omicsonline.org)
  • Adipocyte NR1D1 does not drive an anticipatory daily rhythm in WAT lipogenesis, but rather modulates WAT activity in response to alterations in metabolic state. (elifesciences.org)
  • As a proof-ofconcept test, we applied cyclic stretch loading to the adipocyte model, differentiated adipocytes from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and evaluated stretch-induced activation of key insulin signaling molecules. (unl.edu)
  • On the other hand, interestingly, one of the key downstream insulin signaling molecules, protein kinase-B (PKB, or Akt) and its phosphorylation (pAkt) were significantly increased for cyclically stretched adipocytes relative to unstretched control. (unl.edu)
  • Overweight and obesity are significantly associated with metabol- tients and the general population. (cdc.gov)
  • However, no systematic effort has lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], elevated triglycerides, and apoli- explored the effect of overweight and obesity on the prevalence of poprotein B-containing lipoproteins), elevated blood pressure, el- metabolic syndrome in India. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence from animal and human studies suggests a crucial role of the crosstalk between vascular endothelium (the innermost cell type in blood vessels) and adipocytes for metabolic homeostasis. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • Exposure of isolated human adipocytes to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) produced a marked and specific decrease in the mRNA encoding the SREBP1c isoform and completely blocked the insulin-induced cleavage of SREBP1 protein. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Excess adipose tissue, resulting in obesity, is currently one of the most serious threats to human health on a global level. (europa.eu)
  • 80) adipocyte number (83.3%, P =0.023), and lower intensity of macrophage CD40 ( P =0.043) with high intensity of adipocyte AIM vs male lean adolescents. (eurospe.org)
  • Obesity in Adolescents Obesity is now twice as common among adolescents than it was 30 years ago and is one of the most common reasons for visits to adolescent clinics. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Horses with obesity may have abnormal fat deposits in certain parts of their bodies (regional adiposity) but be in good condition in other regions. (cornell.edu)
  • Researchers speculate that problems with neuron development underlie microcephaly, intellectual disability, and retinal dystrophy and that abnormal fat storage may cause truncal obesity in people with Cohen syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)