• These findings suggest a convergence of the signaling pathways of some members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. (nih.gov)
  • The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: thyroid hormone receptors. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • These diverse actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and functions as a hormone-dependent transcription factor. (brainimmune.com)
  • The transcription factor Nur77 (NGFI-B), a member of the steroid nuclear receptor superfamily, is induced to a high level during T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated apoptosis. (duke.edu)
  • This gene encodes a member of the family of estrogen receptors and superfamily of nuclear receptor transcription factors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Steroid or nuclear hormone receptors constitute an important superfamily of transcription regulators that are involved in widely diverse physiological functions, including control of embryonic development, cell differentiation and homeostasis. (embl.de)
  • Glucocorticoids, steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex, play essential roles in the maintenance of internal homeostasis by influencing virtually all organs and tissues. (brainimmune.com)
  • Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones secreted from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, and play numerous important roles in the maintenance of internal homeostasis by influencing activities of virtually all organs and tissues, such as the brain, liver, skeletal muscles and the immune-related organs and cells [1]. (brainimmune.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Functional redundancy of the Nur77 and Nor-1 orphan steroid receptors in T-cell apoptosis. (duke.edu)
  • Antioxidant genes such as ferritin are transcriptionally activated in oxidative stress via the antioxidant responsive element (ARE), to which nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binds and activates transcription. (embl.de)
  • Arsenic exposure of human HaCaT keratinocytes induced nuclear accumulation of PRMT1 and PRMT4, histone H4R3 and H3R17 methylation proximal to the ARE, but not to the non-ARE regions of ferritin genes. (embl.de)
  • Dissecting effectivity of a 5′ speedy amplification of cDNA ends (5′-RACE) strategy for profiling T-cell receptor beta repertoire Deep sequencing of T-cell receptor (TCR) genes is highly effective at profiling immune repertoire. (nfkb-p65.info)
  • The receptors function as dimeric molecules in nuclei to regulate the transcription of target genes in a ligand-responsive manner. (embl.de)
  • These response elements position the receptors, and the complexes recruited by them, close to the genes of which transcription is affected. (embl.de)
  • The GSE3467 , GSE3678 , GSE33630 and GSE53157 were obtained from the GEO database, including 100 thyroid tumors and 64 normal tissues to obtain the intersection of differentially expressed genes, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed to obtain the HUB gene. (peerj.com)
  • Thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR-beta) also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group A, member 2 (NR1A2), is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the THRB gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear hormone receptor for triiodothyronine. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have purified and cloned a HeLa cell nuclear protein that strongly stimulates binding of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors (RARs and TRs) to response elements. (nih.gov)
  • The purified protein is a human retinoid X receptor beta (hRXR beta). (nih.gov)
  • Megalin belongs to the LDL-receptor family, sharing common features with LDL receptor, LDLreceptor- related protein (LRP), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor, and the apolipoprotein E (apo E) receptor-2. (medquizzes.net)
  • Besides, it is a nuclear receptor protein that is encoded by the THRB gene in humans. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Her Endocrinology research is multidisciplinary, incorporating elements of Beta, Beta protein, Wild type, Homeotic gene and In vivo. (research.com)
  • Some authors propose that serum thyroid hormone abnormalities are due to inhibition of thyroid hormone binding to proteins, thus preventing tests from appropriately reflecting free hormone levels. (medscape.com)
  • Plasma-binding proteins increase the pool of circulating hormone, delay hormone clearance, and may modulate hormone delivery to selected tissue sites. (medquizzes.net)
  • Euthyroid sick syndrome (also known as nonthyroidal illness syndrome) can be described as abnormal findings on thyroid function tests that occur in the setting of a nonthyroidal illness (NTI), without preexisting hypothalamic-pituitary and thyroid gland dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Congratulations - you have completed Disorders of the Thyroid Gland- Part 2 . (medquizzes.net)
  • TSH is the dominant hormonal regulator of thyroid gland growth & function, but growth factors produced locally in thyroid gland also influence thyroid hormone synthesis which include insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor (TGF-) & endothelins. (medquizzes.net)
  • Normal thyroid gland escapes from this inhibitory effect & iodide organification resumes. (medquizzes.net)
  • Individuals in the United States can also be exposed to radioiodine, primarily 123I and 131I, as a result of clinical procedures in which radioiodine compounds are administered to detect abnormalities of the thyroid gland or to destroy the thyroid gland to treat thyrotoxicosis or thyroid gland tumors. (cdc.gov)
  • For this reason, a surgical procedure to remove all or a large portion of the thyroid gland may be necessary to obtain sufficient tissue for a definitive diagnosis of FTC. (medscape.com)
  • Provides vitamin C and pectin- vitamin C supports adrenal function (adrenals often show some degree of exhaustion with autoimmunity), repairs iodine transporter in the thyroid gland (which can be dysfunctional), neutralizes excessive free radicals (problem connected with autoimmunity), important for collagen building. (gravesdiseaseunmasked.com)
  • Broccoli and kale are highly goitrogenic foods which slow down thyroid gland, great vegetables for detoxification of excessive hormones. (gravesdiseaseunmasked.com)
  • A thyroid ultrasound , which uses ultrasonic waves to image your child's thyroid gland. (chop.edu)
  • Classic findings of Graves' disease include an enlarged thyroid gland and tissue irregularity with increased blood flow throughout the gland. (chop.edu)
  • Her primary areas of investigation include Internal medicine, Endocrinology, Cell biology, Receptor and Immunology. (research.com)
  • Her Endocrinology research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Prokineticin receptor 1, Nuclear receptor, Retinoid X receptor and Signal transduction. (research.com)
  • Defects in this gene are known to be a cause of generalized thyroid hormone resistance (GTHR), a syndrome characterized by goiter and high levels of circulating thyroid hormone (T3-T4), with normal or slightly elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). (wikipedia.org)
  • Once activated by a ligand, the receptor acts as a transcription factor either as a monomer, homodimer or heterodimer with members of the retinoid X receptor family. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
  • Transcription issue GLIS3: Crucial roles in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, hypothyroidism, pancreatic beta cells and diabetes GLI-Comparable 3 (GLIS3) is a member of the GLIS subfamily of Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription elements that capabilities as an activator or repressor of gene expression. (nfkb-p65.info)
  • Transcription factors 3: nuclear receptors. (embl.de)
  • Her studies deal with areas such as Retinoid, Nuclear receptor, Retinoid X receptor, Adipocyte and Signal transduction as well as Receptor. (research.com)
  • Her Retinoid X receptor study combines topics from a wide range of disciplines, such as Gene knockout and Retinoid. (research.com)
  • T3 binding to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), changes the conformation of the TR, allowing it to bind to the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and form a coactivator complex. (drugbank.com)
  • Papillary/follicular carcinoma must be considered a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (mixed form). (medscape.com)
  • Thus, organisms cannot survive in the absence of glucocorticoid action, as observed in the mouse model in which the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene is genetically deleted [3]. (brainimmune.com)
  • To investigate the correlation between the polymorphism of estrogen receptor β gene (ESR2) rs3020450 and cancer susceptibility, and explore the epidemiological significance and the effect of ESR2 expression levels on the prognosis of ovarian cancer. (cancerindex.org)
  • Contain Beta carotene, which inhibits Bcl-2 gene, switched on in thyroid cells in Graves' disease and thus balance the immune system, beta carotene is a precursors of vitamin A, often depleted in Graves' disease. (gravesdiseaseunmasked.com)
  • MicroRNA-27a regulates beta cardiac myosin heavy chain gene expression by targeting thyroid hormone receptor beta1 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. (geneticsmr.com)
  • A general conviction exists that patients with thyroid function test result abnormalities do not have hypothyroidism despite the low serum hormone levels in blood and low T3 in most of the tissues. (medscape.com)
  • So, it plays role in treating hypothyroidism and other diseases related to abnormal thyroid hormone levels. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Thyroid, porcine is a naturally-occurring peptide hormone used for the replacement therapy for hypothyroidism of any etiology, treatment for euthyroid goiters, and management of thyroid cancers. (drugbank.com)
  • 4 , 10 Thyroid extract has been described in literature to treat hypothyroidism since 1891 2 but its use dates back as far as the 6th century. (drugbank.com)
  • Thyroid extract increases the metabolic rate of patients with hypothyroidism. (drugbank.com)
  • Maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis is important and regulated by BA activated receptors and signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Patients with AD have been reported to present changes in the homeostasis of thyroid hormones. (bvsalud.org)
  • An adequate intake of iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones. (cdc.gov)
  • A nuclear medicine uptake and scan , which helps determine how well your child's thyroid tissue absorbs iodine, a key ingredient in making thyroid hormone. (chop.edu)
  • Alterations in thyroid function test findings may reflect changes in production of thyroid hormone by effects on the thyroid itself, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, on peripheral tissue metabolism of the hormones, or by a combination of these effects. (medscape.com)
  • In Graves' disease, the immune system develops an antibody - TSI - that attaches to the thyroid cells, leading to an unregulated, increased production of thyroid hormone, both T3 and T4. (chop.edu)
  • Although radioligand binding assays have been described for these receptors, the radioligands are not commercially available. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • According to one proposition, the assays would indicate reference range thyroid hormone levels in the blood if appropriate tests were applied. (medscape.com)
  • INDIGO Bioscience's nuclear receptor reporter assays are all-inclusive cell-based assay systems. (thomassci.com)
  • In addition, THR-β is a receptor that binds thyroid hormone. (immune-system-research.com)
  • This antibody- called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) - binds to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor and causes unregulated production and release of thyroid hormone. (chop.edu)
  • Objective: This study investigated the pattern of receptor expressions such as toll (TLR) and intracellular mediators on horse muscle cells after exercising, and the relationship between TLR expression in stressed horse muscle cells and immune cell migration in this direction. (toll-likereceptors.com)
  • Three murine members of the RXR family (mRXR alpha, beta, and gamma) have also been cloned, and their interactions with RARs and TRs have been investigated. (nih.gov)
  • HSCS have an increased capacity of vitamin A because they contain retinoic acid receptors (rars). (toll-likereceptors.com)
  • Megalin is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates endocytosis of Tg by thyroid cells resulting in its transcytosis, thereby avoiding the lysosomal pathway, where proteolytic cleavage of Tg results in hormone release. (medquizzes.net)
  • The molecular pathogenesis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is thought to be initiated by point mutations that result in dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Identification of a Vitamin-D Receptor Antagonist, MeTC7, which Inhibits the Growth of Xenograft and Transgenic Tumors In Vivo . (mcw.edu)
  • Liu YY, Brent GA. (2010) Thyroid hormone crosstalk with nuclear receptor signaling in metabolic regulation. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • The impact of exposures on bile acid (BA) signaling and Farnesoid X receptor-mediated gut-liver crosstalk is emerging. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 2010) Mini-review: Cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone and nongenomic regulation of ion fluxes in excitable cells. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • This binding inhibitor can be present both in the serum and in body tissues and might inhibit uptake of thyroid hormones by cells or prevent binding to nuclear T3 receptors, thus inhibiting the action of the hormone. (medscape.com)
  • FTC and other thyroid neoplasms arising from follicular cells (adenomas, papillary/follicular carcinoma, and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features [NIFTP]) show a broad range of overlapping clinical and cytologic features. (medscape.com)
  • rich in vitamins and minerals such as iron (often depleted in thyroid autoimmunity), it also contain Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a molecule which helps with the repair of mitochondria, energy factories of cells. (gravesdiseaseunmasked.com)
  • Graves' disease occurs when your child's immune system develops antibodies that attach to the thyroid cells, causing them to produce too much thyroid hormone . (chop.edu)
  • Screen drug effects on a specific receptor or full panels in agonist or antagonist mode. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Brent GA. (2012) Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Homeostatic mechanisms that regulate the thyroid axis are directed toward maintenance of normal concentrations of unbound hormones. (medquizzes.net)
  • This discussion does not consider pharmacologic interference an intrinsic part of the spectrum of changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function that occur in NTI. (medscape.com)
  • Consider pharmacologic interferences as part of the evaluation of a patient who has thyroid function test result abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Guide To Pharmacology (IUPHAR GtOP) is the most mature and comprehensive actively-curated authority on pharmacologically relevant interactions of receptors and enzymes with bioactive small molecules (BSMs). (signalingpathways.org)
  • Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) originates from thyroid tissue and has the potential for distal metastasis ( Siegel, Miller & Jemal, 2019 ). (peerj.com)
  • Classic findings of Graves' disease include increased absorption of the radioiodine (greater than 30% of thyroid hormone production at 24 hours) that is uniformly distributed throughout the thyroid tissue. (chop.edu)
  • The environmental and dietary pesticide exposures can cause thyroid hormones (THs) disorders, which are associated with the high incidence of thyroid diseases worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • While we do not know why patients develop autoimmune thyroid disorders, it is common for other family members to have been diagnosed with the same or a different autoimmune disorder. (chop.edu)
  • Development of Inhaled GABA A Receptor Modulators to Improve Airway Function in Bronchoconstrictive Disorders. (mcw.edu)
  • Excess iodide transiently inhibits thyroid iodide organification, a phenomenon known as the Wolff- Chaikoff effect. (medquizzes.net)
  • Elbers LP, Kastelein JJ, Sjouke B. (2016) Thyroid Hormone Mimetics: the Past, Current Status and Future Challenges. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • It is one of the several receptors for thyroid hormone, and has been shown to mediate the biological activities of thyroid hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Knockout studies in mice suggest that the different receptors, while having certain extent of redundancy, may mediate different functions of thyroid hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Grover GJ, Mellström K, Malm J. (2007) Therapeutic potential for thyroid hormone receptor-beta selective agonists for treating obesity, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Resmetirom (MGL-3196) is a highly selective thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) agonist with an EC 50 value of 0.21 μM. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Multiple alterations in serum thyroid function test findings have been recognized in patients with a wide variety of NTIs without evidence of preexisting thyroid or hypothalamic-pituitary disease. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple alterations in serum thyroid function test findings have been recognized in patients with a wide variety of NTI without evidence of preexisting thyroid or hypothalamic-pituitary disease. (medscape.com)
  • The Receptor study combines topics in areas such as Cardiomyopathy, Heart disease and Immunology. (research.com)
  • FTC resembles the normal microscopic pattern of the thyroid, and a clear distinction between benign and malignant disease based solely on cytological examination of a needle biopsy specimen may be difficult. (medscape.com)
  • One of the helpful hints in my book: 'Thyroid and Graves 'disease unmasked' is a recipe for a raw vegetable/fruit juice. (gravesdiseaseunmasked.com)
  • Irritated and/or bulging eyes (called proptosis) with redness or visible blood vessels on the white part of the eye, pain when moving the eyes and inability to fully open the eyelid (known as Graves' ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease). (chop.edu)
  • In the majority of patients with Graves' disease, the autoimmune disease is limited to the thyroid. (chop.edu)
  • In the Pediatric Thyroid Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), clinical experts use a variety of diagnostic tests to diagnosis Graves' disease. (chop.edu)
  • 8 , 9 The therapeutic index of thyroid extract is wide, as patients can be given varying doses. (drugbank.com)
  • Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is a common endocrine malignant tumor. (peerj.com)
  • Notwithstanding, the high incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) depends on many uncontrollable factors, such as specific genetic changes of THCA, and traumatic invasive examination has different degrees of damage to the patient's thyroid. (peerj.com)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), and free T4 index (FTI) also are affected in variable degrees based on the severity and duration of the NTI. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid extract is dried and powdered thyroid glands from pigs containing tiiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) used to supplement low or absent thyroid activity. (drugbank.com)
  • After recovery from an NTI, these thyroid function test result abnormalities should be completely reversible. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormalities of thyroid function test results might represent test artifacts or true abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most common cancer of the thyroid, after papillary carcinoma . (medscape.com)
  • together they make up 95% of thyroid cancer cases. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with FTC are more likely to develop lung and bone metastases than are patients with papillary thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)
  • For patient education information, see the Thyroid Cancer Directory . (medscape.com)
  • Patient education information on thyroid cancer is also available on the American Cancer Society Web site . (medscape.com)
  • The DNA-binding domains of nuclear receptors consist of two zinc-nucleated modules and a C-terminal extension, where residues in the first zinc module determine the specificity of the DNA recognition and residues in the second zinc module are involved in dimerisation. (embl.de)
  • 123I and 131I are used medically and all four are sufficiently long-lived to be transported to human receptors after their release into the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • Many patients with NTI also receive drugs that affect thyroid hormone regulation and metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • In SLE patients, the loss of B cell tolerance on autoantigens is intrinsically controlled cell with toll receptors (TLR), which detect nucleic acids in endosomes. (toll-likereceptors.com)
  • 10 Patients should not use thyroid extract for weight loss. (drugbank.com)
  • provides essential omega fatty acids and can reduce inflammation and excessive action of thyroid hormone at the nuclear level. (gravesdiseaseunmasked.com)
  • This over-stimulation and inflammation causes the thyroid to enlarge and to have increased blood flow that is detectable on an ultrasound exam. (chop.edu)
  • Pramfalk C, Pedrelli M, Parini P. (2011) Role of thyroid receptor β in lipid metabolism. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Relationship between serum thyroid hormone concentrations and severity of nonthyroidal illness (NTI). (medscape.com)
  • After coupling, Tg is taken back into thyroid cell, where it is processed in "lysosomes" to release T4 & T3. (medquizzes.net)
  • The B-cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The signals observed in in vivo carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectra are from 'mobile' molecules, i.e. those with relatively unrestricted motion. (westminster.ac.uk)