Nuclear dna topoisomerases type ii. Medical search. Frequent questions

In this study we focused our attention on the behavior of four nuclear matrix proteins during the various stages of apoptosis in the HL-60 cell line exposed to the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin. (nih.gov)
You can think of the bacterium as a cell wall (think of the cell wall as a tiny plastic bag) filled with various proteins, enzymes and other molecules, plus a long strand of DNA , all floating in water . (howstuffworks.com)
The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
Here we highlight some of the latest evidence where DNA-PKcs has been shown to localize not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm, phosphorylating various proteins involved in cellular metabolism and cytokine production. (molcells.org)
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), encoded by PRKDC gene, is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, which also includes the two DNA damage repair proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related protein (ATR). (molcells.org)
Epirubicin was reported to block DNA replication either through direct DNA damage or indirectly through inhibition of replication proteins such as topoisomerase. (nature.com)
3. Single stranded binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA. (ppt-online.org)
This gene encodes a member of a family of E3 small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) ligases that mediates the attachment of a SUMO protein to proteins involved in nuclear transport, transcription, chromosome segregation and DNA repair. (nih.gov)
Moreover, the inhibition of DNA damage repair proteins Ku86 and B23 after proadifen treatment indicate a possible role of proadifen in DNA repair blockage, thus suppressing the reparation rate of MTX-induced DSBs. (spandidos-publications.com)
We examined not just the effect of proadifen and MTX on the expression of BCRP, but we were also interested in other molecular mechanisms involved in the possible antitumour activity of proadifen alone and in combination with MTX, such as the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, proteins involved in the regulation of BCRP and proteins involved in the reparation of chemotherapeutic drug-induced DNA damage. (spandidos-publications.com)
The histones and non-histone proteins of chromatin compact the DNA and govern its accessibility to enzymes during transcription, replication, repair and recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
Post-translational modifications of histones represent an important mechanism modulating the accessibility of chromatin and contributing to the recruitment of other proteins to chromatin [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It entails several kDNA replication specific proteins that have been primarily characterized in T. brucei Leishmania and Crithidia fasciculata [2]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. (nih.gov)
To make an enzyme that it needs, the chemical mechanisms inside an E. coli cell make a copy of a gene from the DNA strand and use this template to form the enzyme. (howstuffworks.com)
A section of the DNA strand, called a gene , tells the cell how to manufacture one enzyme. (howstuffworks.com)
The process of manufacturing an enzyme from a gene on the DNA strand is amazing -- see How Cells Work for details. (howstuffworks.com)
The formation of cleavable DNA-topoisomerase II-VP-16 complexes was also greatly increased by prior exposure to 42°C. Our present study proposes the hypothesis that the topoisomerase II gene might be one of the heat-shock-inducible genes and that hyperthermic anticancer therapy with topoisomerase II-targeting antitumor agents can be improved. (elsevierpure.com)
Human TOP3: A single copy gene encoding DNA topoisomerase II. (topogen.com)
Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
We show that in primates, the SPATA31 gene duplicated into SPATA31A and SPATA31C types and broadened the expression into many tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
We show that the SPATA31 gene family expanded within the great apes by segmental duplication from one copy in mice to two copies in macaque and to multiple functional and non-functional copies along chromosome 9 in hominoid primates and humans. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the levels of cyst formation and the cwp1-3 gene expression are increased by Topo II overexpression. (medicalschoolhq.net)
Two forms of this enzyme exist as likely products of a gene duplication event. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Recent innovations have helped to develop prescription drugs against certain prostate cancer types, showing gene alterations that prevent the repair of damaged DNA or activate the body's anti-cancer natural immune defense. (mdpi.com)
Two gene expression profiles (GSE12452 and GSE13597) containing 56 nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples and 13 normal control samples were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes. (oncotarget.com)
Sääf AM, Halbleib JM, Chen X, Tsan Yuen S, Yi Leung S, Nelson WJ, Brown PO "Parallels between Global Transcriptional Programs of Polarizing Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro and Gene Expression Programs in Normal and Colon Cancer. (openwetware.org)
Palmer C, Diehn M, Alizadeh AA, Brown PO "Cell-type specific gene expression profiles of leukocytes in human peripheral blood. (openwetware.org)
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)

Because MMR is assumed to modulate cytotoxicity to various chemotherapeutic agents that act upon DNA, our objectives have been to define its possible involvement in the cytotoxicity of topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
Our results also indicate that neither p53 status, nor cell cycle alterations correlate with the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
Moreover, while there are several DNA-PK inhibitors currently being evaluated in the clinical trials in attempt to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, multiple functions and subcellular localization of DNA-PKcs in various types of cells may further complicate the effects at the cellular and organismal level. (molcells.org)
Several hallmarks of cellular senescence, such as cell cycle arrest, expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, DNA damages, and senescence-associated secretory profile were evaluated. (aging-us.com)
SnCs exhibit irreversible growth arrest accompanied by increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKi) such as p16 INK4a , and p21 Cip1 , accumulation of DNA damages, and secretion of diverse bioactive molecules known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (aging-us.com)

Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that modify the topological state of DNA and participate in fundamental metabolic processes such as replication, transcription, repair, recombination, and chromosome segregation (1) . (aacrjournals.org)
For example, one of the 1,000 enzymes in an E. coli's DNA might know how to break a maltose molecule (a simple sugar) into its two glucose molecules. (howstuffworks.com)
Any cell has enzymes that help it digest food, add to the cell wall, duplicate DNA strands, produce energy molecules, and so on. (howstuffworks.com)
The collection of 1,000 or so different types of enzymes floating in the cell makes all of the cell's chemistry possible. (howstuffworks.com)
The DNA strand contains the templates for all 1,000 enzymes that the bacterium needs to live its life. (howstuffworks.com)
You can see that, in any living cell, DNA helps create enzymes, and enzymes create the chemical reactions that are 'life. (howstuffworks.com)
Streptomycin, for example, is an antibiotic that can gum up the ribosome in a bacterium but leaves human ribosomes unharmed (a ribosome is a large enzyme that helps to turn DNA information into new enzymes). (howstuffworks.com)
As well as mediating cells damage, RASFs play a major part in catalyzing and sustaining RA by generating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1-beta SW-100 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), proangiogenic factors, and matrix-degrading enzymes SW-100 [1,2]. (conferencedequebec.org)
eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzymes are primarily responsible for relaxing positively and/or negatively supercoiled DNA, except for reverse gyrase, which can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. (embl.de)
Unlike Topo IA enzymes, Topo IB enzymes do not require a single-stranded region of DNA or metal ions for their function. (embl.de)
This entry represents the C-terminal region of DNA topoisomerase I enzymes from eukaryotes (type IB enzymes). (embl.de)
that is, these enzymes reversibly break then reconnect phosphodiester bonds in DNA to remove torsional strain in overwound DNA. (jove.com)
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. (jove.com)
These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. (jove.com)
Topoisomerases are a group of nuclear enzymes that generally work to loosen double-stranded DNA so that the DNA can replicate. (cura4u.com)

We have shown that colorectal cancer cell lines defective in DNA MMR exhibit an increased sensitivity to both camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. (aacrjournals.org)
Prior exposure of KB cells to 42°C enhanced the cytotoxicity of VP-16, but not that of a topoisomerase I-targeting agent, a camptothecin analogue, CPT-11. (elsevierpure.com)

This enzyme catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single strand of DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus reducing the number of supercoils and altering the topology of DNA. (nih.gov)
Type II DNA topoisomerase breaks both DNA strands, and many anticancer agents including etoposide (VP-16) and teniposide (VM-26) have been developed by targeting topoisomerase II molecules. (elsevierpure.com)
The two polynucleotide strands run in opposite directions. (biotopics.co.uk)
the DNA strands, breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases, separating the two strands. (biotopics.co.uk)
There are actually two or more copies of this enzyme, operating independently on the original two different DNA strands. (biotopics.co.uk)
Individual nucleotides, complementary to the exposed bases on the two unzipped (single) DNA strands, are drawn in and bind with their partners (A with T, G with C). This is effectively under the influence of hydrogen bonds (2 between A&T, 3 between C&G). (biotopics.co.uk)
DNA helicase is sometimes shown as a wedge separating the two strands of DNA. (biotopics.co.uk)
It catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of two strands of duplex DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus altering the topology of DNA. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Finally, the enzyme ligates the broken ends of the DNA strands back together and produces a locally relaxed DNA molecule. (jove.com)
Then, using the energy from a second ATP, Type II topoisomerase reseals the broken ends of the DNA strands and finally detaches from the DNA- leaving behind an untangled DNA helix. (jove.com)

In other words a single DNA molecule can become two identical molecules, reproducing itself - the basis of life! (biotopics.co.uk)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
3. Analyze structure of RNA and DNA molecules. (ppt-online.org)
Among them the mitochondrial DNA forms a unique network structure known as kinetoplast that is composed of two types of topologically catenated circular DNA molecules: maxicircles (20 to 37 kb) and minicircles (0.5 to 2.8 kb). (healthandwellnesssource.org)

In addition, nuclear Dicer fosters termination of RNAPII transcription [ 11 ] and alternative polyadenylation at a subset of protein-coding genes [ 12 ]. (prolekarniky.cz)
FXR contains a DNA-binding domain for docking to target genes with an FXR response element (FXRE) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD) used by intracellular ligands. (nature.com)
The DNA strand in E. coli contains about four million base pairs , and these base pairs are organized into about 1,000 genes . (howstuffworks.com)
The primate SPATA31 genes also acquired new protein domains that suggest an involvement in UV response and DNA repair. (biomedcentral.com)
Both expressed and silent cwp genes are located in the nuclear periphery, but in different specific regions. (medicalschoolhq.net)
Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. (oncotarget.com)
Fosfoproteína nuclear codificada por el gen p53 (GENES P53) cuya función normal es controlar la PROLIFERACIÓN CELULAR y la APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)

The Bloom syndrome helicase BLM and topoisomerase-IIβ-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) are key regulators of genome stability. (icr.ac.uk)
Crystal structure of the Bloom syndrome helicase BLM in complex with DNA (PDB ID: 4CGZ). (medscape.com)

Type II bacterial topoisomerase inhibition assays revealed that MGB-BP-3 was able to interfere with the supercoiling action of gyrase and the relaxation and decatenation actions of topoisomerase IV of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibition of DNA compaction did not significantly affect the stability of the senescent state. (biomedcentral.com)

Because CPT is really WP1066 a cytotoxic quinoline alkaloid that inhibits DNA and RNA replication and synthesis by focusing on the nuclear enzyme Type I topoisomerase 40 41 it's been utilized successfully in tumor chemotherapy.42 Here we used our bodies to research HeLa cell migration and department manners in response to CPT. (scienceexhibitions.org)
DNA replication takes place before this - during the S phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle. (biotopics.co.uk)
The phosphopentose pathway (PPP), which converts glucose-6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate for synthesis of nucleotides and NADPH to reduce DNA damage caused by ROS was reported to be activated in DDR 2 . (nature.com)

Giardia are unique in their possession of two nuclei t hat are similar in appearance, DNA content and transcription. (medicalschoolhq.net)
This nuclear enzyme is involved in processes such as chromosome condensation, chromatid separation, and the relief of torsional stress that occurs during DNA transcription and replication. (utsouthwestern.edu)

More recently, two studies point toward Dicer-dependent nuclear RNAi in mammals by demonstrating that nuclear, chromatin-associated Dicer impairs expression of the microtubule-binding protein Doublecortin in mouse adult neural stem cells [ 14 ] and transactivation of the human secreted frizzled-related protein 1 promoter in cholangiocarcinoma cells [ 15 ]. (prolekarniky.cz)
There appeared 5-fold or higher increases in mRNA levels of both topoisomerase II and a heat shock protein, hsp-70, after exposure to 42°C for 3 h, but only a slight, if any, increase in topoisomerase I mRNA. (elsevierpure.com)
The manifestation or activation of cytokines, EPCR, cadherin-11, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, and nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-B) or both were recognized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, or immunostaining. (conferencedequebec.org)
DNA topo III is a type IA topoisomerase that is similar to the prokaryotic (E. coli) topo I (omega protein). (topogen.com)
The biochemical features of this enzyme are not well understood although it is likely that it behaves similarly to the prokaryotic homologue (omega protein) in its strong preference for negatively supercoiled DNA substrates. (topogen.com)
Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. (yeastgenome.org)
303 Owens, P. Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JG, Olliff J, Keighley MR. DNA sequences are being used now as an indis- pensable source of data regarding the first level of protein structures. (binaryoptionstradinglist.com)
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family is a well-known player in repairing DNA double strand break through non-homologous end joining pathway. (molcells.org)
have reported that increased DNA-PKcs activity can suppress HR repair in G1 phase of cells through increasing RBX1 protein expression, which prompts the neddylation and activity of cullin 1, a key component of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box ubiquitin 3 ligase, consequently mediating ubiquitination and degradation of EXO1. (molcells.org)
Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
Effects of Nephrolithiasis on Serum DNase (Deoxyribonuclease I and II) Activity and E3 SUMO-Protein Ligase NSE2 (NSMCE2) in Malaysian Individuals. (nih.gov)
BLM encodes 1417 amino acids that code for a protein in the nuclear matrix of growing cells, which is a member of the RecQ family of helicases. (medscape.com)
This protein plays a pivotal role in DNA recombination and repair. (medscape.com)
Background Tc38 of Trypanosoma cruzi has been isolated as a single stranded DNA binding protein with high specificity for the poly [dT-dG] sequence. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
Results By using specific Isosilybin antibodies we found that Tc38 protein from epimastigote components participates in complexes with the poly [dT-dG] probe as well as with the general minicircle series (UMS) a related repeated series within maxicircle DNA as well as the telomeric do it again. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
We shown that this protein has solitary stranded DNA binding capabilities and that it shows a preferential binding to poly [dT-dG] sequences. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
In addition the Leishmania amazonensis orthologous protein (LaGT2) was later on purified from nuclear and S100 components using solitary stranded G telomeric oligonucleotide affinity chromatography [13]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)

2. Helicase unwinds the parental double helix. (ppt-online.org)

In all patients the particular blood samples have been consumed Epirubicin DNA Damage/DNA Repair inhibitor 4x as well as levels of overall calcium supplement, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, parathormone and also thyroid-stimulating hormonal were calculated. (micrornalibrary.com)
Treatment of senescent cells with trichostatin A, a class I/II histone deacetylase inhibitor, also induced rapid and reversible decondensation of SAHFs. (biomedcentral.com)

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry , 50 (2), 190-200. (nebraska.edu)
So the biochemistry of DNA ensures that genetic information is passed reliably from cell to cell and from generation to generation. (biotopics.co.uk)

Baylisascaris procyonis and encoding DNA gyrase ( gyrA and related species. (cdc.gov)
With the exception of reverse gyrase, this unique type IA topoisomerase does require ATP and generates positive DNA supercoils rather than unwinding them. (jove.com)

Epirubicin, a DNA damaging anticancer agent and CoCl 2 , which was used to imitate hypoxia condition, was applied to induce DNA damage in TIGAR knockdown HepG2 cells. (nature.com)

The reaction mechanisms for these two are similar. (topogen.com)
These results highlight additional mechanisms of action of MGB-BP-3, including interference of the action of type II bacterial topoisomerases. (bvsalud.org)

abstract = "The recent discovery of DNA sequences responsible for the specific attachment of chromosomal DNA to the nuclear skeleton (MARs/SARs) was an important step towards our understanding of the functional and structural organization of eukaryotic chromatin [Mirkovitch et al. (nebraska.edu)
4. When does DNA replication occur in a eukaryotic cell? (ppt-online.org)

This continues until a new full single strand of DNA is added to each template strand. (biotopics.co.uk)
There is in fact a (loose, unreacted) hydroxyl (-OH) group at each end of each DNA strand, one at the 3' and one at the 5' position. (biotopics.co.uk)
If a (single strand of) DNA sequence is written on a page it is written in the format 5' ATT. (biotopics.co.uk)
DNA polymerase only works in one direction, adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the developing polynucleotide chain alongside the original DNA strand it is attached to. (biotopics.co.uk)
In fact it consists of a number of subunits that join together, forming a ring round one strand of DNA, and this acts like a motor, progressing along that DNA strand, powered by ATP. (biotopics.co.uk)
Type I topoisomerases are ATP-independent and act by cutting a bond between nucleotides on a single strand of double stranded DNA. (jove.com)
The unbroken DNA strand is then passed through the gap in the broken strand into the upper cavity of the enzyme. (jove.com)
The enzyme creates a double strand break in one loop of the DNA double helix before helping the unbroken loop to pass through this break via an ATP-dependent reaction. (jove.com)
Type I Topoisomerases act on one strand of double-stranded DNA, and they are further divided into three categories: IA, IB, and IC. (jove.com)
Type IA forms a covalent bond with 5' end of the cleaved DNA strand and removes negative supercoils. (jove.com)
It creates a single-strand breakthrough which the opposite strand can pass, resulting in a locally untangled DNA molecule. (jove.com)
Type IB forms a covalent bond with the 3' end of the broken DNA strand and can relax both positively and negatively supercoiled DNA. (jove.com)
The enzyme rotates the cut single-strand around the opposite strand, untwisting the DNA in the process. (jove.com)
4. The leading strand is synthesized continually in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase III. (ppt-online.org)
[ 7 , 8 ] Sister chromatid exchanges are considered a sensitive indicator for cell genome instability, as they are thought to be the outcome of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from homologous recombination repair. (medscape.com)

It has been shown that topoisomerase II and histone H1 were capable of a specific interaction with SARs by the formation of precipitable complexes [Adachi et al. (nebraska.edu)
The crystal structures of human topoisomerase I comprising the core and carboxyl-terminal domains in covalent and noncovalent complexes with 22-base pair DNA duplexes reveal an enzyme that 'clamps' around essentially B-form DNA. (embl.de)
Both diseases involve the BRAFT and FANCM complexes, which are important in DNA repair. (medscape.com)

DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA. (jove.com)

While the antibody to the nucleolar isoform of DNA topoisomerase II gave a fluorescent pattern that was well-maintained until the late phases of apoptosis, the other three nuclear antigens showed marked modifications in their distribution. (nih.gov)
Finally once the medication loaded the cell chamber after pressing the cell moderate to the waste materials area Microvalves-1 and -2 had been closed sequentially as well as the ePetri LAMC3 antibody system was assembled using the LED lighting array. (scienceexhibitions.org)
Diagnostic antibody: Antiscleroderma-70 (Anti-topoisomerase). (online-sciences.com)
Negative results were also obtained for all other autoimmune antibodies, including anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-DNA, anti-RNP, anti-Sm, anti-cardiolipin (anti-CL), anti-centromere, anti-topoisomerase-I, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and myeloperoxidase and proteinase-3 anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. (sch.ac.kr)

Scl-70 antibodies are also referred to as topoisomerase antibodies. (cura4u.com)
Scl-70 antibodies are the antibodies produced by our immune system to oppose various topoisomerases, so their function is hindered, resulting in a group of diseases, which in clinical medicine is known as scleroderma but is better named as systemic sclerosis . (cura4u.com)
Scl-70 antibodies are specifically present in a patient's blood with a diffused type of systemic sclerosis. (cura4u.com)

Pathological variants in TOP3A cause distinct disorders of mitochondrial and nuclear genome stability. (nih.gov)
Mitochondrial complex II deficiency nuclear type 2 (MC2DN2) is an autosomal recessive multisystemic metabolic disorder with variable severity and features. (nih.gov)

MGB-BP-3 has strong interactions with its intracellular target, DNA, in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, revealed through ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) thermal melting and fluorescence intercalator displacement assays. (bvsalud.org)

This study used etoposide, to induce DNA damage-related senescence or chronic exposure to IL-1β to entail inflammation-related senescence in human OA chondrocytes. (aging-us.com)
On the other hand, etoposide treatment reliably induces DNA damage-related senescence in human articular chondrocytes evidenced by loss of proliferative capacity, DNA damage accumulation, and expression of some SASP components. (aging-us.com)

DNA is a remarkable molecule. (biotopics.co.uk)
The DNA molecule is a double helix in shape, and each helix is a polynucleotide, i.e a polymer consisting of a number of nucleotides in a row, coiled up to give this shape. (biotopics.co.uk)

Consequently, the recruitment of immune cells during chronic inflammation increases oxidative stress (OS) in the microenvironment [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
We demonstrate that DNA damage triggers accumulation of phosphorylated HA-Dicer in the nucleus, confirming previous observations in human cells. (prolekarniky.cz)
These findings are in line with previous studies, reporting the existence of nuclear RNAi in human cells [ 13 ]. (prolekarniky.cz)
The G-quadruplex ligand telomestatin impairs binding of topoisomerase IIIalpha to G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides and uncaps telomeres in ALT cells. (nih.gov)
Though originally identified as an endothelial cell receptor, EPCR offers since been recognized on many other cell types [6], including RA synovial lining cells [7]. (conferencedequebec.org)
The prototypic topo I in animal cells is a type IB enzyme. (topogen.com)
In normal cell division, the nucleus undergoes the process of mitosis - a single division - then the cell divides to give two daughter cells with identical genetic makeup. (biotopics.co.uk)
In the production of sex cells, meiosis takes place - 2 divisions - and each cell produced contains half the genetic material. (biotopics.co.uk)
We also observed a remarkable bystander effect by mixing two kinds of cells at different ratio. (wjgnet.com)
While it is an exciting time to unveil novel functions of DNA-PKcs, one should carefully choose experimental models to study DNA-PKcs as the experimental evidence has been shown to differ between cells of defective DNA-PKcs and those of DNA-PKcs knockout. (molcells.org)
This study investigated the role of TIGAR in DNA damage response (DDR) induced by genotoxic drugs and hypoxia in tumor cells. (nature.com)
To define a role of TIGAR in DNA damage, TIGAR expression was knocked down with siRNA in HepG2 cells. (nature.com)
DNA damage in HepG2 cells after TIGAR knockdown with or without treatment of epirubicin or CoCl 2 was detected by Comet assay. (nature.com)
In mammalian cells, most of the redox potential used for generating ATP arrives at the mitochondrion in the form of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ), reduced coenzymes generated by the acceptance of electrons derived from the breakdown of organic substances in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
BML mutations thus result in defects in DNA repair and genomic instability in the somatic cells, predisposing the patients to cancer development. (medscape.com)
In mammals, X chromosome dosage compensation involves heterochromatization and transcriptional silencing of one of two copies of the X chromosome in female cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Nuclear re-localization of Dicer in primary mo. (prolekarniky.cz)
For this reason, the conditions for detecting nuclear and nucleolar localization should be worked out emperically in each laboratory. (topogen.com)

During the homologous recombination in cyst nuclei, type II topoisomerases assist in chromosome replication and tissue development for Giardia differentiation into dormant cysts. (medicalschoolhq.net)

Figure 1 Regulation of cwp abundance within 2-hour transitions during the 14-hour encystation time-course (hpie = hours post initiation of encystations. (medicalschoolhq.net)
Variable DNA compaction observed during senescence is explained in part by cell-type specific regulation of H4 deacetylation and HMGA1/2 expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Rescue of collapsed replication forks is dependent on NSMCE2 to prevent mitotic DNA damage. (nih.gov)

In the nucleus it behaves as a DNA chaperone, sustains nucleosome dynamics and chromosomal stability, and contributes to telomere maintenance [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Genomic DNA in eukaryotes is packaged into chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)

Indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed to follow these nuclear matrix antigens during apoptosis. (nih.gov)

Additionally, supercoiling can occur when the DNA twists back on itself due to the inability of the DNA ends to freely rotate to relieve the torsional stress. (jove.com)

PLoS Genet 14(2): e32767. (prolekarniky.cz)

MGB-BP-3 was confirmed to bind to dsDNA as a dimer using nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. (bvsalud.org)

These results show that, in addition to the well-known chromatin changes, nuclear organization undergoes other rearrangements during the apoptotic process. (nih.gov)
A series of studies imply nuclear localisation of mammalian Dicer and association with chromatin. (prolekarniky.cz)
The latter two studies conclude that Dicer association with chromatin may be mediated by the localised production of dsRNA, which is processed into endogenous small interfering (endo-si)RNA to mediate heterochromatin formation by recruitment of G9a methyltransferase in a Dicer-dependent manner. (prolekarniky.cz)

Sensitivity to these drugs cannot be predicted by measuring endogenous levels of topoisomerase I and II. (aacrjournals.org)

The Filipowicz lab reported enrichment of mammalian Dicer at ribosomal RNA loci, suggesting a possible role for Dicer in maintaining integrity of ribosomal DNA arrays. (prolekarniky.cz)
Ten V. cholerae sis of nuclear ribosomal DNA. (cdc.gov)

Human Dicer may also interact with the nuclear pore complex component NUP153 [ 7 ]. (prolekarniky.cz)

In reality DNA replication involves the opening out of the double helix at several places, so there are several replication forks. (biotopics.co.uk)
The unwinding of the DNA double helix during replication results in overwinding in regions ahead of the replication fork. (jove.com)
1. Topoisomerase binds and relaxes the double helix. (ppt-online.org)

Whether the elevated TIGAR expression protects DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents or hypoxia has not been explored. (nature.com)

By evaluating the tumor microenvironment, we observed that the immune and metabolic microenvironments of the two groups were substantially different. (hindawi.com)
It was identified that the nuclear division cycle 80, cyclin B2 and topoisomerase 2‑α may serve important roles in adrenocortical tumor development. (cancerindex.org)

SIRT2, an NAD-dependent class III histone deacetylase, contributes to H4-K16Ac deacetylation and DNA compaction in human fibroblast cell lines that assemble striking senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHFs). (biomedcentral.com)

Before any cell divides, it must replicate its DNA, so it briefly contains twice the normal amount of DNA. (biotopics.co.uk)
8. Meselson and Stahl - How does DNA replicate? (ppt-online.org)
Meselson and Stahl - How does DNA replicate? (ppt-online.org)
Semiconservative-Why does DNA replicate? (ppt-online.org)
13. Since DNA is antiparallel - it must replicate continuously and discontinuously. (ppt-online.org)

1. Describe the process of DNA replication based on Chargaff rules. (ppt-online.org)

Poorly transcribed regions of the genome are typically found in highly compacted DNA as heterochromatin, whereas transcribed sequences are found in the more accessible euchromatin [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Purification and characterization of human DNA topoisomerase III. (topogen.com)
Human DNA topo IIIa is essential in early embyrogenesis. (topogen.com)
G. lamblia have seven complex genotypes, but only two genotypes cause human infections . (medicalschoolhq.net)
And specifically, there are two genotypes that lead to these cyst forms that lead to human infections. (medicalschoolhq.net)
Human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA) and its ABCG2-overexpressing subclone (here referred to as cBCRP) was kindly provided by Dr Balazs Sarkadi (Membrane Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary) ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

MiRNAs are abundant in many mammalian cell types and as extracellular circulating miRNAs. (micrornalibrary.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms6

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes24

Information Science4

Proteins13

Gene16

Inhibitors5

Enzymes15

Camptothecin2

Strands10

Molecules4

Genes7

Bloom syndrome helicase BLM2

Inhibition2

Synthesis3

Transcription2

Protein17

Helicase1

Inhibitor2

Biochemistry2

Gyrase2

Anticancer1

Mechanisms2

Eukaryotic2

Strand15

Complexes3

Negatively supercoiled1

Antibody4

Antibodies3

Mitochondrial2

Assays1

Etoposide2

Molecule2

Cells16

Localization2

Recombination1

Regulation2

Mitotic1

Chromosomal1

Eukaryotes1

Antigens1

Torsional1

PLoS Genet1

Magnetic resonance1

Chromatin3

Sensitivity1

Ribosomal2

Pore complex1

Helix3

Chemotherapeutic1

Tumor2

Striking senescence-associated1

Replicate5

Replication based1

Genome1

Human5

Mammalian1