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TransglutaminasesFactor XIIIaFactor XIIIAminationCadaverineCross-Linking ReagentsCornified Envelope Proline-Rich ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataAmino Acid SequenceSubstrate SpecificityEpidermisPlant InfertilityPutrescineGuinea PigsGlutamineKeratinocytesDipeptidesPolyaminesBase SequenceGTP-Binding ProteinsKineticsLysineCatalysisHydrolysisProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalSequence Homology, Amino AcidSkinElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelAdenosine TriphosphateEscherichia coliBinding SitesLiverDNA-Binding ProteinsFactor XIII DeficiencySMN Complex ProteinsHemostasisArgon Plasma CoagulationBlood Coagulation
TissueEpidermal transglutaminaseTGaseNeurodegenerative diseasesProteinsProteinTGM2Lamellar ichthyosisGeneInhibitorsReactionsInhibitionCatalyzeEnzyme ActivityMoleculeAssayFactor XIIICatalytic activityCalciumLiverReactionEnzymesHumanCellularRoleWidely distributedMediatesEnzymatic activityMechanismsMutationsVivoInhibitoryMetabolicCellsPresenceDependentFormationInactive
Tissue24
  • Tissue transglutaminase (abbreviated as tTG or TG2) is a 78-kDa, calcium-dependent enzyme (EC 2.3.2.13) of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferases family (or simply transglutaminase family). (wikipedia.org)
  • Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), encoded by the TGM2 gene, is also known as tissue transglutaminase (tTG), transgluytaminase C (TGC), and protein-glutamine-gamma-glutamyltransferase. (rndsystems.com)
  • Tissue or type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) represents the most ubiquitous isoform belonging to TGases family. (torvergata.it)
  • One of several postulated roles for tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is the stabilization and assembly of extracellular matrix via peptide cross-linking. (nih.gov)
  • This study provides in vivo evidence in bone of TG activity, its tissue localization, and identification of its substrates. (wikigenes.org)
  • Tissue transglutaminase (tTGase), also known as TGase 2, has four distinct domains: N-terminal β-sandwich, catalytic core and two C-terminal β-barrel domains. (biovendor.com)
  • The present study is the first to evaluate nutritional intakes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients and the relationship between nutritional intakes and metabolic factors with anti-thyroid, anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (mattioli1885journals.com)
  • Anthropometric assessments were performed and biochemical assays including thyroid hormones, antithyroid antibodies, anti-tissue transglutaminase and anti-gliadin antibodies, lipid profile and apo-lipoprotein were measured. (mattioli1885journals.com)
  • Moreover significant positive relations were also identified between nutritional parameters and metabolic factors with anti-thyroid, anti-gliadin or anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in these patients. (mattioli1885journals.com)
  • Hadizadeh Riseh S, Mobasseri M, Jafarabadi M-A, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Ajorlou E. Nutritional intakes, lipid profile and serum apo-lipoproteins concentrations and their relationship with antithyroid, antigliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (mattioli1885journals.com)
  • The Anti-tissue Transglutaminase (Anti TTG) antibody test is a blood test used to diagnose and monitor certain autoimmune diseases, particularly celiac disease. (labtestsguide.com)
  • The Anti TTG (Anti-tissue Transglutaminase) antibodies test is a medical laboratory test used to diagnose and monitor certain autoimmune disorders, with a primary focus on celiac disease . (labtestsguide.com)
  • The role of Anti-TTG (Anti-tissue Transglutaminase) antibodies is crucial in the context of celiac disease diagnosis and understanding. (labtestsguide.com)
  • They serve as a reliable indicator that an individual's immune system is reacting to the presence of tissue transglutaminase in the small intestine. (labtestsguide.com)
  • The presence of Anti-TTG antibodies in the bloodstream indicates that the immune system is targeting and reacting against tissue transglutaminase, an enzyme found in the lining of the small intestine. (labtestsguide.com)
  • Gαh is a novel GTP-binding protein and known as an inactive form of calcium-dependent tissue transglutaminase. (figshare.com)
  • However, the functional consequences of transamidating and G-protein activities of tissue transglutaminase in promoting cancer metastasis are still controversial. (figshare.com)
  • Boroughs, L., Antonyak, M., Cerione, R. (2014) A novel mechanism by which tissue transglutaminase activates signaling events that promote cell survival. (cornell.edu)
  • 1 2 In tissue culture experiments in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells, TGF-β2 augmented the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) and its cross-linking by transglutaminases. (arvojournals.org)
  • Concurrently, we were investigating the feasibility of food protein modification for industrial application using the guinea pig liver enzyme (mammalian tissue transglutaminase, TG2), and whey proteins, beef, pork, chicken, and fish actomyosins as substrates for the transglutaminase reaction. (zedira.com)
  • An enzyme called tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is also important in the development of CD. (chriskresser.com)
  • The importance of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in angiogenesis is unclear and contradictory. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a unique multifunctional enzyme. (sharif.edu)
  • So, if you suspect that a child has celiac disease, he recommends the gold-standard test, tTg - IgA [ tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A], as well as a total IgA level. (medscape.com)
Epidermal transglutaminase1
  • A homozygous missense mutation in TGM5 abolishes epidermal transglutaminase 5 activity and causes acral peeling skin syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
TGase9
  • Transglutamina-se(TGase) catalyses the crosslink of proteins by forming ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide bonds and requires the binding of Ca2+ for its activity. (biovendor.com)
  • Based on the hypothesis that cross-links contribute considerably to the physicochemical and functional properties of proteins, we examined the feasibility of the enzyme transglutaminase (TGase) in terms of protein polymerization, gelation, film formation, and peptide incorporation into proteins (Yokoyama et al. (zedira.com)
  • Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is a multifunctional calcium dependent enzyme that catalyzes protein modifications. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • TGase 2 is essential in neuronal cell differentiation and it has been reported that certain organophosphates are able to inhibit this process, and the organophosphate phenyl saligenin compound also disrupts TGase 2 activity. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • Differentiation of the cells was associated with an increase in the activity, protein levels and gene expression of TGase 2. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • Differentiation in the presence of CPF or CPFO generated an increase in the activity of TGase 2, a decrease in its levels of gene expression but had no effect on the protein levels. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • When TGase 2 purified in this manner was assayed in the presence of CPF and CPFO, enzyme activity was observed to increase significantly, suggesting a direct interaction with TGase 2. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • By contrast, phenyl saligenin phosphate was found to inhibit TGase activity in vitro, which suggests a direct effect that may involve a different binding site and/or mechanism to CPF or CPFO. (ntu.ac.uk)
  • The aspartyl protease inhibitor pepstatin A was also able to inhibit directly TGase activity in vitro. (ntu.ac.uk)
Neurodegenerative diseases2
  • His research activity related to the discovery of novel agents for neurodegenerative diseases treatment. (benthamscience.com)
  • For example, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, supranuclear palsy, Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine diseases, are characterized in part by aberrant cerebral transglutaminase activity and by increased cross-linked proteins in affected brains . (scitechnol.com)
Proteins8
  • Like other transglutaminases, it crosslinks proteins between an ε-amino group of a lysine residue and a γ-carboxamide group of glutamine residue, creating an inter- or intramolecular bond that is highly resistant to proteolysis (protein degradation). (wikipedia.org)
  • TG2 is a multifunctional enzyme that belongs to transglutaminases which catalyze the crosslinking of proteins by epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • It belongs to the family of transglutaminases that catalyze the posttranslational modification of proteins via calcium dependent cross-linking reactions. (rndsystems.com)
  • The human transglutaminases (TGases) are a widely distributed and peculiar group of enzymes that catalyze the posttranslational modification of proteins by the formation of isopeptide bonds. (torvergata.it)
  • In the Alzheimer's disease brain, the elevated tTGase activity is manifested by polymerization of a number of proteins, including Aβ peptide, β-amyloid precursor protein and the tau protein, with formation of neurofibrillary tangles. (biovendor.com)
  • Whitaker suggested that it would be interesting to modify food proteins with transglutaminase, which can form cross-linkings through ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds in various proteins (Whitaker 1977). (zedira.com)
  • Based on these results, transglutaminase was considered potentially useful in creating proteins with new, unique functional properties. (zedira.com)
  • Transglutaminases are ubiquitous enzymes which catalyze posttranslational modifications of proteins. (scitechnol.com)
Protein6
  • In addition to its function in protein cross-linking, TGM2 is also capable of hydrolyzing both GTP and ATP and has intrinsic kinase activity. (rndsystems.com)
  • The TG2 regulation of autophagy occurs by its transamidating activity and its inhibition results in the intracellular increase of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. (torvergata.it)
  • Fish muscle cleavage by endogenous protease activity is typically exhibited by the degradation of myofibrillar protein [5]. (scirp.org)
  • Gelation of protein solutions by Transglutaminase. (zedira.com)
  • Background Transglutaminases like the product from the TGM1 gene catalyze development of ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine crosslinks in protein and therefore stabilize biological constructions [1]. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • The main activity of these enzymes is the cross-linking of glutaminyl residues of a protein/ peptide substrate to lysyl residues of a protein/peptide co-substrate. (scitechnol.com)
TGM21
Lamellar ichthyosis1
  • Stage mutations in the gene that trigger deficits in enzyme activity can provide rise to lamellar ichthyosis. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Gene2
  • TGM5 gene variants reduce the activity of transglutaminase 5 or prevent cells from making any of this enzyme. (medlineplus.gov)
  • SPINK5 gene mutation and decreased LEKTI activity in three Chinese patients with Netherton's syndrome. (lu.se)
Inhibitors2
  • This review focuses on the possible molecular mechanisms responsible for such diseases and on the possible therapeutic effects of transglutaminase inhibitors for patients with diseases characterized by aberrant transglutaminase activity. (scitechnol.com)
  • This systematic structure-activity relationship study provides key insights into warhead design and application for optimizing efficiency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic stability of hTG2 inhibitors. (athena-innovation.gr)
Reactions1
  • Aside from its crosslinking function, tTG catalyzes other types of reactions including deamidation, GTP-binding/hydrolyzing, and isopeptidase activities. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibition1
  • In a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-culture model, inhibition of extracellular TG2 activity can halt the progression of angiogenesis, even when introduced after tubule formation has commenced and after addition of excess vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). (aston.ac.uk)
Catalyze1
  • This enzyme acts as a transglutaminase to catalyze the formation of gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinking between fibrin molecules, thus stabilizing the fibrin clot. (antibodies-online.com)
Enzyme Activity1
Molecule1
  • In contrast, the binding of one molecule of GTP or GDP inhibits the crosslinking activity of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Assay4
  • These newly discovered strains had a strong activity as determined by the hydroxamate assay. (zedira.com)
  • Replicative senescence in DFCs at different passages was assessed using ß-galactosidase activity assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • If the 5M urea solubility test demonstrates positive results, this finding should be confirmed by quantitating FXIII activity using a monodansylcadaverine or putrescine incorporation assay. (medscape.com)
  • A new sensitive assay used to quantitate FXIII activity is based on monitoring the amount of ammonia (NH 3 ) released by using glutamate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate during the transamidation reaction (cross-linking) by FXIII. (medscape.com)
Factor XIII2
  • Factor XIII is a plasma transglutaminase that catalyzes the final step in the coagulation cascade, cross-linking the loose fibrin polymer into a highly organized structure. (medscape.com)
  • The two methods used to measure the enzymatic activity of factor XIII include measurement of synthetic amine incorporation into a fibrin clot, and measurement of ammonium ion release during the transglutaminase reaction. (medscape.com)
Catalytic activity3
  • In the open conformation the four domains of TG2 are arranged in an extended configuration, allowing for catalytic activity, whereas in the closed conformation the two C-terminal domains are folded in on the catalytic core domain which includes the residue Cys-277. (wikipedia.org)
  • Assessing the Catalytic Activity of Transglutaminases in the Context of Autophagic Responses. (torvergata.it)
  • In this chapter, we describe the methods used in our laboratories to assess the catalytic activity of TG2 in the autophagic process. (torvergata.it)
Calcium2
  • Mutations to these binding sites causing lower calcium affinity, decrease the enzyme's transglutaminase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most importantly the activity does not depend on calcium ions in sharp contrast to mammalian transgluta-minases facilitating the use in food technology. (zedira.com)
Liver3
  • Unlike other members of the transglutaminase family, tTG can be found both in the intracellular and the extracellular spaces of various types of tissues and is found in many different organs including the heart, the liver, and the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • We previously determined that tTG activity increased in an animal model of hepatic fibrogenesis and in human liver disease. (nih.gov)
  • To further study the role of tTG in liver disease, we initiated investigations into the effect of a proinflammatory mediator, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, on tTG activity in cultured liver cells. (nih.gov)
Reaction1
  • The optimum temperature for the enzymatic reaction is between 45 and 55°C and the stability was completely held at 40°C. Even a 10 minutes treatment at 50°C still retained 74% activity which revealed a relatively high temperature tolerance. (zedira.com)
Enzymes1
  • The enzymes from hyperthermophiles are generally extremely thermostable and lose little or no activity during long periods under a variety conditions. (go.jp)
Human4
  • Hep G2 cells, transiently transfected with a luciferase reporter containing 1.67 kb of the human tTG promoter, showed an increase in reporter activity after addition of TNF-alpha. (nih.gov)
  • Transfection experiments in cultured human rabbit and rat keratinocytes have identified regions that are important for high transcriptional activity [12 14 15 One of two major regions at -1.5 kb in the distal promoter contains a consensus AP1 binding MK-0457 site and the other region in the proximal promoter at -0.45 kb contains a CRE-like binding site. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • The present study aimed at cloning and expression of full length human TG2 in Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system and evaluation of its activity. (sharif.edu)
  • Citrullination Alters the Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 During Rhinovirus Infection. (cdc.gov)
Cellular1
  • Our laboratories in the Department of Molecular Medicine, and the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology use a combination of biophysical, chemical, and genetic-based approaches to obtain a comprehensive picture of how growth factor receptors work together with their signaling partners, in particular Rho GTPases and the GTP-binding/acyl transferase, transglutaminase, to trigger signals that impact a wide range of cellular activities. (cornell.edu)
Role1
  • Transglutaminase 5 plays a critical role in the formation of a structure called the cornified cell envelope, which surrounds epidermal cells and helps the skin form a protective barrier between the body and its environment. (medlineplus.gov)
Widely distributed1
  • Transglutaminase (TG) is a natural enzyme that is widely distributed in nature. (marknature.com)
Mediates1
  • The downregulation of psoriasin expression by small interfering RNA revealed that psoriasin mediates the expression of involucrin, desmoglein 1, transglutaminase 1 and CD24 in normal differentiation. (medicaljournals.se)
Enzymatic activity1
  • The A subunits have catalytic function, and the B subunits do not have enzymatic activity and may serve as plasma carrier molecules. (antibodies-online.com)
Mechanisms1
  • Transglutaminase activity has been suggested to be involved in molecular mechanisms responsible for both physiological and pathological processes. (scitechnol.com)
Mutations1
  • Transglutaminase-1 (TG1)-deficient autosomal-recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a rare and severe genetic skin disease caused by mutations in TGM1. (uc3m.es)
Vivo2
  • The accumulation of both peptides in the endothelial cells suggested in vivo inhibitory activity of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme. (go.jp)
  • In this study we assessed the in vivo activities of these regions of the TGM1 promoter in transgenic mice fed a normal diet and after vitamin A deprivation that induced squamous metaplasia. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Inhibitory1
  • Elevated stratum corneum hydrolytic activity in Netherton syndrome suggests an inhibitory regulation of desquamation by SPINK5-derived peptides. (lu.se)
Metabolic2
  • Physical activity was obtained by metabolic equivalent (MET) questionnaire. (mattioli1885journals.com)
  • On day 14, metabolic activity was significantly increased in BMC seeded on DBM in comparison to BMC seeded on BS. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Cells4
  • Furthermore, Hep G2 cells are incapable of upmodulating tTG promoter reporter activity in the presence of TNF-alpha when those cells overexpress a transdominant, negative mutant NF-kappa B subunit. (nih.gov)
  • A shortage of transglutaminase 5 weakens the cornified cell envelope, which allows the outermost cells of the epidermis to separate easily from the underlying skin and peel off. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Antitumor activity of NVP-BKM120- a selective pan class 1 PI3 Kinase inhibitor showed differential forms of cell death based on P53 status of glioma cells. (mdanderson.org)
  • at present he deals with ecotoxicology, toxicology, and natural extract activity on cultured cells at the University of Genova (Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences). (benthamscience.com)
Presence1
  • Patients with DH and CD may have the same association with histocompatibility antigens (HLA), the presence of circulating IgA against transglutaminase autoantigens and clinical remission on gluten-free diet. (scielo.br)
Dependent2
  • Primary hepatocytes isolated from a transgenic mouse line containing the mouse tTG promoter driving the beta-galactosidase reporter, show similar time-dependent increases in promoter activity when treated with TNF-alpha. (nih.gov)
  • We propose a mechanism for the involvement of matrix-bound VEGFA in angiogenesis that is dependent on extracellular TG2-related activity. (aston.ac.uk)
Formation1
  • Among these, microbial transglutaminases (MTGs) are broadly used for their ability to catalyse the formation of an isopeptide bond between the γ-amide group of glutamines and the ε-amino group of lysine. (cnr.it)
Inactive1
  • I also describe the activation of the inactive recombinant enzyme produced in mesophilic Escherichia coli from the viewpoint of the relationship between structure and activity. (go.jp)