Part of this adenosine is discharged from the cell and binds to adenosine receptors of neighboring cells, which is supposed to compensate for the disturbed balance between energy consumption and energy supply. (adxs.org)
These two receptors also have important roles in the brain, regulating the release of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate, while the A2B and A3 receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
At the same time, adenosine modulates striatal DA release by stimulating glutamate release at adenosine receptors in the striatum , which increases dopamine levels. (adxs.org)
Sedative effect1
Most older compounds acting on adenosine receptors are nonselective, with the endogenous agonist adenosine being used in hospitals as treatment for severe tachycardia (rapid heart beat), and acting directly to slow the heart through action on all four adenosine receptors in heart tissue, as well as producing a sedative effect through action on A1 and A2A receptors in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine1
Adenosine receptors are closely associated with dopamine receptors and form heteromer s with them. (adxs.org)
Myocardial3
For instance, both A1 receptors and A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
The A1, together with A2A receptors of endogenous adenosine play a role in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. (wikipedia.org)
Stimulation of the A1 receptor has a myocardial depressant effect by decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses and suppressing pacemaker cell function, resulting in a decrease in heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
However, in altered cardiac function, such as hypoperfusion caused by hypotension, heart attack or cardiac arrest caused by nonperfusing bradycardias, adenosine has a negative effect on physiological functioning by preventing necessary compensatory increases in heart rate and blood pressure that attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion. (wikipedia.org)
Effect3
Xanthine derivatives such as caffeine and theophylline act as non-selective antagonists at A1 and A2A receptors in both heart and brain and so have the opposite effect to adenosine, producing a stimulant effect and rapid heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
This effect on the A1 receptor also explains why there is a brief moment of cardiac standstill when adenosine is administered as a rapid IV push during cardiac resuscitation. (wikipedia.org)
Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. (researchgate.net)
Bone3
Adenosine receptors play a key role in the homeostasis of bone. (wikipedia.org)
Studies have found that blockade of the A1 Receptor suppresses the osteoclast function, leading to increased bone density. (wikipedia.org)
Following treatment, serum calcium and phosphate levels were measured, bone structure and mineral density were measured by microcomputed tomography, and bone cells measured by static and dynamic histomorphometry. (bvsalud.org)
Oxygen1
Among other things, adenosine is used for autoregulation in the event of an imminent lack of energy in the cell (e.g. when the cell's performance is overloaded or when there is a lack of oxygen): If the ATP content in a cell drops, more adenosine is produced as a hydrolysis product. (adxs.org)
Found3
The adenosine A1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body. (wikipedia.org)
Presynaptically, it reduces synaptic vesicle release while post synaptically it has been found to stabilize the magnesium on the NMDA receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Adenosine is found in almost all body cells. (adxs.org)
Range1
Some of these compounds are still derived from adenosine or from the xanthine family, but researchers in this area have also discovered many selective adenosine receptor ligands that are entirely structurally distinct, giving a wide range of possible directions for future research. (wikipedia.org)
Heart1
This makes adenosine a useful medication for treating and diagnosing tachyarrhythmias, or excessively fast heart rates. (wikipedia.org)