• The pathophysiology of asthma exacerbations involves the recruitment of immune cells to the lungs, including neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA sequencing was performed in primary human macrophages (Mφ) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) infected with a clinical strain of Brucella spp. (frontiersin.org)
  • They also secrete cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) that enhance the activity of macrophages and other immune cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Receptors able to mediate phagocytosis are expressed almost exclusively in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, and receptor clustering is thought to occur upon particle binding which in turn generates a phagocytic signal, activating the phagocytic process [ 3345 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • The professional phagocytic cells of bovine udder, polymorphonuclear<br />neutrophils (PMN) and macrophages, comprise the first line of defense against invading mastitis pathogens. (ac.ir)
  • Wounds of KO mice contained similar numbers of neutrophils and macrophages, but more activated keratinocytes, consistent with accelerated re-epithelialization. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Hence, both neutrophils and macrophages are attracted to the wound site during the inflammatory phase. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Myeloid-selective expression of Cre recombinase in the presence of a double-floxed HIF-1α gene excises the gene in at least 75% of neutrophils and macrophages ( 3 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • BAL cytology indicated a robust and early (day 1) accumulation of neutrophils - slightly weaker in MPO k/o mice vs w/t animals ( Fig. 1d ), followed by a sequential appearance of macrophages in both groups of animals (with a peak at day 7) (data not shown) [4] . (cdc.gov)
  • The anti-bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), produced by neutrophils, peripheral blood monocytes or epithelial cells, can neutralize lipopolysaccharide activity and enhance phagocytosis regulation function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The anti-bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is a secretory protease produced by neutrophils, peripheral monocytes, and epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies against neutrophil granule bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI-ANCA) has been found in many inflammatory diseases, such as COPD, and can reduce the detrimental effect of BPI on gram-negative bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytotoxic components of granules include cathelicidin, defensin, bactericidal/permeability increasing protein and lactoferrin, each of which is known to possess antimicrobial activity (3, 4). (wee1-receptor.com)
  • Finally, while the phagocytosis of inert latex particles by human blood monocytes is not affected by the presence of ethanol [ 3362 ], the phagocytosis of opsonized red cells by Kupffer cells is slightly impaired by ethanol [ 3363 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Objectives Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are autoimmune vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies that target proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO) found within neutrophils and monocytes. (bmj.com)
  • Methods We stimulated purified monocytes and whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with GPA, patients with MPA or healthy controls with PR3 or MPO and visualised MGC and granuloma-like structure formation using light, confocal and electron microscopy, as well as measuring the cell cytokine production. (bmj.com)
  • Stimulation of neutrophils with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) overcame high salt-induced impairment in ROS production and restored antimicrobial activity of neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found an immediate impairment in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) generation in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, which persisted into the acute post-injury phase (4-72 hours). (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • During the course of hepatocyte necrosis, an intense accumulation of neutrophils is often observed within the liver microenvironment. (mdpi.com)
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils and inflammatory cells contribute to asthmatic inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD15 is expressed on greater than 95% of granulocytes including neutrophils and eosinophils and to a varying degree on monodytes, but not on lymphocytes or basophils. (mycareerpeer.com)
  • Eosinophils are involved in several functions inside our bodies: movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory responses. (goodbodyclinic.com)
  • A low number of eosinophils in the blood (eosinopenia) can occur with Cushing syndrome, bloodstream infections (sepsis), and treatment with corticosteroids. (goodbodyclinic.com)
  • Checked for eligibility: 04/04/2019 First publication by Frontiers Media Hazeldine J, Dinsdale RJ, Harrison P and Lord JM (2019) Traumatic Injury and Exposure to Mitochondrial-Derived Damage Associated Molecular Patterns Suppresses Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • BPI has an important anti-bacterial effect on gram-negative bacteria, neutralizes lipopolysaccharide activity, enhances phagocytosis regulation and possess an anti-fungal effect [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This inhibitory effect is maximized at 0.1 nM concentration [ 3365 ], and inhibition of neutrophil mobility and phagocytosis "could be carried out through an increase of the intracellular cAMP levels" [ 3319 , 3365 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • CD15 has been implicated in adhesion, as well as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity. (biolegend.com)
  • Since patients with GPA have augmented neutrophil PR3 expression, and PR3-expressing apoptotic cells frustrate macrophage phagocytosis and cellular clearance, we investigated the role of PR3 in stimulating giant cell and granuloma formation. (bmj.com)
  • Neutrophils have several strategies against attacking microbes: phagocytosis, killing by a combination of ROS and cytotoxic components of granules, and generation of NETs (1, 2). (wee1-receptor.com)
  • Lysosomes of leukocytes and fibroblasts, dense bodies of platelets, azurophilic granules of neutrophils, and melanosomes of melanocytes are generally larger in size and irregular in morphology, indicating that a common pathway in the synthesis of organelles responsible for storage is affected in patients with CHS. (medscape.com)
  • Neutrophils engulf bacteria and other microorganisms. (rehabvet.com)
  • Phagocytes, as discussed in #2, are white blood cells that engulf invading microorganisms. (livonlabs.com)
  • Neutrophils are the immune system's first line of defense against infection and have conventionally been thought to kill invading pathogens through two strategies: engulfment of microbes and secretion of anti-microbials. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whereas inhibition of p38/MAPK did not result in improved neutrophil defense, pharmacological blockade of the phagocyte oxidase (PHOX) or its genetic ablation mimicked the impaired antimicrobial activity detected under high salt conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, the role of PMN<br />function as an effective defense against intramammary pathogens in dairy cows and physiopathological<br />influencing factors on blood and milk PMN functions are discussed. (ac.ir)
  • Neutrophils (NE) are the first line of defense against infection and their absence sets the stage for disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • DNA, which are released from the contents monia AND neutrophil extracellular traps, of neutrophils as a defense mechanism to respiratory tract infection AND neutrophil trap and destroy microorganisms1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neutrophils are the first line of defense phil extracellular traps. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant enzyme of inflammatory cells (neutrophils), - involved in the principal defense mechanisms of innate immunity -was also effective in oxidative biodegradation of CNT in biochemical models and in cells yielding the products that did not cause pulmonary inflammation in mice [14] . (cdc.gov)
  • Azurophilic granule proteins such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) then enter the nucleus and further the decondensation process, resulting in the rupture of the nuclear envelope. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon in vitro activation with the pharmacological agent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), Interleukin 8 (IL-8) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin to form an extracellular fibril matrix known as NET through an active process. (wikipedia.org)
  • SOD is thought to protect the cells of Nocardia asteroides (9), Listeria monocytogenes (24), and Shigella flexneri (10) from phagocytic killing, whereas catalase activity has been suggested to protect Staphylococcus aureus (12) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (3). (docksci.com)
  • DS patients also present a T cell immunodeficiency causing functional defects of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduced chemotaxis, diminished phagocytic ability, defective oxidative response and abnormal bactericidal activity 3 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the early stages of Professor Hampton's career he investigated the role that neutrophil oxidants play in killing phagocytosed microbes. (otago.ac.nz)
  • The primary roles of these microbes include assisting the body in digestion and facilitating the function of the immune system. (springer.com)
  • In innate immunity, neutrophils are well known to exhibit protective roles in infection by a variety of invasive microbes (1). (wee1-receptor.com)
  • These strategies function in concert to eliminate the microbes. (wee1-receptor.com)
  • Neutrophils clear microbes and cellular debris from the wounded area, but may also cause injury to normal cells by bursts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. (iiarjournals.org)
  • While it was originally proposed that NETs would be formed in tissues at a site of bacterial/yeast infection, NETs have also been shown to form within blood vessels during sepsis (specifically in the lung capillaries and liver sinusoids). (wikipedia.org)
  • NETs formed in blood vessels can catch circulating bacteria as they pass through the vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Systemic implications of DM due to prolonged hyperglycemia include damage to blood vessels and impaired immune function [6]. (oatext.com)
  • The dermis is the inner layer that supports and nourishes the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Blood is a liquid that circulates in what is virtually a closed system of blood vessels. (greyfortgreyhounds.com)
  • Vasodilators released from astrocytic endfeet result in blood vessels to dilate and discharge blood sugar in to the interstitium, component of which is certainly taken up with the astrocyticendfeet. (mycareerpeer.com)
  • In addition, we analyzed the costimulatory effects of Urelumab, Utomilumab, and Varlilumab in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Further transcriptomic analysis of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PMNs from patients with acute brucellosis before treatment initiation and after successful treatment revealed a positive correlation of the molecular signature of active disease with pathways associated with response to interferons (IFN). (frontiersin.org)
  • Chemotaxis of non-compressed blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes from an adolescent with severe leukocyte adhesion deficiency. (lu.se)
  • Blood analysis showed significantly higher bactericidal activity of neutrophils and higher NK cell activity at the fifth week of administration compared to pre-administration. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
  • Two cholecystokinin octapeptides (CCK-8s and CCK-8) significantly inhibit neutrophil ingestion of latex beads. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Ageing is accompanied by a progressive decline in immune function that may significantly impact overall human health, increasing the risk of autoimmune disorders, infection, and mortality [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-treating neutrophils from healthy subjects with mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs), whose circulating levels were significantly increased in our trauma patients, reduced NET generation. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Indeed, activation of AMPK via treatment with the AMP-mimetic AICAR significantly reduced neutrophil lactate production in response to PMA stimulation, a phenomenon that we also observed for neutrophils pre-treated with mtDAMPs. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Under states of aberrant microbial composition or function (dysbiosis), the gut microbiota induces systemic inflammation that can lead to the onset of many diseases. (springer.com)
  • This can<br />provide balance among inflammation reactions, bactericidal activity and tissue damage. (ac.ir)
  • Cathelicidins such as cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) and LL-37 are a family of antimicrobial peptide precursors expressed in circulating neutrophils, myeloid bone marrow Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase cells, epithelial cells of the skin and gastrointestinal tract, and the epididymis (5, 6). (wee1-receptor.com)
  • When a bacterium is engulfed by a neutrophil, a metabolic process within the granules produces hydrogen peroxide and a highly active form of oxygen called "superoxide", which destroys the ingested bacteria. (rehabvet.com)
  • [ 7 ] In the early stages of neutrophil maturation, normal azurophil granules fuse to form megagranules, whereas, in the later stage (ie, during myelocyte stage), normal granules are formed. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, some of the contents of the granules are secreted from neutrophils into the extracellular milieu, where they are assumed to exert antimicrobial activity. (wee1-receptor.com)
  • Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds that control many physiologic processes, including regulating T-lymphocyte function. (livonlabs.com)
  • However, there are a large number of tests that may be carried out on a blood sample, and it is mainly the cost of these tests, that limits the number of compounds that are tested for at any one time. (greyfortgreyhounds.com)
  • This will assist in determining exactly what compounds of the blood should be investigated. (greyfortgreyhounds.com)
  • Fibrinogen is one of the main compounds that cause blood clotting. (greyfortgreyhounds.com)
  • Without a doubt, herbal plants have very high importance due to the complex compounds that function in synergy. (interesjournals.org)
  • Blood sugar through the interstitium and lactate (created from blood sugar) influx from astrocyte are changed into in the neuron. (mycareerpeer.com)
  • Neutrophils activate and release inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, IL-13, interferon-gamma, GM-CSF, and TGF-beta, which can aggravate the immune response and promote acute exacerbation of asthma [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, DS patients with PD presented high levels of 5-LO expression, suggesting the presence of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in PD, thus demonstrating that the changes in NE function due to the elevation of inflammatory mediators contribute to PD. (bvsalud.org)
  • Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) influences myeloid cell function. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Recent evidence has revealed that the oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a critical regulator of myeloid cell function in physiological and pathological states. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Suicidal NETosis was first described in a 2007 study that noted that the release of NETs resulted in neutrophil death through a different pathway than apoptosis or necrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Role of neutrophil extracellular la NETosis en las enfermedades infecciosas pulmonares. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite not having a standardized measurement parameter, the excess of neutrophil extracellular traps corresponds conception, manuscript to the severity of tissue damage observed in patients with respiratory tract infections, revealing the important prognostic role design, literature search, data of the neutrophil response and NETosis process in pulmonary infectious diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • PAD4 is responsible for the citrullination of histones in the neutrophil, resulting in decondensation of chromatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The impaired function in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes may be related to abnormal microtubular assembly. (medscape.com)
  • In either case it is possible to carefully dissect the function of the immune system to determine which if any of the immune functions are abnormal. (dvm360.com)
  • Keratinocytes also secrete a number of cytokines that may function to induce a local inflammatory reaction and recruit immune cells to the site of infection. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Furthermore, the impairment in NET generation induced by mtDAMPs was partially ameliorated by pre-treating neutrophils with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Taken together, our data demonstrate an immediate trauma-induced impairment in neutrophil anti-microbial function and identify mtDAMP release as a potential initiator of acute post-injury neutrophil dysfunction. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Clinical characteristics (age, gender, allergy history, body mass index (BMI) and smoking history), clinical indicators [whole blood count, forced expiratory volume in one second as percentage of predicted volume (FEV1% predicted), IgE level, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and fractional expiratory nitric oxide (FeNO)] and serum BPI levels were measured to compare among each group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result, research on asthma is shifting from symptoms and lung function test to focusing on cell profiles, protein analysis, genetic and biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High salt enhanced the activity of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK) and increased the interleukin (IL)-8 release in a p38/MAPK-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • Platelet-induced NET formation occurs very rapidly (in minutes) and may or may not result in death of the neutrophils. (wikipedia.org)
  • A) EM image of an inflamed mouse cremaster venule, demonstrating platelet‐neutrophil‐endothelial cell interaction. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • B) Platelet (red)‐neutrophil (green/blue) interactions in suspension after platelet activation. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • For example, a dog that has a high neutrophil count and evidence of a bacterial infection that recurs after antibiotic withdrawal may have a neutrophil defect (such as inability to phagocytose and kill). (dvm360.com)
  • It is necessary to further delineate aberrations in gut microbial composition and function in order to understand how these enhance or inhibit disease states. (springer.com)
  • The cathelicidins are thought to exert broad antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeast, and some enveloped viruses (3, 8). (wee1-receptor.com)
  • Plasma from peripheral blood was collected to measure tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by ELISA and nitrite (NO3) using a Griess assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that high levels of B. pseudomallei -specific IgG2 are associated with protection against death in a multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, diabetes, renal disease, and neutrophil count. (cdc.gov)
  • NETs allow neutrophils to kill extracellular pathogens while minimizing damage to the host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • These increases in local Na + levels boost proinflammatory and antimicrobial macrophage activity and can favor polarization of T cells towards a proinflammatory Th17 phenotype. (frontiersin.org)
  • Researchers observed cells in the blood and lymphoid tissues that could kill tumour cells and cells infected with viruses. (rehabvet.com)
  • These Langerhans cells undergo maturation and migrate from the epidermis to regional lymph nodes, where they function as potent activators of naive T cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • T cells, which are divided into helper T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells based on their functions. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Vitamin C enhances cytokine production by white blood cells. (livonlabs.com)
  • Cytokines are communication proteins released by certain white blood cells that transmit information to other cells, promoting the immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • These white blood cells make antibodies as part of the antibody-mediated immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • Vitamin C concentrates in white blood cells. (livonlabs.com)
  • This is the oxygen-carrying component of the red blood cells. (greyfortgreyhounds.com)
  • A packed cell volume test (PCV) of the blood will provide some indication of the level of red blood cells and therefore an indication of Haemoglobin levels, however even moderate dehydration will affect the PCV and may provide a misleading result. (greyfortgreyhounds.com)
  • The ability of Haemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues, may also be affected by the production of non-functioning Haemoglobin taking the place of normal Haemoglobin in the red blood cells, these are Methemoglobin and Sulfhemoglobin. (greyfortgreyhounds.com)
  • For flow cytometric staining, the suggested use of this reagent is 5 µl per million cells in 100 µl staining volume or 5 µl per 100 µl of whole blood. (biolegend.com)
  • Together with iron, it enables the body to form red blood cells. (supplemented.net)
  • It is found in all body tissues and plays a role in making red blood cells and maintaining nerve cells and the immune system. (supplemented.net)
  • Granulomas are exclusively found in GPA and form around multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), at sites of microabscesses, containing apoptotic and necrotic neutrophils. (bmj.com)
  • The adult human body contains approximately 3-5 g of iron, with more than two-thirds incorporated in the haemoglobin of developing erythroid precursors and mature red blood cells. (vitaminexpert.co.uk)
  • We investigated the activity of the EGS in inducing RNase P to cleave the target mRNA and its efficacy in inhibiting HCMV gene expression and growth in cultured cells. (azd1152.com)
  • If your haematocrit levels are higher than normal, this can be due to dehydration, or a disorder such as polycythemia vera, that causes your body to produce too many red blood cells. (goodbodyclinic.com)
  • This condition occurs when the blood cells are too big, which can be a result of not having enough vitamin B12 or folic acid in the body. (goodbodyclinic.com)
  • Several functional disorders and physical stigmata, such as mental abnormalities, susceptibility to infections, and hypotonic muscle function are associated with this syndrome 1-2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • It is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels [7]. (oatext.com)
  • Hormones,<br />metabolites and acute phase proteins also influence PMN functions, thereby affecting the outcome of<br />mastitis. (ac.ir)
  • Results: We found that Urelumab (IgG4) can activate 41BB-NFκB signaling without FcγR cross-linking, but the presence of the FcγRs (CD32A, CD32B, CD64) augments the agonistic activity of Urelumab. (bvsalud.org)
  • Another important class of haemproteins are cytochromes, which play an important function in redox reactions and electron transport. (vitaminexpert.co.uk)
  • Taken together, this study provides for the first time an in-depth analysis of the transcriptomic alterations that take place in human phagocytes upon infection, and in peripheral blood immune populations during active disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • The mature neutrophils contain both populations. (medscape.com)
  • Blood 2008(1): 209-18 [ PubMed abstract ]. (lu.se)
  • Blood 2007(11): 4873-81 [ PubMed abstract ]. (lu.se)
  • Blood 2004(3): 1105-13 [ PubMed abstract ]. (lu.se)
  • Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • NETs disarm pathogens with antimicrobial proteins such as neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and histones that have a high affinity for DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • NET formation has also been shown to augment macrophage bactericidal activity in response to multiple bacterial pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that envelop pathogens and other dangerous particles. (livonlabs.com)
  • Protection of the mammary gland against mastitis-causing pathogens is mediated by many factors in the<br />gland and blood circulation. (ac.ir)
  • The data obtained through this study revealed that antibiotics were more effective for oral bacterial pathogens than toothpaste and plant extracts which showed moderate and low activity, respectively. (scielo.br)
  • In 2004, a novel third function was identified: formation of NETs. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, microarray analysis reported high RNA levels of BPI in the blood of asthmatic patients [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This<br />review focuses on some factors affecting PMN functions during the lactation cycle and mastitis in high<br />yielding dairy cows. (ac.ir)
  • The latter one is the most common and is often due to dehydration, high blood pressure, smoking, stress or alcohol. (goodbodyclinic.com)
  • The survey of TP1 revealed that it showed more potent antagonist activity against Proteus vulgaris as compared TP2 and TP3 that might be due to the high content of fluoride. (scielo.br)
  • A novel CD18 genomic deletion in a patient with severe leucocyte adhesion deficiency: a possible CD2/lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 functional association in humans. (lu.se)
  • The mechanism by which the host protects against M. pneumoniae infection is not fully understood, but neutrophils are known to accumulate in BALF after mice have been intranasally infected with M. pneumoniae (11, 12). (wee1-receptor.com)
  • Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of blood biomarkers in addition to current neuroimaging predictors for early detection of CALD. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results suggest that CRAMP from neutrophils may play an important role in protection against M. pneumoniae infection. (wee1-receptor.com)
  • Our findings suggest that increases in local Na + represent an ionic checkpoint that prevents excessive ROS production of neutrophils, which decreases their antimicrobial potential and could potentially curtail ROS-mediated tissue damage. (frontiersin.org)
  • Neutrophil function and molecular analysis in severe leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I without separation delay of the umbilical cord. (lu.se)
  • Although a well-described phenomenon, research to date has only analysed blood samples acquired post-hospital admission, and the mechanisms that initiate compromised neutrophil function post-injury are therefore poorly understood. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • The polymorphonuclear leukocyte-neutrophil is a key cell type and an essential part of the host's inflammatory response. (bvsalud.org)