• The emission of radiation from the nucleus of an atom is known as radioactivity. (doctor-dr.com)
  • One of a radioactive atom's neutrons breaks down into a proton and an election, resulting in the formation of beta particles in its nucleus. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Examine Figure A to see how the emission of an alpha particle affects the nucleus of a radium atom. (doctor-dr.com)
  • The nucleus of an atom contains less protons and neutrons after an alpha particle is ejected. (doctor-dr.com)
  • When an alpha particle is ejected from the nucleus of a radium atom, the atom becomes an atom of radon, with 86 protons instead of 88. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Figure B depicts how a bera particle's emission modifies the nucleus of an atom: todine loses a neutron and receives a proton to become xenon. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclei with a sufficient excess of neutrons have a greater energy than the combination of a free neutron and a nucleus with one less neutron, and therefore can decay by neutron emission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Induced fission happens only when a nucleus is bombarded with neutrons, gamma rays, or other carriers of energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spontaneous fission happens when a nucleus splits into two (occasionally three) smaller nuclei and generally one or more neutrons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In either case, the number of nucleons (neutrons plus protons) in the nucleus remains the same, while the number of protons in the nucleus changes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • An unstable atomic nucleus with an excess of neutrons may undergo β − decay. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • For those of you who need a quick review, isotopes of an element are produced because of differences in the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. (skepchick.org)
  • They achieve stability through changes in the nucleus (spontaneous fission, emission of alpha particles, or conversion of neutrons to protons or the reverse). (cdc.gov)
  • The so-called neutrinoless double-beta (0nbb) decay simultaneously transforms two neutrons inside a nucleus into two protons with the emission of two electrons. (tum.de)
  • The number of electrons in an atom is normally equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. (ieer.org)
  • The mass of an atom lies almost entirely in its nucleus since protons and neutrons are far heavier than electrons. (ieer.org)
  • However, it is remarkable that neutrons, when they exist together with protons in the nucleus of atoms, are stable. (ieer.org)
  • Alpha decay, which the emission of a helium-4 nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons. (ieer.org)
  • Often, there is still excess residual energy in the nucleus after the emission of a particle or after electron capture. (ieer.org)
  • [1] It should be noted that the emission of gamma rays does not change the mass number or atomic number of the nucleus - that is, unlike radioactive decay by emission of particles, spontaneous fission, or electron capture, it does not cause the transmutation of the nucleus into another element. (ieer.org)
  • The alpha particle removes two protons (green) and two neutrons (gray) from the uranium-238 nucleus. (openstax.org)
  • Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. (openstax.org)
  • Beta (β) decay is the emission of an electron from a nucleus. (openstax.org)
  • An alpha particle is composed of two protons and two neutrons and is the same as a helium nucleus. (spagades.com)
  • It was while working with neutrons that Fermi discovered radioactivity happened because the nucleus was unstable. (integralworld.net)
  • Fermi's experiments on slow neutrons (and showing what elements could be released and diagnosed) were useful despite their primitive nature since they helped in understanding the structure of the nucleus. (integralworld.net)
  • In one finding, Fermi discovered that the excess neutrons in the nucleus led to the emission of a beta particle. (integralworld.net)
  • That came about when it was discovered that the excess neutrons in the nucleus led to the emission of a beta particle. (integralworld.net)
  • these all consist of an atomic nucleus with 63 protons and, in the uncharged state, 63 electrons. (chemlin.org)
  • The difference between each europium isotope is based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus. (chemlin.org)
  • the nucleus of a helium atom, made up of two neutrons and two protons with a charge of +2. (cdc.gov)
  • the total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. (cdc.gov)
  • the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. (cdc.gov)
  • Modern nuclear structure theory models the properties of the atomic nucleus as a many-body quantum system composed of protons and neutrons. (lu.se)
  • Two examples of isotopes that emit neutrons are beryllium-13 (decaying to beryllium-12 with a mean life 2.7×10−21 s) and helium-5 (helium-4, 7×10−22 s). (wikipedia.org)
  • Some neutron-rich isotopes decay by the emission of two or more neutrons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most neutron emission outside prompt neutron production associated with fission (either induced or spontaneous), is from neutron-heavy isotopes produced as fission products. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many heavy isotopes, most notably californium-252, also emit prompt neutrons among the products of a similar spontaneous radioactive decay process, spontaneous fission. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rapid fall in half-lives with increasing neutron deficiency when proton emission dominates makes it likely that for some elements, the lightest isotopes whose ground states can be observed in conventional experiments have already been reached. (epj-conferences.org)
  • We report here the results of a study of the beta decay of the proton-rich Ge isotopes, Ge-60 and Ge-62, produced in an experiment at the RIKEN Nishina Center. (uni-koeln.de)
  • EC-SLI (Emission Channeling with Short-Lived Isotopes) is an experiment at ISOLDE dedicated to studying the lattice location of dopants and impurities in single crystals and epitaxial thin films. (cern.ch)
  • The selenium isotopes lie at the heart of a tumultuous region of the nuclear chart where shape coexistence effects grapple with neutron-proton pairing correlations, triaxiality, and the impending proton dripline. (go.jp)
  • Why can't high-level nuclear waste be disposed of by bombarding troublesome isotopes with neutrons, protons and gamma rays (photodisintegration)? (stackexchange.com)
  • The energy balance in the decay of a neutron is achieved by the anti-neutrino, a neutral particle that carries off surplus energy as the neutron decays. (ieer.org)
  • The Process uses beta electron emissions that occur when a neutron decays into a proton which causes a forward bias in the semiconductor. (technovelgy.com)
  • The process by which a neutron 'decays' into a proton - with an emission of a light electron and an almost massless neutrino - is one of the most fascinating processes known to physicists," said Salvat, who led the experiments at Los Alamos. (iu.edu)
  • Gamma emission (γ emission) is observed when a nuclide is formed in an excited state and then decays to its ground state with the emission of a γ ray, a quantum of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. (openstax.org)
  • Examples of phenomena studied are one-particle shell structure, exotic shapes (superdeformation, triaxial deformation), various kinds of giant resonances, low-lying vibrations, beta-decays, particle emission, nuclear masses and deformations. (lu.se)
  • As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, nuclei with an excess of protons or neutrons have a higher average energy per nucleon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclei which can decay by this process are described as lying beyond the neutron drip line. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neutron emission usually happens from nuclei that are in an excited state, such as the excited 17O* produced from the beta decay of 17N. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unstable atomic nuclei with an excess of protons may undergo β + decay, or inverse beta decay. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Proton emission is the radioactive decay mode that is expected to determine the limit of observable proton-rich nuclei for most elements. (epj-conferences.org)
  • Considerable progress has been made in the study of proton-emitting nuclei since the first observation of direct proton emission nearly 50 years ago. (epj-conferences.org)
  • The enhanced stability against proton emission of the recently discovered high-lying isomer in 158 Ta raises the possibility that proton emission from multiparticle isomers could be observed in nuclei beyond the expected boundaries of the nuclear landscape. (epj-conferences.org)
  • The nuclei of atoms are composed of protons, which have a positive electrical charge, and neutrons, which are electrically neutral. (ieer.org)
  • This would lead shortly to his famous work with activation of nuclei with slow neutrons. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are setups which detect neutrons or protons, as well as alpha particles which are emitted in the decay of some nuclei. (cern.ch)
  • The nuclear equation of state (EOS) describes dense matter probed in terrestrial experiments with atomic nuclei as well as in astrophysical observations of neutron stars. (nature.com)
  • The scientific purpose of the experiment, which IU has led for over a decade, is to measure how long, on average, a free neutron lives outside the confines of atomic nuclei. (iu.edu)
  • It will also help physicists understand the potential role that new ideas in physics, such as neutrons decaying into dark matter, may play in evolving theories about the universe, as well as possibly help explain how the first atomic nuclei were formed. (iu.edu)
  • These results indicate that a unique source size r 0 and emission time could be extracted from the p-p momentum correlation function, which is especially important for identifying the mechanism of two-proton emission from proton-rich nuclei. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • This may provide a possible method for experimentally observing the cluster structures in proton-rich nuclei. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • They collide with the nuclei of stable atoms, resulting in the emission of energetic protons, alpha and beta particles, and gamma radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Beta particles are substantially smaller than alpha particles, which have two protons and two neutrons, because they are made up of electrons. (doctor-dr.com)
  • and "beta plus" (β + ), involving the emission of positrons (which are antiparticles of electrons). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In a famous letter written in 1930, Wolfgang Pauli suggested that in addition to electrons and protons atoms also contained an extremely light neutral particle which he called the neutron . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • That's because it involves the simultaneous decay of two neutrons into two protons with the emission of two electrons and no neutrinos, which is only possible if neutrinos and antineutrinos are identical "Majorana" particles such that the two neutrinos from the decay cancel each other out. (cerncourier.com)
  • Electrons are electrically negative and have a charge equal in magnitude to that of a proton. (ieer.org)
  • Protons are about 1,836 times heavier than electrons, and neutrons are about 1,838 times heavier than electrons. (ieer.org)
  • The more massive the disk, the more often neutrons are formed from protons through capture of electrons under emission of neutrinos, and are available for the synthesis of heavy elements by means of the r-process. (gsi.de)
  • Interaction of a high-intensity optical laser beam with a solid target can generate `hot' electrons, which generate radiation hazards (mainly bremsstrahlung photons and neutrons) from interaction of hot electrons with target and the surrounding materials. (lu.se)
  • atoms with varying numbers of protons are thus separate elements. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Rutherford had succeeded that year in disintegrating atoms by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, with the emission of a proton. (nobelprize.org)
  • Two protons plus two newtrons make up the comparatively hefty alpha particle. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Beta decay, which the emission of an electron or a positron (a particle identical to an electron except that it has a positive electrical charge). (ieer.org)
  • is the operator introduced by Heisenberg (later generalized into isospin ) that acts on a heavy particle state, which has eigenvalue +1 when the particle is a neutron, and −1 if the particle is a proton. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new model of the neutron n=p+s is proposed, where s is the selectron, a particle postulated by the Supersymmetry. (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
  • A variety of experimental systems can be coupled to the station for specialized decay measurement, such as fast timing measurement of excited states lifetimes, proton and alpha particle emission, and neutron time of flight detectors for neutron energy spectroscopy. (cern.ch)
  • The chart of the nuclides is limited by particle drip lines beyond which nuclear stability to proton or neutron emission is lost. (catalyzex.com)
  • We use microscopic nuclear mass models and Bayesian methodology to provide quantified predictions of proton and neutron separation energies as well as Bayesian probabilities of existence throughout the nuclear landscape all the way to the particle drip lines. (catalyzex.com)
  • Beta decay, which can be thought of as the conversion of a neutron into a proton and a β particle, is observed in nuclides with a large n:p ratio. (openstax.org)
  • 3.1 Major Forms of Radioactivity Alpha Particle () Rutherford's experiments demonstrated that there are three main forms of radioactive emissions. (spagades.com)
  • See also beta particle , gamma ray , neutron , x-ray . (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to the possible processes of mass ejection, the research group led by Dr. Andreas Bauswein is also investigating the light signals generated by the ejected matter, which will be used to infer the mass and composition of the ejected matter in future observations of colliding neutron stars. (gsi.de)
  • The Nobel prize that he was awarded in 1938 was "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons. (integralworld.net)
  • He succeeded in using slow neutrons. (integralworld.net)
  • Some nuclides can be induced to eject a neutron by gamma radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neutron radiation Neutron source Proton emission "Neutron Emission" (webpage). (wikipedia.org)
  • The spectacular first observation of gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation originating from a neutron star merger in 2017 suggested that many heavy elements can be produced and released in these cosmic collisions. (gsi.de)
  • This also makes this isotope useful as a neutron source in nuclear reactors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nevertheless, the delayed neutrons emitted by neutron-rich fission products aid control of nuclear reactors by making reactivity change far more slowly than it would if it were controlled by prompt neutrons alone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Beta minus decay is a common process in the neutron-rich fission by-products produced in nuclear reactors, accounting for the large numbers of electron antineutrinos produced by these reactors. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Beta decay commonly occurs among the neutron-rich fission byproducts produced in nuclear reactors. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • A very promising tool is the multi-messenger astrophysics analysis of neutron stars and their collisions, which provides access to dense neutron-rich matter not accessible in terrestrial experiments at present. (nature.com)
  • The ejection of the neutron may be as a product of the movement of many nucleons, but it is ultimately mediated by the repulsive action of the nuclear force that exists at extremely short-range distances between nucleons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1931, Enrico Fermi renamed Pauli's "neutron" to neutrino, and in 1934 Fermi published a very successful model of beta decay in which neutrinos were produced. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • [3] The Fermi interaction was the precursor to the theory for the weak interaction where the interaction between the proton-neutron and electron-antineutrino is mediated by a virtual W − boson , of which the Fermi theory is the low-energy effective field theory . (wikipedia.org)
  • Enrico Fermi eventually became enamored with working on neutron research. (integralworld.net)
  • The internal composition of such accretion disks has so far not been well understood, particularly with respect to the conditions under which an excess of neutrons forms. (gsi.de)
  • Why doesn't a nuclide of N-14 simply absorb the neutron created by cosmic rays or solar wind interacting with the atmosphere and become N-15, which is stable? (stackexchange.com)
  • Emission of an electron does not change the mass number of the nuclide but does increase the number of its protons and decrease the number of its neutrons. (openstax.org)
  • The electric car sharing service Spark has contributed to a reduction of 7,300 tonnes of harmful emissions April 29, 2022 33 Since the start of the service in 2016 to this moment the electric car sharing service SPARK has reduced its carbon footprint by more than 7.3 million kilograms of harmful emissions in all three countries where it operates. (spagades.com)
  • Our results indicate that the study of these processes is feasible and that it can be used to improve the understanding of leading neutron processes and of exclusive vector meson production. (lu.se)
  • In these processes the incident proton is converted into a neutron via pion emission. (lu.se)
  • An important property of our approach is that its main elements are constrained by the HERA data on processes without a leading neutron. (lu.se)
  • As we will demonstrate below, such conclusion is also valid for leading neutron processes. (lu.se)
  • An experimental method for determining the $\rho $R and ($\rho$R)$^{2}$ of high energy-density inertial confinement fusion targets has been developed, which involves measuring the yield of tertiary neutrons with energies higher than 20 MeV. (aps.org)
  • Using a model that describes the recent leading neutron data at HERA, we consider exclusive vector meson production in association with a leading neutron in pp/pA collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. (lu.se)
  • In what follows we will investigate the exclusive , and J/ production associated with a leading neutron in pp and pA collisions at RHIC and LHC energies and present our estimates for the total cross section and rapidity distributions of these distinct final states. (lu.se)
  • These neutrons are sometimes emitted with a delay, giving them the term delayed neutrons, but the actual delay in their production is a delay waiting for the beta decay of fission products to produce the excited-state nuclear precursors that immediately undergo prompt neutron emission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nearly massless neutrinos play a key role in this process, as they enable conversion between protons and neutrons. (gsi.de)
  • However, if the mass of the disk is too high, the inverse reaction plays an increased role so that more neutrinos are recaptured by neutrons before they leave the disk. (gsi.de)
  • Neutrons are also produced in the spontaneous and induced fission of certain heavy nuclides. (wikipedia.org)
  • It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nuclides, and also from excited states of other nuclides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron emission. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Feynman diagram for beta decay of a neutron into a proton , electron , and electron antineutrino via an intermediate heavy W - boson . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • HERA data on the xL (Feynman momentum) distribution of leading neutrons can be very well described in this approach. (lu.se)
  • The goal of this project was to use proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) as a technique for determining trace amounts of contaminant elements in the carbon disks. (aps.org)
  • In beta minus decay, a neutron is converted into a proton , an electron , and an electron antineutrino. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • This interaction explains beta decay of a neutron by direct coupling of a neutron with an electron , a neutrino (later determined to be an antineutrino ) and a proton . (wikipedia.org)
  • The old Rutherford's model of neutron has been abandoned by the theorists because it seems that it cannot be reconciled with some principles of Quantum Mechanics. (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
  • Keywords: new version n=p+s of Rutherford's neutron, Borghi and Conte-Pieralice experiments, Natarajan's helical trajectory incorporated to n=p+s, Borghi and Conte-Pieralice experiments suggesting a new Planck's gravitational constant, deuteron's quadrupole moment, neutron's magnetic moment, deuteron's magnetic moment. (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
  • As only a neutron is lost by this process the number of protons remains unchanged, and an atom does not become an atom of a different element, but a different isotope of the same element. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nominal mass of an atom of an element is measured by the sum of the protons and neutrons in it. (ieer.org)
  • A neutron (one up quark and two down quarks) turns into a proton (two up quarks and one down quark) by the conversion of a down quark to an up quark, with the emission of a W - boson . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The underlying model explaining neutron decay involves the quarks changing their identities, but recently improved calculations suggest this process may not occur as previously predicted," Salvat said. (iu.edu)
  • Thus, the delay in neutron emission is not from the neutron-production process, but rather its precursor beta decay, which is controlled by the weak force, and thus requires a far longer time. (wikipedia.org)
  • The beta decay half lives for the precursors to delayed neutron-emitter radioisotopes, are typically fractions of a second to tens of seconds. (wikipedia.org)
  • In beta plus decay, a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino (a type of neutrino associated with the electron). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • He suggested that this "neutron" was also emitted during beta decay and had simply not yet been observed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • A total beta-delayed proton-emission branching ratio of 67(3)% has been obtained for Ge-60. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The inset shows beta decay of a free neutron. (wikipedia.org)
  • The laser pulse was focused onto a thin plastic foil (pitcher) to generate a proton beam by the well-known TNSA mechanism which, in turn, was impinging onto a boron-nitride (BN) target (catcher) to generated alpha-particles as a result of proton-boron nuclear fusion events. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Nuclear Physics works with two models of the neutron. (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
  • So, a neutron formed by proton and selectron is impossible when it is considered by the current Nuclear Physics, but it is not impossible if we consider a model of electron with helical trajectory. (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
  • Our new measurement of the neutron lifetime will provide an independent assessment to settle this issue, or provide much-searched-for evidence for the discovery of new physics. (iu.edu)
  • Given the impact of leading neutron production in forward physics, it is fundamental to consider alternative ways to learn more about this process (See. (lu.se)
  • In this approach an emissions inventory is established for all the known sectors (anthropogenic and natural) and processed through a meteorology coupled chemical transport model to ascertain their share of contribution to the select airshed. (urbanemissions.info)
  • Free neutrons are unstable particles which decay naturally into a proton and electron, with a half-life of about 12 minutes. (ieer.org)
  • In 1932, Chadwick made a fundamental discovery in the domain of nuclear science: he proved the existence of neutrons - elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge. (nobelprize.org)
  • The UCNtau experiment captures these neutrons, whose temperatures are lowered to nearly absolute zero, inside a "bathtub" lined with about 4,000 magnets. (iu.edu)
  • About 0.65% of neutrons are released in a nuclear chain reaction in a delayed way due to the mechanism of neutron emission, and it is this fraction of neutrons that allows a nuclear reactor to be controlled on human reaction time-scales, without proceeding to a prompt critical state, and runaway melt down. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nuclear EOS is governed by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions, but direct calculations of dense matter in neutron stars based on QCD are not feasible at present. (nature.com)
  • However, these observations mainly probe the EOS at densities \(\gtrsim 2{n}_{{\rm{sat}}}\) and still carry considerable uncertainties, reflected in the ranges for predictions of neutron-star radii. (nature.com)
  • In addition to the isolated neutron stars, we also can observe thermal surface emission from Central Compact Objects (CCOs) in supernova remnants. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • The central neutron star 1E1207.4-5209 in the supernova remnant PKS1209-51/52 (X-ray image by ROSAT). (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Interpreting high-energy, astrophysical phenomena, such as supernova explosions or neutron-star collisions, requires a robust understanding of matter at supranuclear densities. (nature.com)
  • The tertiary neutron yield is more than six orders of magnitude lower than the primary neutron yield, so ultra pure carbon samples that are free from any positron-emitting contaminants are essential to this diagnostic. (aps.org)
  • How does absorbing a free thermal neutron convert nitrogen-14 into carbon-14? (stackexchange.com)
  • In effect, the electron combines with a proton to yield a neutron. (ieer.org)
  • In proton therapy there is a need for proton optimised tissue-equivalent materials as existing phantom materials can produce large uncertainties in the determination of absorbed dose and range measurements. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results showed that existing tissue-equivalent materials can produce large uncertainties in proton therapy dosimetry. (bvsalud.org)
  • This work combines nuclear theory, nuclear experiment and astrophysical observations, and shows how joint analyses can shed light on the properties of neutron-rich supranuclear matter over the density range probed in neutron stars. (nature.com)
  • The gap between our current knowledge of the EOS stemming from nuclear theory and experiment at low densities and astrophysical observations of neutron stars at higher densities can be bridged by heavy-ion collision (HIC) experiments. (nature.com)
  • In this paper we study leading neutron production in photon - hadron interactions which take place in pp and pA collisions at large impact parameters. (lu.se)
  • In this paper we propose the study of the leading neutron production in the photon - hadron (h) interactions, which are present in hadronic collisions [20 ]. (lu.se)
  • A mathematical model was developed to enable the formulation of epoxy-resin based tissue-equivalent materials that are optimised for all relevant interactions of protons with matter, as well as photon interactions, which play a role in the acquisition of CT numbers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Carbon activation is a suitable technique for this measurement due to its high energy neutron reaction threshold and the availability of ultra high-purity samples at a relatively low cost. (aps.org)
  • In particular, we will consider exclusive vector meson production associated with a leading neutron in p interactions at pp and pA collisions. (lu.se)
  • In our study, we systematically investigated for the first time the conversion rates of neutrons and protons for a large number of disk configurations by means of elaborate computer simulations, and we found that the disks are very rich in neutrons as long as certain conditions are met," explains Dr. Oliver Just from the Relativistic Astrophysics group of GSI's research division Theory. (gsi.de)
  • The result provides strong evidence that neutron star mergers producing accretion disks with these exact masses could be the point of origin for a large fraction of the heavy elements. (gsi.de)
  • All heavy elements on Earth today were formed under extreme conditions in astrophysical environments: inside stars, in stellar explosions, and during the collision of neutron stars. (gsi.de)
  • if the central mass left over isn't beyond a given mass(~2.2- 2.9 solar masses)*, a Neutron star will be the result instead. (sciforums.com)