• Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Basal Ganglia Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
  • Based on findings in neurological diseases ( 20-23 ) and pharmacological interactions ( 24-27 ), it appears that a malfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2 receptors may have a major role in the pathogenesis of bruxism. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In adults, the activation of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) and glycine receptors inhibits neurons as a result of low intracellular chloride (Cl − ) concentration, which is maintained by the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 (encoded by Slc12a5 ). (nature.com)
  • Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are generated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that express neurotransmitter receptors. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, Sig1R demonstrates properties that can be attributed to both chaperone proteins and receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • The intrathalamic grafts of rats which had received a low dose of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) 2 h before perfusion showed clusters of intensely Fos-immunoreactive nuclei throughout the transplant, indicating that these cells had developed dopamine receptors and supersensitivity to dopamine agonists. (shengsci.com)
  • The brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB system promotes thymocyte survival, as studied in the thymus of mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • A metabolomic study of brain tissues from aged mice with low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) gene. (neurotree.org)
  • For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
  • Characterization of the brain penetrant neuropeptide Y Y 2 receptor antagonist SF-11. (rndsystems.com)
  • Sexual Paradox in the Conscious Brain , 2003 with work on mirror neurons and sexual differences. (dhushara.com)
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, known as BDNF, is a protein produced by brain cells that regulates normal neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. (zrtlab.com)
  • Low serum levels of BDNF have been found in neurological conditions including depression and bipolar disorder as well as neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases in multiple studies [2 , 3] , and analyses of brain levels of BDNF post mortem in patients who had these conditions show a correlation of brain BDNF with cognitive decline. (zrtlab.com)
  • The disease, named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer after his observations in 1906, is characterized by amyloid deposition (plaques) and tangled nerve fibers (tangles) in the brain and a loss of connections between neurons. (zrtlab.com)
  • There are different imaging methods based on MRI for examining and measuring iron deposition in the brain, like T2*-weighted imaging (T2*WI), T2-weighted imaging(T2WI), relaxation rate (R2*), field-dependent relaxation rate increase (FDRI), and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) [ 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • These effects of choline are correlated with modifications in histone and DNA methylation in brain, and with alterations in the expression of genes that encode proteins important for learning and memory processing, suggesting a possible epigenomic mechanism of action. (mdpi.com)
  • At birth the brain is estimated to contain over a 100 billion neurons. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The brain, composed of billions of neurons, is a complex network of interacting dynamical systems controlling all body functions. (mdpi.com)
  • I am interested in understanding how neurons in our brain are connected. (stanford.edu)
  • Pterostilbene has been shown to prevent the loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine from memory centers in your brain. (nootropicsexpert.com)
  • High-density oligomers of the prion protein (HDPs) have previously been identified in brain tissues of patients with rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease (rpAD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). (stanford.edu)
  • Furthermore, phosphoproteomic data and signalome analysis of perihematomal brain tissues suggested that calmodulin-dependent protein kinases 2 (CAMK2A) kinase substrate pairs were significantly downregulated in ICH with HHcy compared with autologous blood injection only, both western blot and immunofluorescence staining confirmed this finding. (bmj.com)
  • The focus of my postdoctoral work was to sort out the anatomical organization of the dopamine and noradrenaline neuron systems in the brain using the new glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method. (lu.se)
  • 2. Lindvall, O., Björklund, A.: The organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. (lu.se)
  • In the mature nervous system, they promote neuronal survival, induce synaptic plasticity, and modulate the formation of long-term memories. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other experiments suggest BDNF is more important and necessary for neuronal survival than other factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • NT-3 does share similar properties with other members of this class, and is known to be important in neuronal survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • In AST, AEG-1 causes glutamatergic excitotoxicity by downregulating the activity of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) promoter, leading to neuronal cell death in glioma-induced neurodegenerative disease ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Figure 2: Depolarizing shift of E IPSP after SCI and consequences on neuronal excitability. (nature.com)
  • Particularly, in Huntington's disease (HD) mutant huntingtin (mHtt) toxicity involves disruption of the ER-associated degradation pathway and loss of the ER protein homeostasis leading to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. (bvsalud.org)
  • As increased neuronal excitability correlates with structural changes in dendritic arbors and spines, we have examined longitudinal changes in dendritic structure in vulnerable neuron populations in a mouse model of familial ALS. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although these studies have provided insights into individual components of the neuro-motor network at specific time points in disease pathogenesis, there remains a need to define the onset and progression of neuronal pathology at successive stages of disease in ALS in key subcortical structures receiving cortical outputs: the striatum, hippocampus ( Spalloni and Longone, 2015 ), brainstem, and spinal cord. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since neuronal hypoexcitability occurs in the forebrain of RTT models, it is necessary to find pharmacological agents with a relative preference to brainstem neurons. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • GIRK currents expressed in HEK cells were inhibited by CPS with IC50 1 μ M. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings in locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN) neurons revealed an overall inhibitory effect of CPS (10 μ M) on neuronal firing activity. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD (Neurod1) has been implicated in neuronal fate determination, differentiation and survival. (biologists.com)
  • cnd-1 expression was first detected in neuroblasts of the AB lineage in 14 cell embryos and maintained in many neuronal descendants of the AB lineage during embryogenesis, diminishing in most terminally differentiated neurons prior to hatching. (biologists.com)
  • Our data suggest that cnd-1 may specify the identity of ventral cord motor neurons both by maintaining the mitotic competence of their precursors and by modulating the expression of neuronal type-specific determination factors. (biologists.com)
  • 2017 ( Nature Communications ), we combined super-resolution with opto- and thermogenetic neuronal stimulation in living neurons in the fruit fly. (edu.au)
  • 1. Neurohormesis , the hormetic stress response, as particularly focused on neuronal/microglial processes, 2. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Neuronal connections are made with exquisite accuracy between specific types of neurons. (stanford.edu)
  • Fourth, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the transcriptomic, epigenomic and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types. (stanford.edu)
  • AEG‑1 is associated with glutamate excitotoxicity due to its reported function of repressing excitatory amino acid transporter 2 expression in astrocytes. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The Ca 2+ transients occur independently of excitatory neuron activity, rapidly decline when OPCs differentiate and are inhibited by anesthesia, sedative agents or noradrenergic receptor antagonists. (nature.com)
  • We have previously shown that CB1R interacts with growth-associated protein of 43 kDa (GAP43) and that this interaction inhibits CB1R function on hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission, thereby impairing the therapeutic effect of cannabinoids on epileptic seizures in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
  • Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules - nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins - that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerve growth factor (NGF) uses the high-affinity receptor TrkA to promote myelination and the differentiation of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study optimized conditions for the differentiation of hONPs towards dopaminergic neurons. (scirp.org)
  • Iron plays a fundamental role in many biological processes such as cell growth, cell differentiation, protein expression, etc. (springeropen.com)
  • Iron plays a crucial role in many biological functions of the body, such as cell growth and differentiation, protein expression, cyclin accumulation, and the production of reactive oxygen species [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Third, motor neurons also exhibited defects in terminal differentiation characteristics including axonal morphology and synaptic connectivity. (biologists.com)
  • Specifically, BDNF promotes survival of dorsal root ganglion neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, after research involving Sprague Dawley rats, we reported that spinal nerve ligation (SNL), in addition to causing allodynia, enhances the Rab3-interactive molecule-1α (RIM1α), a major active zone protein presumed to regulate neural plasticity, specifically in the synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
  • Following exocytosis, the process of endocytosis is required for neurons to replenish their pools of synaptic vesicles by pinching off vesicles from the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • We also developed a new technique sdTIM, Subdiffractional tracking of internalised molecules, to be able to visualise small synaptic vesicles in living hippocampal nerve terminals (Joensuu et al. (edu.au)
  • αSyn functions in neurotransmitter release via binding to and clustering synaptic vesicles and chaperoning of SNARE-complex assembly. (biorxiv.org)
  • Accordingly, hippocampal neuropathology namely, dendritic spine loss and accumulation of mHtt aggregates was ameliorated by GRP78 reduction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Spine loss without dendritic changes was present in striatal neurons from disease onset. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dendritic structure and spine alterations correlate with the neuro-motor phenotype in ALS and with cognitive and extra-motor symptoms seen in patients. (frontiersin.org)
  • We were also the first to identify and map the dopaminergic projections to the habenula and the spinal cord, and reveal the special dendritic projections from the nigra compacta neurons that allow dopamine to be released from dendrites in the pars reticulata. (lu.se)
  • 4. Björklund, A., Lindvall, O.: Dopamine in dendrites of substantia nigra neurons: suggestions for a role in dendritic terminals. (lu.se)
  • It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
  • We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting glutamatergic neuron types towards linking their molecular and developmental identity to their circuit function. (stanford.edu)
  • Collectively, the present study provides insights into AEG‑1‑dependent gene regulation and signaling pathway transduction in neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • AEG-1 has been shown to localize to the cell membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus and nucleus in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Increasing evidence indicates that a key factor in neurodegenerative diseases is the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) caused by an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress). (bvsalud.org)
  • Sig1R is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that, in addition to its promiscuous high-affinity ligand binding, has been shown to have chaperone activity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Epigenetic modification of vomeronasal (V2r) precursor neurons by histone deacetylation Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
  • It is a precursor of membrane phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine (PC)), the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and via betaine, the methyl group donor S -adenosylmethionine. (mdpi.com)
  • NMDs also include peripheral neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), which affect not only motor but also sensory nerves. (medscape.com)
  • We found that exposure to WIN 55,212-2 significantly reduced BDNF levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex. (researchgate.net)
  • In particular, prenatal cannabinoid treatment reduced the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2 in selected subcellular compartments of hippocampus, frontal and prefrontal cortex, whereas no changes were observed in the total levels of these proteins. (researchgate.net)
  • The neurological outcomes, infarction volumes and the level of astroglial and microglial/macrophage hyperplasia, inflammatory cytokine and P2X7R and P2Y1R expression in the peri-infarct hippocampal CA1and sensorimotor cortex were investigated after IS to evaluate the MCAO/R model and therapeutic mechanism of EA treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Astroglial and microglial/macrophage P2 purinoceptors-mediated neuroinflammation and hyperplasia in peri-infarct hippocampal CA1 and sensorimotor cortex were attenuated by EA treatment after ischemic stroke accompanied by the improved motor and memory behavior performance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In an earlier study, we described the presence of high molecular weight oligomers of the cellular prion protein (PrP C ) in the frontal cortex, specifically in patients with a rapidly progressive form of AD [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Third, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially resolved cell-type atlas of the motor cortex. (stanford.edu)
  • Comparative cellular analysis of motor cortex in human, marmoset and mouse. (stanford.edu)
  • The primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for voluntary fine-motor control and is functionally conserved across mammals1. (stanford.edu)
  • Downregulation in cellular ion homeostasis, including ion channel function and neurotransmitter release, were observed after knocking out AEG‑1 expression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Specifically, cnd-1 reporter genes were expressed in the precursors of the embryonic ventral cord motor neurons and their progeny. (biologists.com)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • Functional GABAergic connections of DTN neurons with LC cells were shown. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • During ischemic stroke (IS), adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is released from damaged nerve cells of the infract core region to the extracellular space, invoking peri-infarct glial cellular P2 purinoceptors singling, and causing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which is likely to initiate or aggravate motor and cognitive impairment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This has allowed us to probe the nanoscopic environment of neurons and neurosecretory cells undergoing communication. (edu.au)
  • We demonstrated that Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1A and are organised in nanodomains on the plasma membrane of neurons and neurosecretory cells that control SNARE-dependent neuroexocytosis through lateral trapping in these nanoclusters. (edu.au)
  • Serial sections were stained with Cresyl Violet and studied immunohistochemically with antibodies against DARPP-32 (dopamine- and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein, as striatal marker), Fos protein, glutamate decarboxylase (67,000 mol. (shengsci.com)
  • Inhibits MEK-1 and MEK-2 (IC 50 values of 0.07 and 0.06 μ M respectively) with little or no effect on the activities of PKC, Abl, Raf, MEKK, ERK, JNK, MKK-3, MKK-4/SEK, MKK-6, Cdk2 or Cdk4. (rndsystems.com)
  • The berry fruits are also capable of modulating signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell survival, neurotransmission and enhancing neuroplasticity. (lww.com)
  • Studies have shown that corticosterone treatment and adrenalectomy reduces or upregulated hippocampal BDNF expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • In summary, the present data suggest that deficits of BDNF levels and signaling through ERK1/2 and alpha-CaMKII might contribute to cognitive and neuroplastic defects associated with prenatal exposure to cannabinoids. (researchgate.net)
  • therefore, the conditions that alter the expression of this gene (and consequently synthesis of the BDNF protein) affect endogenous BDNF production to a similar extent in both neurons and megakaryocytes. (zrtlab.com)
  • The aim of our study was to identify molecular changes produced by prenatal exposure to WIN 55,212-2 that might contribute to late disruption in synaptic plasticity and cognition. (researchgate.net)
  • The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24 (2) 912, 1-20. (edu.au)
  • Our discoveries have led to a deep understanding of how secretory vesicles interact with the cortical actin network prior to fusing with the plasma membrane to release the neurotransmitter. (edu.au)
  • Altered network properties in C9ORF72 repeat expansion cortical neurons are due to synaptic dysfunction. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)
  • Lindvall, allowed for the first time the visualisation of the dopamine neuron system in its entirety, and allowed us to map anatomically the previously unknown dopamine projections to cortical and limbic areas. (lu.se)
  • The number of dendrites-i.e., the branches of neurons that make synaptic connections-also increases, as does the number of synapses (Klintsova & Greenough, 1999). (encyclopedia.com)
  • However, the mechanisms that affect OPC activity in vivo and the physiological roles of neurotransmitter signaling in OPCs are unclear. (nature.com)
  • Recent evidence shows that overactivation of the amygdala under stressful stimuli causes rhythmic jaw muscle activity by over activating the mesencephalic and motor trigeminal nuclei. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Therefore, maintenance of mitochondria activity is necessary for the proper cellular function and survival. (hindawi.com)
  • Given the contribution of hippocampal dysfunction to emotional and cognitive deficits seen in HD, we have analyzed the involvement of ER stress in HD memory alterations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genetic reduction of GRP78 expression resulted in preventing hippocampal-dependent memory alterations but no motor deficits. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ageing leads to a gradual dysfunction of the proteostasis network and thus to proteome instability due to accumulation of damaged and/or misfolded proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Differential gene expression in the striatum of mice with very low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 gene. (neurotree.org)
  • Here, we found that the spinal presynaptic active zone protein Rab3-interactive molecule-1α (RIM1α) participates in neuropathic pain development by binding to and upregulating the expression of Ca V 2.2. (jneurosci.org)
  • Second, the strict correlation between the fate of a motor neuron with respect to its lineage and position in the ventral cord was disrupted, as manifested by the variable expression pattern of motor neuron fate specific markers. (biologists.com)
  • Differential Expression of Interferon-Alpha Protein Provides Clues to Tissue Specificity Across Type I Interferonopathies. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)
  • This novel trafficking/chaperoning pathway underpins neurotransmission, as secretory vesicles rely on the zippering of SNARE proteins such as syntaxin-1 to undergo fusion with the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • 5) They should lack the usual pharmacology of other psychotropic drugs (e.g. sedation, motor stimulation) and possess very few side effects and extremely low toxicity. (worldhealth.net)
  • In contrast, GAP43 blocked an alternative agonist-evoked CB1R-mediated activation of the cytoskeleton-associated ROCK signalling pathway, which relied on the GAP43-mediated impairment of CB1R/Gq/11 protein coupling. (bvsalud.org)
  • GAP43 also abrogated CB1R-mediated ROCK activation in mouse hippocampal neurons, and this process led in turn to a blockade of cannabinoid-evoked neurite collapse. (bvsalud.org)
  • Besides the role of the UPR in regulating cell survival and death, studies that demonstrate the contribution of sustained UPR activation, particularly of PERK signaling, in memory disturbances and synaptic plasticity deficiencies are emerging. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sporadic AD (spAD) and familial AD (FAD) cases are classically characterized by a progressive cognitive decline with an average post-diagnosis survival of eight years [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although not directly comparable to our study due to difference in definition of rapid progression (survival in our study, cognitive decline in study of Ba et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We were able to characterise the changes in mobility of the tSNARE syntaxin1a and how they regulate neurotransmitter release. (edu.au)
  • It has long been believed that the number of neurons does not increase after birth, but some studies have shown that in adult rodents and primates new neurons are formed after damage (Rakic, 2002). (encyclopedia.com)
  • The biological role of TGFbeta 2 at adult synapses. (edu.au)
  • This will involve looking at mice we are making where we the gene for TGFbeta is knockout out in adult muscle and/or in the adult spinal cord (a tissue inducible knockout out of TGFbeta 2). (edu.au)
  • Specifically, GAP43 did not affect the archetypical agonist-evoked (i) CB1R/Gi/o protein-coupled signalling pathways, such as cAMP/PKA and ERK, or (ii) CB1R internalization and intracellular trafficking. (bvsalud.org)
  • Simultaneous Visualization of Vasopressin and Oxytocin mRNA- Containing Neurons in the Hypothalamus Using Non-Radioactive in situ Hybridization Histochemistry. (neurotree.org)
  • 1. Lindvall, O., Björklund, A.: The glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method: a detailed account of the methodology for the visualization of central catecholamine neurons. (lu.se)
  • The transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a member of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family, is characterized as a key regulator in inflammatory and apoptosis signaling pathways. (shengsci.com)
  • In clinical depression, however, a transition occurs to sensitization of immuno-inflammatory pathways, progressive damage by oxidative and nitrosative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA, and autoimmune responses directed against self-epitopes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most NTFs exert their trophic effects on neurons by signaling through tyrosine kinases, usually a receptor tyrosine kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then, our findings further indicate that Hcy significantly downregulates the phosphorylation level of calmodulin-dependent protein kinases 2 (CAMK2A) after ICH, which is associated with neurite outgrowth. (bmj.com)
  • The roles of insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1, IGF-2), as well as insulin. (edu.au)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ubiquitination is a well known process required for protein degradation. (jneurosci.org)
  • The biological part of this project will involve making transgenic mice with test non-coding DNA linked to reporter constructs such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). (edu.au)
  • The aim of the present study was to clarify the function and related mechanism of AEG‑1 in neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. (rndsystems.com)
  • Nevertheless, the mechanism for ubiquitination-regulated turnover of presynaptic active zone proteins in the progression of spinal plasticity-associated neuropathic pain remains unclear. (jneurosci.org)
  • Presynaptic active zone proteins have a crucial role in regulating vesicle exocytosis, which is essential for synaptic plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recent clinical research has demonstrated that berry fruits can prevent age-related neurodegenerative diseases and improve motor and cognitive functions. (lww.com)
  • In this context, there is abundant evidence that clinical depression is an immuno-inflammatory disorder characterized by among other things increased levels of PICs and acute phase proteins, including C-reactive protein and haptoglobin [ 11 - 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2 Data from a meta-analysis conducted in 2022 reported a pooled prevalence estimate of primary open-angle glaucoma in Europe of 2.60% (95% confidence interval, 1.90-3.56) with expected growth associated with a progressively aging population in Western countries. (arvojournals.org)
  • Whereas neurotrophic factors within the neurotrophin family commonly have a protein tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk), Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) has the unique receptor, TrkC. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies investigating pain pathology have demonstrated that ubiquitination contributes to chronic pain by regulating the turnover of synaptic proteins. (jneurosci.org)