• Microglia manipulation may provide a tool to prevent or alter astrocyte activation, which in turn may prevent pain from becoming chronic. (stanford.edu)
  • I hypothesize that at the acute-to-chronic transition microglia are necessary and sufficient to activate astrocytes and that microglia effects in chronic pain are entirely dependent on astrocyte activation. (stanford.edu)
  • In Aim 1, I will characterize astrocyte activation in a mouse model of pain-producing peripheral injury after selective depletion of microglia at the acute-to-chronic pain transition. (stanford.edu)
  • I will further use DREADDs to exogenously activate microglia in uninjured mice to determine the effect of microglia activation on astrocyte state. (stanford.edu)
  • In Aim 2 I will determine which signals from microglia are important for astrocyte activation in the induction of chronic pain using cell-cell interaction analyses of single nuclei RNA-Sequencing data from astrocytes and microglia. (stanford.edu)
  • Using the interdisciplinary experiments in this research proposal, I will uncover the relative roles and contributions of microglia and astrocytes to chronic pain and generate new targets for pain therapeutics. (stanford.edu)
  • Imaging of translocator protein upregulation is selective for pro-inflammatory polarized astrocytes and microglia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our aim was to determine whether TSPO upregulation in astrocytes and microglia/macrophages is limited to a specific inflammatory phenotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • TSPO upregulation was assessed by flow cytometry in cultured astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or interleukin-4 (Il-4). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Under pathological conditions, such as infection, injury, or neurodegeneration, reactive astrocytes in combination with microglia contribute to the inflammatory response, playing a vital part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases. (news-medical.net)
  • An overview of the roles and relationships of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia in the CNS. (abcam.com)
  • Thank you for sharing this Journal of Neuroscience article. (jneurosci.org)
  • Message Body (Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Journal of Neuroscience. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glia have recently been at the forefront of neuroscience research. (jneurosci.org)
  • depending on the counting technique used, studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region and ranges from 20% to around 40% of all glia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The specificity of astrocyte distribution and their molecular heterogeneity depends on the brain region and is closely related to the participation of glia in the synaptic transmission reflecting its interaction with neurons ( Emsley & Macklis, 2006 ). (ac.ir)
  • Further information on glia can be found in the related links or by viewing all neuroscience and glia resources . (abcam.com)
  • The major observation considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal lesions is abnormalities in the internal limiting membrane formed by Müller cells, which is corresponding to the glia limitans formed by astrocytes in the brain. (intechopen.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that human astrocytes are very different from their rodent counterparts and thus, it would be essential to use human cells to study human diseases. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • However, the availability of human astrocytes for research has been very limited. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The amount of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and the pericyte coverage were determined by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human and mouse brain sections, primary mouse astrocytes and pericytes, and human astrocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • Δ133p53α Protects Human Astrocytes from Amyloid-beta Induced Senescence and Neurotoxicity. (nih.gov)
  • Using U87 and LN229 GB cell lines and primary human astrocytes , we investigated material and experiment variability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Contributions of synaptic and astrocyte physiology to the anaesthetised encephalogram revealed using a computational model. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Dr. Valentina Mosienko, one of the study's lead authors and an MRC Fellow and Lecturer in Neuroscience in Bristol's School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, said, "Stress can trigger the onset of a number of neuropsychiatric conditions that have their roots in an adverse combination of genetic and environmental factors. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In Chapter 4, the origin, development, functionality, physiology, and pathology of astrocytes, further expanding on the significant roles that migration plays in the repair of damaged nervous tissue is looked at. (novapublishers.com)
  • Representative immunocytochemistry images of astrocytes from control, AD, and isogenic control lines matured with CNTF and BMP4 for 7 days, stained for S100β (green) and GFAP (red). (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Mutation of the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) gene, leading to disruption of the astrocyte cytoskeleton, led to abnormal GFAP accumulation, neuroinflammation, and leukodystrophy in Alexander's disease ( Olabarria & Goldman, 2017 ). (ac.ir)
  • Cultures of cerebellar granule neurons were stained after 7 days in culture with an antibody recognizing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to identify astrocytes. (abcam.com)
  • Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed by numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) including astrocytes and ependymal cells. (biolegend.com)
  • GFAP is thought to help to maintain astrocyte mechanical strength, as well as the shape of the cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Rat primary astrocytes were isolated from different brain regions (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus) and grown in vitro to demonstrate the utilization of live-cell analysis for monitoring and comparing the diversity of cultured astroglia phenotypes. (news-medical.net)
  • The astrocyte-neuron interaction and its effect on neuronal activity have been found both in vivo and in vitro ( Sofroniew & Vinters, 2010 ). (ac.ir)
  • Bioengineers designed numerous instructive brain extracellular matrix (ECM) environments that have tailored and tunable protein composition and biomechanics in vitro to study astrocyte reactivity during trauma and inflammation. (biorxiv.org)
  • Transcription Factor SP2 Regulates Ski-mediated Astrocyte Proliferation In Vitro. (nih.gov)
  • These data show that 3D in vitro hydrogel co-culture models can be used to reveal cell line specific differences in migration and to study differential GB- astrocyte crosstalk. (bvsalud.org)
  • Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty times larger than in rodent brains, and make contact with more than ten times the number of synapses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, a single astrocyte cell can interact with up to 2 million synapses at a time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes influence axonal migration during development and aid the production and function of developing synapses. (news-medical.net)
  • Regional islands of non-overlapping astrocytes consisting of thousands of synapses are formed. (news-medical.net)
  • Furthermore, astrocytes provide a compensatory regulation of neurotransmission, interacting with synapses and maintaining the concentration of extracellular glutamate, gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), and dopamine ( Sofroniew & Vinters, 2010 ). (ac.ir)
  • Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
  • We envision this synthetic brain hydrogel as a new tool to study the physiological role of astrocytes in health and disease. (biorxiv.org)
  • Overall, our data indicates that astrocyte alterations precede neuronal impairments and could potentially trigger neuronal network changes, indicating the important and specific role of astrocytes in disease development. (lu.se)
  • Therapeutic potential and the possibilities of the pharmacological regulation of the functions of astrocytes and the "management" of glial reaction in trauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases are widely discussed ( Liddelow & Barres, 2017 ). (ac.ir)
  • This is an important question because homeostatic functions of astrocytes, like glutamate regulation, are actively maturing in the postnatal cortex. (tufts.edu)
  • Historically, astrocytes have been considered supporters of neuronal function, but increasing evidence suggests that they directly contribute to and support neuronal activity. (news-medical.net)
  • Our results provide a clear example of how astrocyte dysfunction produced by a genetic defect affects neuronal activity and sensitivity to head pain triggers," explains Santello. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Scope of journal include but not limited to any systematic, scientific, experimental or theoretical investigation of the central and peripheral nervous system of biological organisms, empirical methodologies employed by neuroscientists, biochemical and genetic analyses of the dynamics of individual nerve cells and their molecular constituents to imaging of perceptual and motor tasks in the brain and recent theoretical advances in neuroscience by the use of computational modeling. (thescipub.com)
  • Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report that astrocytes regulate NMDAR tone through Best1-mediated glutamate and D-serine release, which is critical for cognitive flexibility. (biorxiv.org)
  • To address this gap in knowledge, I measured the maturation of functional glutamate uptake in the developing cortex using electrophysiological recordings of glutamate transporter currents in astrocytes. (tufts.edu)
  • With this approach, we have identified alterations in the endolysosomal system of FTD astrocytes, a higher capacity of astrocytes to uptake and respond to glutamate, and a neuronal network hyperactivity as well as excessive synchronization. (lu.se)
  • Voronkov D, Stavrovskaya A, Olshanskiy A, Guschina A, Khudoerkov R, Illarioshkin S. The Influence of Striatal Astrocyte Dysfunction on Locomotor Activity in Dopamine-depleted Rats. (ac.ir)
  • By manipulating astrocytes in the cingulate cortex, we were able to reverse their dysfunction. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The demonstration of the link between dysfunction of astrocytes in the cingulate cortex and familial migraine could help in devising new migraine treatment strategies. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Astrocytes could thus play a key role in the early stages of the disease and changes in the function of these cells could lead to neurodegeneration. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Astrocytes take part in tissue remodeling during neurodegeneration. (ac.ir)
  • However, a major limitation of both protein-based and model microenvironments is that astrocytes within fail to retain their characteristic stellate morphology and quiescent state without becoming activated under "normal" culture conditions. (biorxiv.org)
  • COMT immunoreactivity colocalized with a specific oligodendrocyte marker galactocerebroside in cells displaying oligodendrocyte morphology, flat cells displaying type-1 astrocyte morphology and glial fibrillary acidic protein, in branched cells displaying type-2 astrocyte morphology and in cell bodies of neurons, the processes of which displayed neurofilament immunoreactivity. (lu.se)
  • Frontiers in Neuroscience , Vol. 14, p. 586108 (2021). (uclouvain.be)
  • Neuroscience, 2021 Dec 15. (nih.gov)
  • AD astrocytes also showed alterations in their energy metabolism which likely led to increased production of reactive oxygen species and reduced production of lactate, an important energy substrate for neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • When exposed to drugs of abuse, astrocytes go through a series of alterations, contributing to the development of addiction. (degruyter.com)
  • With this synthetic brain hydrogel, we show the brain-specific integrin-binding and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-degradable domains of proteins control astrocyte star-shaped morphologies, and we can achieve an ECM condition that maintains astrocyte quiescence with minimal activation. (biorxiv.org)
  • Assisting the formation and function of the CNS, astrocytes are involved in physiological and pathological brain activities. (degruyter.com)
  • Widely distributed in the whole brain, astrocytes function complexly varying from physiological activities to pathological changes. (degruyter.com)
  • We hope that understanding the interaction between addictive drugs and astrocytes may help discover new mechanisms underlying the addiction and produce novel therapeutic treatments. (degruyter.com)
  • Evaluating glioblastoma tumour sphere growth and migration in interaction with astrocytes using 3D collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogels. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we newly identified the pivotal role of hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) astrocytes in the sleep regulation, and provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the astrocyte-mediated sleep regulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • In terms of the sequence of events, synaptogenesis happens right after the production of astrocytes and the time window of synapse formation overlaps that of the astrocyte maturation [ 14 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Double-staining studies with specific cell markers to distinguish astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes were performed. (lu.se)
  • The results suggest that COMT is synthesized by cultured astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. (lu.se)
  • The findings suggest that at least some familial forms of AD are strongly associated with irregular astrocyte function, which promotes brain inflammation and weakens neurons' energy production and signalling. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • 2000). In *Correspondence to: Perrine Barraud, Department of Veterinary Medi- contrast, several cell surface markers have been used to cine, Neurosciences, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, United enrich for NSCs in the rodent CNS. (lu.se)
  • Glucose is glycolytically processed by astrocytes to produce lactate, which is the main energy substrate used by neurons. (abcam.com)
  • Our findings suggest that the inflammation-prone HD astrocytes provide less pericyte coverage by promoting angiogenesis and reducing the number of pericytes and that these changes can explain the inferior VR in HD mice. (nih.gov)
  • U87 migration occurred primarily as single cells and was reduced with higher numbers of astrocytes in both multi-sphere and mono-sphere plus dispersed astrocyte cultures . (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast, LN229 migration exhibited features of collective migration and was increased in monosphere plus dispersed astrocyte cultures . (bvsalud.org)
  • Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , 17 , 1227726. (otago.ac.nz)
  • This study was the first to show that astrocytes in patients with Alzheimer's disease manifest many pathological changes typical of AD. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Astrocytes are responsible, for example, for the energy production of the brain, ion and pH balance, and they regulate synapse formation, the connections between neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • 2012) "Astrocytes Regulate Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Through Ephrin-B Signaling. (ca.gov)
  • Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populations of progenitor cells in the neuroepithelium of the developing central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of cells with distinguishing functional and morphological characteristics and are specialized to their different brain regions and locations. (news-medical.net)
  • Western blots detected both soluble 24 kDa and membrane-bound 28-kDa COMT proteins in neuronal and astrocyte cultures. (lu.se)
  • Expression of mHTT in astrocytes and neurons is sufficient to increase the brain vessel density in HD mice. (nih.gov)
  • Astrocytes from HD mice and patients contained more VEGF-A, which triggers proliferation of endothelial cells and may be responsible for the augmented neurovascular changes. (nih.gov)
  • Summary: Researchers have discovered a direct association between astrocytes and Alzheimer's disease. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Astrocytes, the supporting cells of the brain, could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), according to a new study from the University of Eastern Finland. (neurosciencenews.com)