Neurons axons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. (wikipedia.org)
For centuries, scientists have been fascinated by the nervous system and how messages are exchanged and transmitted between the various types of neurons. (scirp.org)

A previously unappreciated phenomenon has been reported in which the location of injury to a neuron's communication wire in the spinal cord -- the axon -- determines whether the neuron simply stabilizes or attempts to regenerate. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine report a previously unappreciated phenomenon in which the location of injury to a neuron's communication wire in the spinal cord -- the axon -- determines whether the neuron simply stabilizes or attempts to regenerate. (sciencedaily.com)
The study, published April 30 by Neuron , demonstrates how advances in live-imaging techniques are revealing new insights into the body's ability to respond to spinal cord injuries. (sciencedaily.com)
While the body of a neuron is small, its axon can extend far up or down the spinal cord, which is about one and half feet long in humans. (sciencedaily.com)
Adult human axons in the brain and spinal cord are very limited in their ability to regenerate after injury -- a hurdle that many researchers are trying to overcome in the treatment of spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
This is a new, yet very fundamental, understanding of neuron behavior -- one that will be important to keep in mind as new therapeutic approaches are proposed for spinal cord injuries, the researchers say. (sciencedaily.com)
Primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) regenerate their spinal cord axon if the peripheral nerve axon has previously been cut. (nih.gov)
AxonRepair, a multinational collaboration funded under NEURON's JTC2016 co-funded call, aims to promote axon regeneration in the spinal cord. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
In the framework of project AxonRepair the Bradke-group in Bonn developed methodologies to perform high resolution 3D imaging of axon regeneration in unsectioned adult mouse spinal cord. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
In the framework of project AxonRepair, several technical advances occurred, amongst them the Bradke-group in Bonn developed methodologies to perform high resolution 3D imaging of axon regeneration in unsectioned adult mouse spinal cord. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
which was published in the journal Nature Protocols, included state-of-the-art techniques to trace dorsal column sensory and corticospinal motor axons in the adult mouse spinal cord expressing adeno-associated viruses encoding GFP. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
The axons are then injured, the unsectioned spinal cord is immune-stained and tissue is cleared, and 2-photon microscopy is carried out to determine the 3- dimensional anatomy of spinal pathways before and after spinal cord injury. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
This technique enabled us, our colleagues in the AxonRepair project and the field more generally to overcome these problems and to quickly and unambiguously analyze axon regeneration following spinal cord injury. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
The axonal transport paradigm was used to obtain radioactively labeled axonal polypeptides in the rat ventral motor neuron and the cat spinal ganglion sensory neuron. (rupress.org)
Using viral tracing, we show that a significant minority of RVLM neurons send axon collaterals to disparate spinal segments (T 2 and T 10 ). (bris.ac.uk)
Furthermore, optogenetic activation of sympathetic premotor neurons projecting to lumbar spinal segments also produced activation of sympathetic nerves from rostral spinal segments that innervate functionally diverse tissues (heart and forelimb muscle). (bris.ac.uk)
We investigate the extent of spinal axon collateralization of rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) sympathetic premotor neurons and its functional consequences. (bris.ac.uk)
Histological analysis revealed that ∼21% of RVLM bulbospinal neurons were retrogradely labelled by both vectors, indicating substantial axonal collateralization to disparate spinal segments. (bris.ac.uk)
Taken together, these findings show that the axons of a significant proportion of RVLM neurons collateralise widely within the spinal cord, and that they may excite preganglionic neurons of more than one functional class. (bris.ac.uk)
Pyramidal Neurons' of motor area of cerebral cortex, 'Anterior horn cells' of spinal cord , 'Purkinje cells' of cerebellum. (kypho.com)
Axons of pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex form long descending tracts passing through the spinal cord. (kypho.com)
Axons of anterior horn cells of spinal cord form long peripheral nerves supplying voluntary muscles. (kypho.com)
For example, fibers present in the sensory nerves carrying sensory impulse from the periphery are the long dendrites of sensory neurons present in the posterior root ganglia of spinal nerve. (kypho.com)
They are situated at the level of spinal cord which receive impulse from 1st order of neurons. (kypho.com)
Upper motor neuron: These motor neurons are situated in motor areas of brain above the levelof spinal cord and brainstem (Midbrain, Pons and Medulla). (kypho.com)
Lower motor neuron: These motor neurons are situated in spinal cord. (kypho.com)
In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the axons are called afferent nerve fibers and the electrical impulse travels along these from the periphery to the cell body and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. (wikipedia.org)
The longest axons in the human body are those of the sciatic nerve, which run from the base of the spinal cord to the big toe of each foot. (wikipedia.org)
Read on to learn more about the numbered and named cranial and spinal nerves, as well as what neurons are composed of, and some fun facts about your nervous system. (healthline.com)
Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
Intact aggrecan and chondroitin-sulfate depleted aggrecan inhibit axon growth in the adult rat spinal cord. (assumption.edu)
Single doses of acrylamide (0-1.3 mmol/kg) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the transport of 125I-tetanus toxin to the perikarya of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and motor neurons in ventral spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
The axons of the lower motor neurons are the efferent fibers of the spinal nerves. (msdmanuals.com)

Is it of impact to the field (preference to top ten journals: Nature Neuroscience, Neuron, Journal of Neuroscience, etc)? (bcm.edu)

With this approach, the researchers were able to systematically examine the effects of axon injury location on degeneration and regeneration of the injured branch. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers found that injury to the main axon, before a branch point, resulted in regeneration in 89 percent of the cases. (sciencedaily.com)
Regeneration occurred in the form of axon elongation, branching or both for at least five days after injury. (sciencedaily.com)
In contrast, regeneration occurred only 12 percent of cases following cuts to just one of two axon branches after a major branch point. (sciencedaily.com)
Genetic ablation of Ca(v)1.2 in the nervous system caused an increase in axon outgrowth from dissociated DRG neurons and enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo. (nih.gov)
There are two major obstacles to the regeneration of nerve fibres (referred to as axons) of central nervous system (CNS) neurons. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
These specialists joined together and complement each other to study key aspects of axon regeneration in order to advance the knowledge and provide a base on which potential therapeutic strategies for SCI can be envisaged. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
There have been 'false positives' in the axon regeneration field before, in part due to technical limitations of previous techniques making it difficult to tell if axons truly regenerated or were simply spared after injury. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
Thus, we find a specific epigenetic mechanism that regulates axonal regeneration of CNS axons, suggesting novel targets for clinical application. (nature.com)
RNAi knockdown of Sox11 in vivo after a saphenous nerve crush injury also inhibited axon regeneration. (pitt.edu)
These data suggest that the developmentally regulated transcription factor Sox11 is induced in adult neurons after injury to promote neurite growth and axon regeneration and inhibit apoptosis by regulating genes associated with each of these distinct biological pathways. (pitt.edu)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
He became convinced that given focus from mapping brain anatomy and the right conditions, immature neurons function to studying brain regeneration. (lu.se)

The injury locations they compared were just before an axon's major branch point (where a single axon branches into two) and just after it. (sciencedaily.com)
A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can target multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals. (wikipedia.org)
A single axon projects out of the cell body. (washington.edu)

Axon dysfunction can be the cause of many inherited and acquired neurological disorders that affect both the peripheral and central neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Myelination of central neurons increases conduction velocity of action potentials and provides metabolic support to axons 1 , 2 . (biorxiv.org)

Then she calculated the conduction velocity along the axons given the diameter at different points along the axonal arborizations, and estimated the refractory period along the axon from soma to synaptic terminals based on data in the literature. (analytica-world.com)
This study of the slow component of axonal transport was aimed at two problems: the specific identification of polypeptides transported into the axon from the cell body, and the identification of structural polypeptides of the axoplasm. (rupress.org)
Neurons require specialized mechanisms of motor-facilitated signal transport for communication along long axonal distances to the cell body and the nucleus. (nature.com)
The numbers of axonal telodendria (the branching structures at the end of the axon) can also differ from one nerve fiber to the next. (wikipedia.org)
TrAC permits fluorescent labeling of genetically defined neuron populations based on axonal projections. (sfn.org)
Understanding how neurons in the mammalian brain coordinate complex behaviors requires comprehensive knowledge of the brain regions that receive their axonal projections. (sfn.org)
The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurone system has a central as well as a peripheral axonal branch departing from a single cell body. (nature.com)
Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. (biologists.com)
Axon retraction induced by guidance cues is of fundamental importance during refinement of axonal projections (reviewed in Luo and O'Leary, 2005 ). (biologists.com)

Information travels in two directions: from the periphery to the central nervous system via afferent neurons, and from the central nervous system to the periphery via efferent neurons. (khanacademy.org)
The anterior (ventral) horns of the "H" contain lower motor neurons, which receive impulses from the motor cortex via the descending corticospinal tracts and, at the local level, from internuncial neurons and afferent fibers from muscle spindles. (msdmanuals.com)
Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)

Synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system - these guys are a little over stimulated. (cyberoptix.com)
GABAergic medium-spiny neuron axons not only form the principal projections of the nucleus accumbens (nAcc) but also branch locally in a dense network overlapping their own dendrites, suggesting that their recurrent synapses mediate the major information processing functions of the nAcc. (jneurosci.org)
Since autapses formed in vitro appear to be functionally equivalent to synapses between neighboring medium- spiny neurons that receive similar inputs, these results bear on the function of intrinsic GABA synapses in the intact nAcc. (jneurosci.org)
Axons make contact with other cells - usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells - at junctions called synapses. (wikipedia.org)
these are called en passant ("in passing") synapses and can be in the hundreds or even the thousands along one axon. (wikipedia.org)
The edge of the neuron cell body also shows the synapses of connected neurons. (anatomywarehouse.com)

We show here that loss of electrical activity following peripheral deafferentiation is an important signal to trigger axon regrowth. (nih.gov)
A bundle of axons make a nerve tract in the central nervous system, and a fascicle in the peripheral nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
In the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells form the myelin sheath of a myelinated axon. (wikipedia.org)
In the peripheral nervous system, bundles of nerve ﬁbers or axons conduct information to and from the central nervous system. (medscape.com)
Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. (cdc.gov)
Neurotoxicology Toxic neuropathy characterized by degeneration in the distal segments of large-diameter axons (dis- tal axonopathy) is a common morphological reaction 24 of the peripheral nervous system to exogenous toxins (2, 3). (cdc.gov)

The latter result demonstrates that axon collaterals of lumbar-projecting RVLM neurons project to, and excite, both functionally similar (forelimb and hindlimb muscle) and functionally dissimilar (lumbar and cardiac) preganglionic neurons. (bris.ac.uk)
TrAC (Tracing Axon Collaterals) is a new viral-genetic method that allows simultaneous visualization of axon collaterals from a genetically defined neuronal population and a projection-based subpopulation. (sfn.org)
Consequently, LC-NE neurons projecting to the injection site were labeled with EGFP, including all of their axon collaterals, while all other LC-NE neurons were labeled with tdTomato. (sfn.org)
This study confirms the utility of TrAC for mapping axon collaterals of genetically defined neuronal subtypes. (sfn.org)

White matter consists of nerve fibers (axons) covered by a substance called myelin that insulates and protects them. (medlineplus.gov)
Damage to myelin and neurons is thought to contribute to many of the neurological signs and symptoms in people with ALSP. (medlineplus.gov)
Ganglia (a collection of neuron cell bodies) are not myelinated by the myelin sheath. (khanacademy.org)
All axons (with very, very rare exceptions) are surrounded by a myelin sheath. (scirp.org)
The myelin sheath may be compact and spiralling around the axon or it may be non-compact and form a simple envelope around the axon. (scirp.org)
Moreover, it has recently been appreciated that myelin is also present on inhibitory neurons 14 but the role of myelin for inhibitory circuits in unknown. (biorxiv.org)
Axons are closely associated with glial cells which, on the one hand, surround them with an electrically insulating myelin sheath and, on the other hand support their long-term function. (sciencedaily.com)
however, myelin can do much more than act as the insulating layer on electricity cables: it increases the transmission speed of the axons and also reduces ongoing energy consumption. (sciencedaily.com)
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). (bvsalud.org)

Stimulation in the human brain all happens in little terminals known as axons, dendrites and the synaptic space in between. (cyberoptix.com)
Axons of these neurons are long in comparison to their multiple short dendrites, viz. (kypho.com)
Axons of these neurons are short, similar to the length of the dendrites. (kypho.com)
Classical example of these neurons are stellate cells of cerebellar cortex, which have short axon and multiple short dendrites giving a star-shaped appearance. (kypho.com)
Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites receive signals whereas axons transmit them). (wikipedia.org)
In some species, axons can emanate from dendrites known as axon-carrying dendrites. (wikipedia.org)
In some circumstances, the axon of one neuron may form a synapse with the dendrites of the same neuron, resulting in an autapse. (wikipedia.org)
In most cases, stronger connections in looped L5 neurons were located on their apical tufts, but not on their perisomatic dendrites. (elifesciences.org)
Axons of neurons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as dendrites. (answers.com)
produce outgrowths called axons and dendrites, by which the cells of the nervous system establish communication with one another to form a functional network. (britannica.com)
Besides the axon, neurons have other branches called dendrites that are usually shorter than axons and are unmyelinated. (britannica.com)
Dendrites are thought to form receiving surfaces for synaptic input from other neurons. (britannica.com)
Green marks neurons and axons, purple marks neurons, red marks dendrites, and blue marks all cells. (eurekalert.org)
Synapse are gaps between neurons, this is where connections between the axons and dendrites. (bartleby.com)
A neuron has 4 basic parts: the dendrites, the cell body (also called the "soma"), the axon and the axon terminal. (washington.edu)
Dendrites - Extensions from the neuron cell body that take information to the cell body. (washington.edu)
Print out these pages (click on the "print" button of your browser, and place your neuron in the box below, then label and draw arrows to the dendrites, soma, axon and axon terminal or your neuron. (washington.edu)
A neuron has 4 major parts: the dendrites, the cell body, the axon and the axon terminal. (washington.edu)
A neurone consists of a cell body (with a nucleus and cytoplasm), dendrites that carry electrical impulses to the cell, and a long axon that carries the impulses away from the cell. (medscape.com)
The axon of one neurone and the dendrites of the next neurone do not actually touch. (medscape.com)
Conduction of an impulse along a neurone occurs from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon. (medscape.com)

At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. (wikipedia.org)
We analyzed the developmental expression and subcellular distribution of synapsin III in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons and its role in neurite elongation and synapse formation. (jneurosci.org)
Another possibility, not mutually exclusive to the previous one, is that CC projections selectively synapse onto looped neurons directly to form interareal monosynaptic loops, which would be excitatory since most long-range cortical afferents are glutamatergic. (elifesciences.org)
Transmission of a signal to another neuron across a synapse occurs via chemical transmitter. (medscape.com)
Although the axon-to-dendrite proximity is an insufficient condition for establishing a functional synapse, it is still a necessary one. (lu.se)

On the other hand, once both branches of an axon are cut and there's no longer any connection or output, the neuron can justify the energy and resources to regenerate, even though that effort is largely futile in the central nervous system of an adult mammal. (sciencedaily.com)
These neurons carry sensory impulse from a receptor (sensory end organ) through the dendrite towards the center of nervous system finally through axon. (kypho.com)
From the sensory end organ or receptor situated at the periphery of the body, the sensory nerve impulse needs to pass through a chain of neurons as the relay system to reach the center of nervous system. (kypho.com)
Primary sensory (First order) neurons: They start from the receptor or sensory end organ to enter the central nervous system. (kypho.com)
These neurons carry outgoing motor impulse from central nervous system to the peripherally situated effector organs which are either muscles or glands. (kypho.com)
In somatic nervous system-Upper motor neuron and Lower motor neuron. (kypho.com)
Axons are the primary transmission lines of the nervous system, and as bundles they form nerves. (wikipedia.org)
Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) typically show multiple telodendria, with many synaptic end points. (wikipedia.org)
There are two types of axons in the nervous system: myelinated and unmyelinated axons. (wikipedia.org)
The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), for instance, projects to much of the central nervous system through a vast network of axons. (sfn.org)
To further investigate this problem, we developed TrAC, a method that allows us to visualize LC neurons projecting to a specific target site, including all of their collateral projections to other targets within the central nervous system. (sfn.org)
A 48-hour time-lapse film of neurons developing in the central nervous system of a chick embryo has won the Nikon Small World in Motion video competition. (newscientist.com)
Taken under a microscope by Alexandre Dumoulin at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, the footage shows the elongation of axons - projections from nerve cells - between the two hemispheres of the central nervous system. (newscientist.com)
Made by American 3B Scientific in Germany, the neuron cell body model depicts a part of the human nervous system in colorful anatomical detail. (anatomywarehouse.com)
The neuron cell body model is a great tool for education of the human nervous system. (anatomywarehouse.com)
Association neurons, usually smaller than motor neurons, are linked with other parts of the nervous system by way of the neuropile. (britannica.com)
Myelination of central nervous system axons increases the conduction speed of neural impulses and contributes to the function and maintenance of neural circuits. (biorxiv.org)
Although the role of axon retraction during development of the nervous system is well appreciated, the mechanism of guidance-cue-induced retraction is not fully elucidated. (biologists.com)

The swollen end of a telodendron is known as the axon terminal which joins the dendrite or cell body of another neuron forming a synaptic connection. (wikipedia.org)

One possibility is that CC inputs specifically modulate neurons projecting back to the source of those inputs (looped neurons) indirectly via intermediary inhibitory or excitatory cells in the local circuit. (elifesciences.org)
The hyperpolarisation of thalamic neurons due to increased inhibitory BG output increases the burst discharges Kim et al. (frontiersin.org)
We found that hypomyelination reduces inhibitory connections to L2/3 neurons without affecting excitatory inputs, thus altering excitatory/inhibitory balance. (biorxiv.org)

How can we use viral-genetic strategies to analyze axon collateral distribution of neuronal subpopulations? (sfn.org)
It is possible to describe that the neuron uses an elegant and very simple method to increase the speed of transmission of the neuronal message. (scirp.org)
In particular, in 3 dimensions the Euclidean distance between the neuronal cell body centers of neurons seems to play a very subtle role, as the probabilities of connections are practically constant within a certain finite range of distance. (lu.se)

2019) Integrins Have Cell-Type-Specific Roles in Development of Motor Neuron Connectivity. (assumption.edu)

Generation of a nerve impulse (action potential) of a sensory neurone occurs as a result of a stimulus such as light, a particular chemical, or stretching of a cell membrane by sound. (medscape.com)

Glial cells are specialized brain cells that protect and maintain neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
arrows indicate mineralization and viral inclusion bodies in a neuron and glial cell. (cdc.gov)
Scientists have now discovered a possible mechanisms by which these glial cells in the brain can support their associated axons and keep them alive in the long term. (sciencedaily.com)
Klaus Armin and his research group from the Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine in Göttingen have now discovered a possible mechanisms by which these glial cells in the brain can support their associated axons and keep them alive in the long term. (sciencedaily.com)
Klaus-Armin Nave and his team at the Max Planck Institute in Göttingen already succeeded in demonstrating years ago that healthy glial cells are also essential for the long-term function and survival of the axons themselves, irrespective of myelination. (sciencedaily.com)

Bundles of fibres from neurons are held together by connective tissue and form nerves. (britannica.com)
It is also possible to use a similar metaphor to better understand this transient functioning of the neuron: the transmission of the action potential in myelinated fibres. (scirp.org)
They transmit electrical impulses to remote parts of the brain and body via long nerve fibres known as axons. (sciencedaily.com)

Along that distance, the axon branches out to make hundreds of connections with other cells, sending out signals that allow us to sense and respond to the world around us. (sciencedaily.com)
Axons with both branches cut after a branch point regenerated in 67 percent of cases. (sciencedaily.com)
Puppo used the 3D morphological data to reconstruct a graph-based model of the neurons' axons and axon branches. (analytica-world.com)
The end branches of an axon are called telodendria. (wikipedia.org)
In wild type, mushroom body neurons bifurcate and extend distinct branches to different target areas. (arizona.edu)
Thomas, John B. / Drosophila Eph receptor guides specific axon branches of mushroom body neurons . (arizona.edu)

The demonstration on SDS gels that the slow component is composed of a small number of polypeptides which have identical molecular weights in neurons from different mammalian species suggests that these polypeptides comprise fundamental structures of vertebrate neurons. (rupress.org)

The onset latency is lowest in the axon initial segment, and in all cells preceded the spike in the 1st node of Ranvier (p=0.000006, n=15). (yale.edu)

In subsequent terminal experiments, blue laser light (473 nm × 20 ms pulses at 10 mW) was used to activate RVLM neurons that had been transduced by both vectors. (bris.ac.uk)
Axon terminal - end part of an axon that makes a synaptic contact with another cell. (washington.edu)
Receptors often include nonneural elements which incorporate and interact with the axon terminal in initiating generator potentials. (cdc.gov)
Proximally, the outer core is penetrated by a canal which contains a single myelinated pre- terminal axon (7-11 ,um across), continuous with a long naked axon terminal deep in the center of the corpuscle. (cdc.gov)
The long terminal axon is elliptical in section, is provided with juxtaposed filopod pro- cesses, and has a bulbous ultraterminal ending from whose entire surface filopod processes emanate in a hydra-like array. (cdc.gov)

Purkinje cells axons form efferent fibers from cerebellar cortex to relay in cerebellar nuclei situated in its white matter. (kypho.com)

To further investigate the role of Sox11 and begin to identify transcriptional targets, the level of Sox11 was assayed in the Neuro2A stem cell line (Klebe and Ruddle, 1969), primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and in vivo after nerve injury. (pitt.edu)

Labeled LC-NE neurons have dense axon projections to their primary target in the cerebral cortex, and widespread, albeit sparse, collateral projections to other cortical and subcortical regions. (sfn.org)
Axons of both mPFC- and M1-projecting LC-NE neurons were widely distributed in the cortex and basal forebrain, with the highest percentage of labeled axons close to the virus injection site and sparser collateral projections at other sites. (sfn.org)
Thus, long-range CC projections could selectively participate in excitatory monosynaptic loops by preferentially contacting looped IT neurons, while avoiding neighboring non-looped IT, PT, and CT neurons. (elifesciences.org)

The conduction velocity and length of each axon branch were used to calculate the propagation delay, which she compared to the refraction period to calculate the refraction ratio. (analytica-world.com)

The gray matter also contains many internuncial neurons that carry motor, sensory, or reflex impulses from dorsal to ventral nerve roots, from one side of the cord to the other, or from one level of the cord to another. (msdmanuals.com)

TrAC was used to show that norepinephrine (NE)-containing locus coeruleus (LC) neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex differ from each other and from the LC as a whole in their pattern of axon collateralization. (sfn.org)

In a genetic screen based on an R7-dependent behavior , we identified the Activin receptor Baboon and the nuclear import adaptor Importin -alpha3 as being required to prevent R7 axon terminals from overlapping with the terminals of R7s in neighboring columns. (bvsalud.org)
Lindvall and Björklund 1974, refs 7,8), provided improved sensitivity and precision which allowed the tracing of dopamine and noradrenaline containing axons and axon terminals in great detail (see figure). (lu.se)

An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences), is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body. (wikipedia.org)
Your neurons work to conduct nerve impulses. (healthline.com)

We found that electrical activity strongly inhibited axon outgrowth in cultured adult sensory neurons. (nih.gov)
2002). Sox11 was also increased in neurons of adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following sciatic nerve cut. (pitt.edu)

Some axons can extend up to one meter or more while others extend as little as one millimeter. (wikipedia.org)
In comparison, the cerebellar granule cell axon is characterized by a single T-shaped branch node from which two parallel fibers extend. (wikipedia.org)

These findings suggest the existence of individual RVLM neurons for which the axons branch to drive sympathetic preganglionic neurons of more than one functional class and may be able to produce global changes in sympathetic activity. (bris.ac.uk)
Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely. (wikipedia.org)
In Eph mutants, these neurons bifurcate normally, but in many cases the dorsal branch fails to project to its appropriate target area. (arizona.edu)

When synapsin III was suppressed immediately after plating, hippocampal neurons extended minor processes but failed to differentiate one of them as the axon. (jneurosci.org)
The conserved Eph receptors and their Ephrin ligands regulate a number of developmental processes, including axon guidance. (arizona.edu)
Se- lective receptor inactivation is an early change fol- lowing exposure to certain neurotoxins, e.g., failure of the generator potential, followed by loss of the axon filopod processes in Pacinian corpuscles, are early physiological and morphological alterations following acrylamide intoxication (4, 5). (cdc.gov)

Surprisingly, and in contrast to previous results using RNA-interference techniques, embryos completely lacking Eph function show no obvious axon guidance defects. (arizona.edu)
Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
During development, axon retraction is an important aspect of the pruning of inappropriately targeted axons in response to repellent guidance cues. (biologists.com)
Axons are guided to their targets by a variety of extracellular guidance cues ( Plachez and Richards, 2005 ). (biologists.com)
Importantly, repellent guidance cues cause growth cone collapse and depolymerize growth cone F-actin while promoting axon retraction ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)

Tertiary sensory (Third order) neurons: They relay the sensation from the secondary neurons to the final target, i.e. cerebral cortex. (kypho.com)

The participating neurons in this "chain" are classified as primary, secondary and tertiary neurons. (kypho.com)
Upon retinoic acid (RA)- induced differentiation of Neuro-2A cells and upon culturing DRG neurons, Sox11 mRNA increased, suggesting Sox11 was important for expression of genes involved in Neuro2A and primary DRG differentiation and survival. (pitt.edu)
For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)

These recent findings provide a coherent mechanistic framework for axon-soma communication in the injured nerve and shed light on the integration of cytoplasmic and nuclear transport in all eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)

Axons of these cells project beyond the boundaries of the caudate nucleus and putamen. (britannica.com)
Tiling of r7 axons in the Drosophila visual system is mediated both by transduction of an activin signal to the nucleus and by mutual repulsion. (bvsalud.org)

Previous studies suggest the existence of RVLM neurons with distinct functional classes, such as neurons that target sympathetic nerves bound for functionally-similar tissue types (e.g. muscle vasculature). (bris.ac.uk)
While some studies have provided evidence for a modular LC with distinct subpopulations of neurons that each project to a small number of brain regions, others have reported highly branched LC axons that project to many functionally unrelated targets. (sfn.org)
The way in which the oligodendrocytes functionally support their associated axons was not clear to us up to now," says Nave. (sciencedaily.com)

We have investigated the developmental expression and subcellular localization of synapsin III, the newest member of the synapsin family, in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. (jneurosci.org)

Such a neuron is called multipolar. (britannica.com)

A team of bioengineers at UC San Diego has answered a question that has long puzzled neuroscientists, and may hold a key to better understanding the complexities of neurological disorders: Why are axons , the spindly arms extending from neurons that transmit information from neuron to neuron in the brain , designed the way they are? (analytica-world.com)
In neurological disorders, axons can be impaired. (newscientist.com)
The critical dynamics of the DishBrain neurons should provide key biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of a range of neurological diseases from epilepsy to dementia," he says. (eurekalert.org)

Nerves are bundles of axons that work together to transmit signals. (healthline.com)

However, it remains unknown whether CC inputs selectively contact looped neurons over closely intermingled IT neurons projecting elsewhere (non-looped IT neurons), or whether they innervate IT neurons equally regardless of their projection pattern. (elifesciences.org)
A paper published in Nature Communications shows that when neurons are given information about the changing world around them (task-related sensory input) it changes how they behave, putting them on edge so that tiny inputs can then set off 'avalanches' of brain activity, supporting a theory known as the critical brain hypothesis. (eurekalert.org)
According to the critical brain hypothesis, big complex behaviours are only made possible when neurons are so on edge that tiny inputs can set off "avalanches" of brain activity. (eurekalert.org)
We mapped and quantified the intracortical inputs to L2/3 neurons using laser-scanning photostimulation combined with patch clamp recordings. (biorxiv.org)

The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands. (wikipedia.org)

Axons are not designed to minimize the use of cell tissue-- they wouldn't be so long and convoluted if that were the case. (analytica-world.com)
We counted EGFP- and tdTomato-labeled cell bodies in the LC (n=4 mice/injection site) and calculated the density of labeled axons in a variety of cortical and subcortical regions (n=4 mice mPFC injection, n=3 mice M1 injection). (sfn.org)
Knockdown of Sox11 in these cells caused cell death and inhibited axon growth. (pitt.edu)
FF and FB afferents showed similar cell-type selectivity, making stronger connections with looped neurons than with other projection types in layer (L)5 and L6, but not in L2/3, resulting in selective modulation of activity in looped neurons. (elifesciences.org)
The neuron model features a typical neuron body with cell organelles, for example mitochondria and many other characteristics of the human cell, are visible through a removable transparent cover. (anatomywarehouse.com)
in higher nervous systems, only one fibre, the axon, carries the impulse away from the cell body. (britannica.com)
Axon - the extension from the neuron cell body that takes information away from the cell body. (washington.edu)
A ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies enveloped in an epineurium continuous with that of a nerve. (medscape.com)
Displacement of the dome by as little as 5 ,um can result in a supra-threshold generator potential within the Merkel cell-axon ter- minal complex. (cdc.gov)

The messages are sent by chemical and electrical changes in the cells, technically called neurons , that make up the nerves. (healthline.com)
While no one knows exactly, it's safe to say humans have hundreds of nerves - and billions of neurons! (healthline.com)
So are nerves bundles of axons, and ganglia bundles of somas? (khanacademy.org)

Axon & Dendrite microfiber tie. (cyberoptix.com)
Grey matter axon & dendrite microfiber tie. (cyberoptix.com)
It is important to note that some of the neurons may have single long dendrite. (kypho.com)

After re- interesting work was happening at medi- entirety, exploring their growth and con- vealing that dopamine neurons could be cal schools. (lu.se)

Using methods known to induce HSP/HIP, we demonstrate that APP protein levels are regulated by chronic modulation of activity and show that AD transgenic neurons have an impaired response to global changes in activity. (lu.se)

First, CNS nerve cells do not switch on the necessary machinery for vigorous regrowth of axons. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)

To apply TrAC to the LC-NE system, we bred genetically modified mice in which LC-NE neurons are labeled with a red fluorescent protein (tdTomato), but capable of switching to green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the presence of Cre recombinase. (sfn.org)

Remarkably, these effects are not associated with changes in the expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with a reduction of parvalbumin (PV) neuron density and PV mRNA levels. (biorxiv.org)

Therefore we study connection probabilities at short distances between the randomly grown axon trees and somas as probabilities of potential connections between the corresponding neurons. (lu.se)

Anatomy109

Organisms24

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs57

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes34

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science1

Health Care2

Types of neurons2

Spinal33

Journal of Neuroscie1

Regeneration13

Single axon3

Central neurons2

Axonal9

Afferent3

Synapses6

Peripheral6

Collaterals4

Myelin9

Dendrites21

Synapse5

Nervous system18

Another neuron1

Inhibitory3

Neuronal3

Motor neuron1

Sensory neurone1

Glial5

Fibres3

Branches6

Mammalian species1

Initial segment1

Terminal5

Efferent1

Dorsal root gan1

Projections3

Conduction velocity1

Ventral1

Collateralization1

Terminals2

Impulses2

Adult2

Extend2

Branch3

Processes3

Guidance5

Cerebral cortex1

Primary3

Cytoplasmic1

Nucleus2

Functionally3

Hippocampal1

Multipolar1

Neurological3

Transmit signals1

Inputs4

Glands1

Cell9

Nerves3

Dendrite3

Dopamine1

Modulation of activity1

Regrowth1

Genetically modified mice1

MRNA1

Somas1