Neurons somatosensory cortex. Medical search. Frequent questions

In addition, we find that each class of projection neuron exhibits a unique compliment of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing afterpotentials that further suggests that cortical neurons with different subcortical targets are distinct from one another. (nih.gov)
In typical cortical neurons, information processing starts with the integration of synaptic inputs across the dendritic tree which ultimately changes the somatic membrane polarization. (ru.nl)
Dallwig R, Deitmer JW, Backus KH (1999) On the mechanism of GABA-induced currents in cultured rat cortical neurons. (yale.edu)

Some neurons that do not contain these transmitters (neocortical neurons) are also affected. (erowid.org)
Although neocortical neurons are diverse in their molecular, anatomical, and electrophysiological properties, they all contribute to the generation of behaviour by integrating and communicating (transmitting) information. (ru.nl)
Achilles K, Okabe A, Ikeda M, Shimizu-Okabe C, Yamada J, Fukuda A, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W (2007) Kinetic properties of Cl uptake mediated by Na+-dependent K+-2Cl cotransport in immature rat neocortical neurons. (yale.edu)

Here we show how known sources of spike count variability affect stimulus-evoked spike time patterns between neurons separated over multiple layers and columns of adult rat somatosensory cortex in vivo. (nature.com)

2016 ) Chronic Recordings Reveal Tactile Stimuli Can Suppress Spontaneous Activity of Neurons in Somatosensory Cortex of Awake and Anesthetized Primates. (neurotree.org)
This was achieved by moving the walls with motors while holding the mouse still enough to be able to measure the activity of neurons in the barrel cortex and observe the behavior of the animal. (elifesciences.org)

By thoroughly overviewing previous findings, we hypothesized that meditation reduces pain-related neural activity in the ACC, insula, secondary somatosensory cortex, and thalamus. (frontiersin.org)
A small family of molecules, neurotrophins, has been shown to control early events in the developing thalamus and cortex such as cell survival, neurite outgrowth, migration, or dendritic and axonal morphologies. (bl.uk)
These secondary neurons immediately cross over to the opposite anterolateral spinothalamic tract 3 to the thalamus and then to the somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus 6 ( fig. 1 ). (asahq.org)

Additionally, somatomotor regions of cerebral cortex in mice are shown to be not involved in split-belt adaptation. (wikipedia.org)
Cerebral Cortex 16(6):791-810, PMID: 16120794. (drexel.edu)
The brain is divided into 3 major regions: the central core, the limbic system and the cerebral cortex. (bestwritingservice.com)
Aguirre AD, Chen Y, Fujimoto JG, Ruvinskaya L, Devor A, Boas DA (2006) Depth-resolved imaging of functional activation in the rat cerebral cortex using optical coherence tomography. (springer.com)
2020 ) Microchiropterans have a diminutive cerebral cortex, not an enlarged cerebellum, compared to megachiropterans and other mammals. (neurotree.org)
The SEP components generated in the brainstem and in the cerebral cortex are mediated entirely by the dorsal columns (posterior columns) of the spinal cord, the fasciculus cuneatus for upper limb SEPs and the fasciculus gracilis for lower limb SEPs. (medscape.com)
Cerebral Cortex 30:488-504. (uni-goettingen.de)
Cerebral Cortex 26:820-837. (uni-goettingen.de)
Cerebral Cortex 25:4854-4868. (uni-goettingen.de)

Abnormal SEPs can result from dysfunction at the level of the peripheral nerve, plexus, spinal root, spinal cord, brain stem, thalamocortical projections, or primary somatosensory cortex. (medscape.com)
Wagener RJ, Witte M, Guy J, Mingo-Moreno N, Kugler S, Staiger JF (2016) Thalamocortical Connections Drive Intracortical Activation of Functional Columns in the Mislaminated Reeler Somatosensory Cortex. (uni-goettingen.de)
In my thesis, I demonstrated that a transient excess of serotonin created pharmacologically by inhibition of the MAOA enzyme altered the formation of barrels of both thalamocortical axons and granular neurons in the layer IV of the developing somatosensory cortex. (bl.uk)
By obtaining mice lacking MAOA and trkB, I showed a synergistically altered phenotype in the thalamocortical projection, suggesting that in normal conditions serotonin and trkB signalling act synergically in the refinement of the somatosensory thalamocortical map. (bl.uk)
Findings suggest psychosis may be triggered by an increase in background noise impairing thalamocortical neurons which may be caused by a malfunction in NMDA receptors affecting the balance of inhibition and excitation in the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)

Simons, D.J. Response properties of vibrissa units in rat SI somatosensory neocortex. (nature.com)

Spatiotemporal stimulus effects on response properties of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex of owl monkeys. (neurotree.org)

Cortico-cortical drive in a coupled premotor-primary motor cortex dynamical system. (rochester.edu)
Cyclic, condition-independent activity in primary motor cortex predicts corrective movement behavior. (rochester.edu)
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Location and Object Effects in Primary Motor Cortex Neurons during Reach-to-Grasp. (rochester.edu)
Barth DS, Baumgartner C, Di S (1990) Laminar interactions in rat motor cortex during cyclical excitability changes of the penicillin focus. (springer.com)
Analysis of population dynamics in the motor cortex also supports the dependence of neural processing on a population's state at the start of a trial 27 , 28 (Fig. 1 a, right). (nature.com)
Just like epilepsy of the motor cortex that results in spasmodic activation of the muscles, temporal lobe epilepsy causes the same repetitive firing of neuronal circuits but in a region of the brain central for our concept of space and time. (scienceblogs.com)

With uncorrelated stimuli on 24 whiskers, we identified two distinct functional categories of neurons, analogous in the temporal domain to simple and complex cells of the primary visual cortex. (nature.com)
In the visual cortex, shared spike count variability is modulated by shared trial-to-trial variability in the excitability of neurons across a population. (nature.com)
In the human visual system there are over thirty maps in the visual cortex alone. (nybooks.com)

The spike threshold is modulated by dopaminergic signalling both in excitatory and inhibitory neurons to control the efficacy of intracellular information transfer as dopaminergic signalling regulates voltage-gated sodium channel conductances. (ru.nl)
Fmr1, Cntnap2 and Tsc2 knockout and 16p11.2 deletion mice showed increased feed-forward excitatory and inhibitory currents in neurons of layers 2-3 of the somatosensory cortex relative to the wild-type. (sfari.org)

Wilent, W.B. & Contreras, D. Dynamics of excitation and inhibition underlying stimulus selectivity in rat somatosensory cortex. (nature.com)
On subsets of trials (clusters) and after controlling for stimulus-response adaptation, spike time differences between pairs of neurons are "time-warped" (compressed/stretched) by trial-to-trial changes in shared excitability, explaining why fixed spike time patterns and noise correlations are seldom reported. (nature.com)
Analysis of response variability shared between neurons over repeated trials of a single stimulus ("noise correlations") allows the effect of underlying variability sources to be investigated. (nature.com)
This rich representation of object location in the barrel cortex could not be predicted based on simple stimulus-response relationships involving individual whiskers and likely emerges within cortical circuits. (elifesciences.org)

Circuit activity in the cortex and hippocampus is shaped by distinct contributions from specific interneuron subpopulations ( Isaacson and Scanziani, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, localization of CCK to specialized interneurons throughout the hippocampus and cortex relegated CCK to being examined primarily as a static cell type marker rather than a dynamic functional neuromodulator. (stanford.edu)

Figure 1: Barrel cortex neurons encode whisker deflections in a common low-dimensional subspace. (nature.com)
Brecht, M. & Sakmann, B. Dynamic representation of whisker deflection by synaptic potentials in spiny stellate and pyramidal cells in the barrels and septa of layer 4 rat somatosensory cortex. (nature.com)
Whisker deprivation weakens excitatory layer 4 (L4) inputs to L2/3 pyramidal cells in rat primary somatosensory (S1) cortex, which is likely to contribute to whisker map plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
When whiskers are deprived by trimming or plucking in adolescent rats [postnatal day 7 (P7) to P60], L2/3 neurons in deprived barrel columns lose responsiveness to their deprived principal whisker, whereas L4 neuronal responses are unaffected. (jneurosci.org)
Closed-loop optogenetic control of layer 4 neurons can substitute for whisker-object contact to guide behavior resembling wall tracking. (elifesciences.org)
When a whisker touches an object, cells called neurons at the base of the whiskers produce electrical signals that are relayed to other neurons in an area of the brain called the barrel cortex. (elifesciences.org)

In contrast, deprivation did not alter either miniature EPSC amplitude in L2/3 neurons or the amplitude of quantal L4-L2/3 synaptic responses measured in strontium, indicating that postsynaptic responsiveness was unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
These results reveal numerous examples where neuron subtype-specific gene expression, as well as splice-isoform usage, can explain functional differences between neuron subtypes, including in presynaptic plasticity, postsynaptic receptor function, and synaptic connectivity specification. (jneurosci.org)
At the end of the neuron there is terminal buttons that convey the information to the next neuron via the synaptic space. (bestwritingservice.com)
Lack of increased synaptic firing in the somatosensory cortex of four mouse models of ASD. (sfari.org)
However, the post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) of those neurons were not significantly increased in these mouse models relative to wild-type (lighter colors). (sfari.org)

Encoder models reveal that neurons recorded in primary somatosensory cortex have mixed selectivity for sensory, motor, choice, and reward signals. (neurex.org)

He inserted electrodes into the rats' brains, in a region called their somatosensory cortex. (npr.org)
That's a part of the brain that processes touch, and when Ishiyama tickled the rats, it caused neurons in that region to fire. (npr.org)
Again, he saw the neurons in the somatosensory cortex firing, even though the rats weren't being touched. (npr.org)
Here we use intracellular recordings in somatosensory cortex (SI) neurons of anesthetized rats to show that remote, subthreshold intracortical electrical perturbation can impact such constraints on the responses to a set of spatiotemporal tactile input patterns. (lu.se)

Since individuals have multiple parallel afferent somatosensory pathways (e.g., the anterior spinothalamic tract and the dorsal column tracts within the spinal cord), SEPs can be normal in patients with significant sensory deficits. (medscape.com)
Lesioning of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord rostral to the root levels where the afferent somatosensory activity enters the spinal cord abolishes the SEPs generated in the brain. (medscape.com)
Touch perception begins with activation of functionally distinct classes of primary mechanosensory neurons, called low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs), and propagation of their signals to the initial somatosensory processing centers of the CNS, the spinal cord dorsal horn and brainstem. (duke.edu)
Despite significant progress in understanding the properties and functions of primary sensory neurons, the encoding of touch in the spinal cord dorsal horn and its influence on tactile representations in the brain are poorly understood. (duke.edu)
4) dorsal horn mechanosensory processing dictates how neurons in somatosensory cortex respond to touch and shapes somatosensory behaviors. (duke.edu)
These unmyelinated C-fibers transmit itch impulses to the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord, 3 where they synapse with itch-specific secondary neurons. (asahq.org)
Summary: After itch detection, the itch pathway moves through an array of G-protein coupled receptors and transient receptor potential channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons into dorsal horn neurons which integrate and transduce these signals, sending them to the somatosensory cortex. (atsbio.com)

The unit which gets selected is not the individual neuron, but neuronal groups of hundreds to millions of cells. (nybooks.com)
that is, the brain does not develop by alterations in a fixed set of neurons, but by selection processes that eliminate some neuronal groups and strengthen others. (nybooks.com)
By recording neuronal activity in vivo , Yizhar found that neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of Cntnap2 homozygous mice have enhanced activity compared with wild-type littermates. (sfari.org)
But in addition, the cortex has an ever-changing multidimensional internal state, causing each given input to result in a wide range of specific neuronal activations. (lu.se)

Cortical circuit activity is shaped by the parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) interneurons that inhibit principal excitatory (EXC) neurons and the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons that suppress activation of other interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
Feldmeyer D, Qi G, Emmenegger V, Staiger JF (2018) Inhibitory interneurons and their circuit motifs in the many layers of the barrel cortex. (uni-goettingen.de)
Zhou XJ, Rickmann M, Hafner G, Staiger JF (2017) Subcellular targeting of VIP boutons in mouse barrel cortex is layer-dependent and not restricted to interneurons. (uni-goettingen.de)

Recent studies on vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory neurons in the barrel and auditory cortices of the mouse brain have shown that they form a disinhibitory circuitry that affects the excitability of pyramidal neurons. (nih.gov)
while inhibitory neurons more readily transfer somatic depolarizations into action potentials, excitatory neurons perform low-pass frequency filtering. (ru.nl)

Delpire E, Austin TM (2010) Kinase regulation of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport in primary afferent neurons. (yale.edu)
They also provide general afferent neurons to the mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue. (medscape.com)

Layer V pyramidal neurons are anatomically and physiologically heterogeneous and project to multiple intracortical and subcortical targets. (nih.gov)
However, because most physiological studies of layer V pyramidal neurons have been carried out on unidentified cells, we know little about how anatomical and physiological properties relate to subcortical projection site. (nih.gov)

2023 ) Regressive changes in sizes of somatosensory cuneate nucleus after sensory loss in primates. (neurotree.org)

To investigate the neural bases of these computations, we applied different spatiotemporal patterns of stimuli to rat whiskers while recording multiple neurons in the barrel cortex. (nature.com)
For example, some studies reported increased neural responses to pain stimulation during meditation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula, whereas others showed a decrease in these regions. (frontiersin.org)
Neural electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings from the motor (M1), somatosensory (S1), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) were obtained and band-pass filtered in the gamma range (30-80Hz). (biorxiv.org)
We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)
Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) consist of a series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways. (medscape.com)
Here, we explored neural coding in the barrel cortex of head-fixed mice that tracked walls with their whiskers in tactile virtual reality. (elifesciences.org)
Together, these findings reveal the neural code in the barrel cortex that allows mice to navigate by touch. (elifesciences.org)

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the basis of functional specialization of neuron subtypes and identifying drug targets for manipulating circuit function requires comprehensive information on cell-type-specific transcriptional profiles. (jneurosci.org)
We sorted excitatory neurons and key inhibitory neuron subtypes from mouse brains and assessed differential mRNA expression. (jneurosci.org)
This analysis reveals numerous examples of neuron subtype-specific isoform usage with functional importance, identifies potential drug targets, and provides insight into the neuron subtypes involved in psychiatric disease. (jneurosci.org)

Moore, C.I. & Nelson, S.B. Spatio-temporal subthreshold receptive fields in the vibrissa representation of rat primary somatosensory cortex. (nature.com)

Our findings indicate that corticothalamic and -trigeminal neurons are two largely nonoverlapping subpopulations, whereas callosal and corticostriatal neurons overlap extensively. (nih.gov)
These findings suggest that MDMA is toxic to serotonergic and, to a lesser extent, catecholaminergic neurons. (erowid.org)
Here, we cover fundamental findings that implicate CCK neuron activity and CCK receptor signaling in modulating drug intake and drug-seeking (focusing on psychostimulants, opioids, and alcohol). (stanford.edu)

With correlated stimuli, however, a complementary coding scheme emerged: two distinct cell populations, similar to reinforcing and antagonist neurons described in the higher visual area MT, responded specifically to correlations. (nature.com)
This paper aims to better characterise shared spike time variability in the somatosensory cortex over repeated trials of single sensory stimuli, as this constrains the form in which spike times encode sensory information. (nature.com)
Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli are used commonly for clinical evoked potential studies. (medscape.com)
Neuropathic pain is defined as the pain resulting from a lesion or dysfunction of somatosensory system and characterized by either spontaneous pain or sensitivity exacerbated to different stimuli 22 . (bvsalud.org)

Somatosensory cortex microstimulation modulates primary motor and premotor cortex neurons with extensive spatial convergence and divergence. (rochester.edu)
Prönneke A, Witte M, Mock M, Staiger JF (2020) Neuromodulation Leads to a Burst-Tonic Switch in a Subset of VIP Neurons in Mouse Primary Somatosensory (Barrel) Cortex. (uni-goettingen.de)
However, more recent studies have shown that pain and pruritus are sensations transmitted through different populations of primary sensory neurons. (asahq.org)
Title : Simultaneous Top-down Modulation of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex and Thalamic Nuclei during Active Tactile Discrimination Personal Author(s) : Pais-Vieira, Miguel;Lebedev, Mikhail A.;Wiest, Michael C.;Nicolelis, Miguel A.L. (cdc.gov)

The first "stop" on the circuit is the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) - that is, the "social hub" of our brains. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Using optogenetics the study, done by Dr. Mackenzie Mathis at Harvard University, using mice could also show that somatosensory cortex is involved in updating the internal model. (wikipedia.org)
The mice also had overactive excitatory neurons in the somatosensory cortex, which may account for sensory hypersensitivity. (neurosciencenews.com)
Prönneke A, Scheuer B, Wagener RJ, Mock M, Witte M, Staiger JF (2015) Characterizing VIP Neurons in the Barrel Cortex of VIPcre/tdTomato Mice Reveals Layer-Specific Differences. (uni-goettingen.de)
However, it is not clear how information is encoded in these electrical signals, in part, because it is technically challenging to collect data about neuron activity and behavior while the mice move around. (elifesciences.org)
Analysis of mice lacking Pax6 showed that Pax6 was not essential to monoaminergic development but this study revealed that Netrin-1 was potentially important to the axonal pathfinding of dopaminergic neurons. (bl.uk)
Analysis of mice lacking Netrin-1 or it receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) confirmed that Netrin-1 is important but not essential for the axonal guidance of subsets of dopaminergic neurons. (bl.uk)
Using a combination of biochemical, behavioral, and imaging approaches, we found that mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons displayed erratic circadian behavior and weakened synchronization among cells in the SCN, the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. (concordia.ca)
Odor-evoked c-Fos responses along the olfactory pathway were abolished in mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons, which is consistent with reduced olfactory sensitivity in these animals. (concordia.ca)

The experiments show that the electrical signals in the barrel cortex encode information about motion as well as the distance between the mouse and the wall. (elifesciences.org)

L4 neurons project to neurons in layer 2/3 (L2/3) within the same cortical column, termed a barrel column. (jneurosci.org)
Optogenetic manipulations revealed that barrel cortex plays a role in wall-tracking. (elifesciences.org)
For example, some neurons in the barrel cortex were only activated when a mouse was a particular distance from the walls. (elifesciences.org)
The experiments suggest that the barrel cortex processes signals received from several whiskers to build an overall picture of the locations and shapes of objects. (elifesciences.org)

In its current version, the model posits that when planning a movement, a motor command is sent down the spinal cord, and a duplicate motor command (termed efference copy) is sent to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) to predict the afferent consequence of one's self-generated movement, thus allowing for a faster and precise control. (biorxiv.org)

These computations are performed by distinct types of neurons interconnected in circuits dedicated to the specialized roles of the auditory system. (stanford.edu)
In CN slices from these animals auditory nerve fiber stimulation elicited a glutamate receptor-dependent depolarization in hVOS probe-labeled neurons. (stanford.edu)
The introduction of voltage imaging to the CN creates the opportunity to investigate auditory processing circuitry in populations of neurons targeted on the basis of their genetic identity and their roles in sensory processing.Significance StatementThe cochlear nucleus uses dedicated circuitry to process and interpret information from the ear. (stanford.edu)

Here we combine neuroanatomical tract tracing with whole cell recordings in mouse somatosensory cortex to test whether neurons with the same projection target form discrete subpopulations and whether they have stereotyped physiological properties. (nih.gov)

Guy J, Staiger JF (2017) The functioning of a cortex without layers. (uni-goettingen.de)

We show that predicted cortical state is correlated between groups of 4 neurons, introducing the possibility of spike time pattern modulation by population-wide trial-to-trial changes in excitability (i.e. cortical state). (nature.com)

The axon is surrounded by a white fatty amino acid layer known as myelin sheath which insulates the signals from the nearby neurons against interference of impulses and speed s up transmission of impulses. (bestwritingservice.com)
The neurons send information from various parts of the body through transmission of signals from the sensory organs in the body to the brain for interpretation. (bestwritingservice.com)
For effective transmission of signals to take place it requires the neuron to be in fire where the incoming signal should exceed the threshold excitation of graded potential energy to propel this action. (bestwritingservice.com)

To understand the molecular-genetic basis of functional specialization and identify potential drug targets specific to each neuron subtype, we performed a genome wide assessment of both gene expression and splicing across EXC, PV, SST and VIP neurons from male and female mouse brains. (jneurosci.org)

Degenerating axon terminals and cell bodies were observed in the striatum and somatosensory cortex, respectively. (erowid.org)
The axon which is a long fiber transmits incoming information from other neurons to the muscle or the glands in the body. (bestwritingservice.com)

Multi-neuron patterns of single spikes are a prime candidate for spike time encoding but their temporal variability requires further characterisation. (nature.com)

2016 ) Distributions of Cells and Neurons across the Cortical Sheet in Old World Macaques. (neurotree.org)
2016 ) Anatomical changes in the somatosensory system after large sensory loss predict strategies to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury. (neurotree.org)

Dendrites which are short fibers are located near the body cells and helps in receiving information from the other neurons and transmitting to the body cells. (bestwritingservice.com)
A map is a sheet of neurons in the brain where the points on the sheet are systematically related to the corresponding points on a sheet of receptor cells, such as the surface of the skin or the retina of the eye. (nybooks.com)

Here we characterise how precise spike time representations are modulated by the shared excitability-level of spatially separated neurons on single trials. (nature.com)

We have found that subcortical systems suffice for several tasks widely used to study rodent cortex. (neurex.org)

Future directions include exploring how sensory processing in the spinal cord and its variable, modifiable ascending signaling streams are altered in disorders associated with dysfunctions of the somatosensory system such as autism spectrum disorders and chronic pain. (duke.edu)
Chub N, O'Donovan MJ (2001) Post-episode depression of GABAergic transmission in spinal neurons of the chick embryo. (yale.edu)

Likewise, neurons in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC) have been shown by fMRI to " light up " when a person experiences pain, as well as when they see someone else in pain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Odor stimulated mTOR activation in the OB, anterior olfactory nucleus, as well as piriform cortex. (concordia.ca)

More interestingly, this study revealed that the interaction between Netrin-1 and DCC could be important for the cell survival of developing dopaminergic neurons. (bl.uk)

also used a technique called optogenetics to deliberately activate particular neurons in a manner that mimics their activity patterns during interactions with walls. (elifesciences.org)

Mirror Neuron Populations Represent Sequences of Behavioral Epochs During Both Execution and Observation. (rochester.edu)

Anatomy78

Organisms18

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Psychiatry and Psychology28

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations5

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Information Science4

Health Care2

Cortical neurons3

Neocortical neurons3

Adult Rat Somatosensory Cortex1

Activity of Neurons2

Thalamus3

Cerebral9

Thalamocortical5

Neocortex1

Properties of neurons1

Motor cortex6

Visual cortex3

Excitatory and inhibitory2

Stimulus4

Hippocampus2

Whisker6

Synaptic5

Selectivity1

Rats4

Dorsal7

Neuronal4

Interneurons3

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20231

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20171

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20162

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