Neurons 1996 alpha 1 receptor antagonists adrenergic alpha 1 receptor antagonists. Medical search. Frequent questions

Agmatine acts as an agonist at imidazoline and alpha-2-adrenergic receptors, also modulating NMDA receptor activity. (psicothema.com)
Physostigmine, an anticholinesterase agent, and pilocarpine, a cholinergic agonist predominantly acting upon muscarinic receptors, have been reported to elicit yawning in infant rats (Urbá-Holmgren et al. (baillement.com)
It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
Oxymetazoline is an example of a non-selective α-adrenergic receptor agonist. (pharmacology2000.com)
Isoproterenol (Isuprel, Isoprenaline) is a classical nonselective β-adrenergic agonist, with prominent actions at β 1 and β 2 receptors. (pharmacology2000.com)
Fentanyl is a potent µ-opiate receptor agonist. (anesthesiaexam.com)
Both actions of norepinephrine were mimicked by an alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine (10 microm), and an alpha 2A agonist, oxymetazoline (10 microm), but not by an alpha1 agonist, phenylephrine (10 microm), and a beta agonist, isoproterenol (40 microm). (silverchair.com)

The basic mechanism of central sensitization involves glutamate secretion from the terminals of the spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons and the response of N -methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors to the secreted glutamate [ 3 ]. (e-jyms.org)
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an inherited disorder of the nervous system that affects the development and survival of autonomic and some sensory neurons. (medscape.com)

To understand better the cellular mechanisms of NE and its adrenergic receptors in the LA, we used antibodies directed against dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), the synthetic enzyme for NE, or against two different isoforms of the beta-adrenergic receptors (βARs), one that predominately recognizes neurons (βAR 248) and the other astrocytes (βAR 404), to characterize the microenvironments of DβH and βAR. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, the observation that chronic treatment with cholinergic stimulants attenuates the catalepsy induced by neuroleptics or cholinomimetic drugs (Gianutsos, 1979) suggests that the sensitivity of postsynaptic dopamine receptors may be potentiated and/or that of acetylcholine receptors attenuated. (baillement.com)
The impact of targeted lesioning of dopamine (DA) neurons specifically at the area surrounding (and that communicate with) the SCN (but not within the SCN itself) upon glucose metabolism, adipose and liver lipid gene expression, and cardiovascular biology in normal laboratory animals has not been investigated and was the focus of this study. (biomedcentral.com)
High levels of dopamine (DA) were described in human ovary and recently evidence for DA receptors in granulosa and luteal cells has been provided, as well. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the transporter may contribute to dopamine release when the neuron depolarizes. (cloudfront.net)
Preliminary evidence suggests that the dopamine transporter couples to L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (particularly Ca v 1.2 and Ca v 1.3 ), which are expressed in virtually all dopamine neurons. (cloudfront.net)
[11] As a result of DAT-Ca v coupling, DAT substrates that produce depolarizing currents through the transporter are able to open calcium channels that are coupled to the transporter, resulting in a calcium influx in dopamine neurons. (cloudfront.net)

They work by inhibiting the synthesis, release, or reuptake of the neurotransmitters or by antagonising the receptors on postsynaptic neurones. (wikipedia.org)
The stereotypy mediated by the postsynaptic dopaminergic system, but not the yawning mediated by the presynaptic system, may be altered by chronic treatment with physostigmine, while long-term treatment with scopolamine seems to produce a supersensitivity to cholinergic receptors. (baillement.com)
Norepinephrine did not affect the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current and of a response of substantia gelatinosa neurons to AMPA, indicating that its action on evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents is presynaptic in origin. (silverchair.com)

This group also found that while both receptor subtypes were seen in the membranes and cytoplasm of cell bodies, the β 2 receptor subtype, but not the β 1 , was localized to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
Phenoxybenzamine (PB) has been used to probe α-adrenergic receptor subtypes. (pharmacology2000.com)
[8] Other neurokinin subtypes and neurokinin receptors that interact with SP have been reported as well. (wikidoc.org)

Turnock-Jones JJ, Jennings CA, Robbins MJ, Cluderay JE, Cilia J, Reid JL, Taylor A , Jones DN, Emson PC , Southam E. Increased expression of the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit in the prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. (neurotree.org)

adrenergic receptor antagonists i.e. typically propranolol (Inderal) are used in management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. (pharmacology2000.com)

Apart from being used as antidotes to reverse the overdose effects of alpha 2 agonists, they only have a limited number of indications. (wikipedia.org)
Albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil), terbutaline (Brethine, Brethaire) and metaproterenol (Metaprel, Alupent) are classified as β 2 -selective adrenergic agonists and as such reduce smooth muscle tone. (pharmacology2000.com)

The results of the 20 years studies of the presence in blood serum and other body fluids of endogenous modulators of adrenergic and M-cholinergic impact as a component of humoral link of autonomic nervous system. (cardiologymedjournal.com)
The article is devoted to the endogenous sensitizer of beta-adrenergic receptor (ESBAR) - water-soluble low molecular weight substances, analogs of which are histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, mildronat and preductal. (cardiologymedjournal.com)
The endogenous receptor for substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). (wikidoc.org)

Here we showed that social defeat stress enhanced plantar incision-induced AMPA receptor GluA1 phosphorylation at the Ser831 site in the spinal cord and greatly prolonged plantar incision-induced pain. (jneurosci.org)
In addition, stress hormones enhanced GluA1 phosphorylation and AMPA receptor-mediated electrical activity in the spinal cord. (jneurosci.org)
Therefore, spinal AMPA receptor phosphorylation contributes to the mechanisms underlying stress-induced pain transition. (jneurosci.org)

Beta 2 blockers Beta 2 blockers function by prohibiting beta 2 receptor stimulation via blocking the dissociation of the alpha subunit of Gs protein and subsequent activation of adenylyl cyclase, which reduces the synthesis of cAMP and the expression of protein kinase A. This causes the levels of intracellular calcium to drop, which in turn prevents the relaxation of smooth muscles, especially the bronchial smooth muscles. (wikipedia.org)
This behavior is inhibited by scopolamine, but not by methyiscopolamine, suggesting that yawning is mediated by stimulation of the central 'muscarinic' receptor (Urbá-Holmgren et al. (baillement.com)
A long lasting β1 adrenergic receptor stimulation of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signal in cardiac myocites. (cardiologymedjournal.com)
Parafollicular (PF) cells secrete 5-HT in response to stimulation of a G-protein-coupled Ca 2+ receptor (CaR) by increased extracellular Ca 2+ (↑[Ca 2+ ] e ). (jneurosci.org)
Their excitation provokes the stimulation of the medullary autonomic center, and then the excitation of pre- and post-synaptic neurons leading to the liberation of norepinephrine and its neuronal metabolites [ 11 ]. (springeropen.com)

Diurnal enhancement of pain hypersensitivity is mediated by glucocorticoid-induced enhancement of the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)
Temporal elevations in glucocorticoid levels enhance the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)
in inhibitory synapses of mouse spinal cord neurons. (anid.cl)
Effects of ethanol on glycinergic synaptic currents in mouse spinal cord neurons. (anid.cl)
6 POMC neurons project axonal processes to second-order neurons in hypothalamic areas such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), and to autonomic preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (nature.com)
It interacts with opiate receptors decreasing pain impulse transmission at the spinal cord level and higher in the CNS. (anesthesiaexam.com)
The actions of norepinephrine (50 microm) on glutamatergic transmission were examined by using the whole cell patch clamp technique in substantia gelatinosa neurons of an adult rat spinal cord slice with an attached dorsal root. (silverchair.com)
Nociceptive information is transmitted through thinly myelinated Aδ-afferent and unmyelinated C-afferent fibers from the periphery to the spinal cord, especially substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons, 5,6 where the information is modulated. (silverchair.com)

Confocal microscopy revealed that both excitatory and inhibitory neurons express βAR248. (frontiersin.org)
The role of the β-adrenergic receptor-inhibitory mechanism in the regulating the contracitile activity of the human uterus. (cardiologymedjournal.com)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
The inhibitory actions were antagonized by an alpha 2 antagonist, yohimbine (1 microm), all of the results of which indicate an involvement of alpha 2 adrenoceptors. (silverchair.com)

Examples of alpha 2 blockers include yohimbine and idazoxan. (wikipedia.org)
Yohimbine is classified as a selective α 2 -adrenergic receptor antagonist. (pharmacology2000.com)

The subunit dissociates from the receptor when activated, subsequently activating adenylyl cyclase to convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP, which is a secondary messenger mediating the pharmacological effects. (wikipedia.org)
This section focuses on disease management using pharmacological interventions, namely -receptor antagonists. (pharmacology2000.com)

Ephedrine increases post-synaptic noradrenergic receptor activity by (weakly) directly activating post-synaptic α-receptors and β-receptors, but the bulk of its effect comes from the pre-synaptic neuron being unable to distinguish between real adrenaline or noradrenaline from ephedrine. (wikidoc.org)
the effect of adding ephedrine is to increase the number of vesicles released during each action potential and possibly to extend the time during which noradrenaline has an opportunity to have an effect on the post-synaptic neuron by virtue of the fact that the reuptake complex has to process both noradrenaline AND ephedrine, presumably a longer process. (wikidoc.org)

They inhibit the release of circulating adrenergic neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, which contributes to the contraction of smooth muscles. (wikipedia.org)
[10] They are found in close association with serotonin (5-HT) and neurons containing norepinephrine that are targeted by the currently used antidepressant drugs. (wikidoc.org)
CATECHOLAMINES, such as epinephrine and phenylephrine, have been used in spinal anesthesia together with local anesthetics with an expectation of a contraction of local vessels by the monoamines resulting in a decrease in the clearance of the anesthetics from the subarachnoid space and thus antinociception, 1,2 while intrathecal administration of norepinephrine itself is known to have an antinociceptive effect when assessed by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. (silverchair.com)

Specialized neuronal networks in the brain coordinate adaptive changes in food intake and energy expenditure in response to altered metabolic conditions ( Figure 1 ). (nature.com)
4 In the ARC, there are two distinct neuronal populations: one group of neurons produces the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), whereas the other subset of neurons expresses the anorexigenic neuropeptides proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. (nature.com)
These findings indicate that reduced dopaminergic neuronal activity in neurons at the area of and communicating with the SCN contributes significantly to increased sympathetic tone and the development of metabolic syndrome, without effect on feeding. (biomedcentral.com)

Leri, F., Flores, J., Rodaros, D., & Stewart, J. (2002) Blockade of stress-induced but not cocaine-induced reinstatement by infusion of noradrenergic antagonists into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis or the central nucleus of the amygdala. (concordia.ca)
Female Sprague-Dawley rats received either DA neuron neurotoxic lesion by bilateral intra-cannula injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (2-4 μg/side) or vehicle treatment at the area surrounding the SCN at 20 min post protriptyline ip injection (20 mg/kg) to protect against damage to noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. (biomedcentral.com)

Neuroendocrine system and autonomic nervous system are the two pathways that connect the central nervous system to the peripheral immune system [1]. (brainimmune.com)

By light microscopy, βARs were present in both neurons and astrocytes. (frontiersin.org)
The presence of agmatine in neurons and astrocytes has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical examination with anti-agmatine antibody (Regunathan et al. (psicothema.com)
We identify serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) as the key molecule responsible for the glucocorticoid-enhanced release of ATP from astrocytes. (nature.com)
SGK-1 protein levels in spinal astrocytes are increased in response to glucocorticoid stimuli and enhanced ATP release by opening the pannexin-1 hemichannels. (nature.com)
Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) mediates the glucocorticoid-enhanced release of ATP from astrocytes by opening the pannexin-1 hemichannels. (nature.com)

The beta-1 receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor with the Gs alpha subunit as its main signaling protein. (wikipedia.org)
Thesis Title: Localization and relation between ?1 subunit of R-Gly with G? (anid.cl)

Alpha 1 blockers prevent smooth muscle contraction by inhibiting the downstream activation of Gq-type G-protein coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
By inhibiting this activation, alpha 1 blockers prevent the increase in intracellular calcium concentration and subsequent smooth muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha 2 blockers Alpha 2 blockers inhibit the activation of adenylyl cyclase via Gi protein by antagonising alpha 2 receptors, which curbs the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP). (wikipedia.org)
This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
Activation of this receptor type centrally reduces sympathetic outflow, which is the proposed mechanism that accounts for antihypertensive actions noted following clonidine administration. (pharmacology2000.com)
Figure 1 shows the theory - principally derived from inflammatory translational models - that inflammatory triggers cause IRS activation and induce the production of PICs, which in turn may provoke sickness behavior and depression, thus explaining the phenomenological overlap between these conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
Furthermore, a robust reduction of total and phospho-alpha-CaMKII was found in the hippocampus of rats prenatally exposed to WIN 55,212-2. (researchgate.net)
Liver monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (a proinflammatory protein associated with metabolic syndrome) gene expression was also significantly elevated in peri-SCN area dopaminergic lesioned rats. (biomedcentral.com)

this agent is a non-selective receptor blockers. (pharmacology2000.com)
An example of an 'irreversible' non-selective α-receptor blocker is phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). (pharmacology2000.com)

glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1. (wikigenes.org)

1976), and that the nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons inhibit the striatal cholinergic neurons (Trabucchi et al. (baillement.com)
1978), elicited a cholinergic hyposensitivity as a consequence of the hyperactivity of cholinergic neurons which are regulated by dopaminergic neurons. (baillement.com)
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity and behavioral impairment in rodents. (researchgate.net)

Its receptor - the neurokinin type 1 - is distributed over cytoplasmic membranes of many cell types (neurons, glia, endothelia of capillaries and lymphatics, fibroblasts, stem cells, white blood cells) in many tissues and organs. (wikidoc.org)

Reversible blockade suggests that the inhibitor dissociates from the receptor relatively easily. (pharmacology2000.com)

5 The anorexigenic effect of monoamine serotonin is also mediated by the 5HT-2C receptor in POMC neurons. (nature.com)

Because these regions are related to complexed signal transduction pathways mediated by cytokines , it has been proposed that cytokines and neurotropic factors can induce NK-1. (wikidoc.org)
We found members of the two DA receptor families (D 1 - and D 2 -like) associated with different signaling pathways in human GCs, namely D 1 (as expected) and D 5 (both are Gs coupled and linked to cAMP increase) and D 2 , D 4 (Gi/Gq coupled and linked to IP3/DAG). (biomedcentral.com)
Ovarian DA can act thus via D 1,2,4,5 , which are co-expressed by endocrine cells of the follicle and the corpus luteum and are linked to different signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

1995). Agmatine is considered as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain, being synthesized, stored in vesicles, released from specific networks of neurons in a Ca2+ dependent manner, inactivated by energy-dependent reuptake mechanisms and degraded enzymatically (Navarro, 2002). (psicothema.com)

[ 3 ] Drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and diuretics are all considered acceptable alternative therapies in patients with hypertension. (medscape.com)
A previous study showed D 2 in human GCs, which are linked to cAMP, and the present study reveals the full spectrum of DA receptors present in these endocrine cells, which also includes D 2 -like receptors, linked to calcium. (biomedcentral.com)

Whereas the above two example drugs show α-adrenergic receptor selectivity (α 1 vs. α 2 ), oxymetazoline activates both α 1 and α 2 adrenergic receptors. (pharmacology2000.com)

One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
Amino acid residues that are responsible for the binding of SP and its antagonists are present in the extracellular loops and transmembrane regions of NK-1. (wikidoc.org)

Adrenergic neurone blockers, commonly known as adrenergic antagonists, are a group of drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system by blocking the activity of adrenergic neurones. (wikipedia.org)
With regard to alteration of receptor sensitivity by long-term administration of drugs, it has been reported that chronic treatment with atropine or scopolamine produced a supersensitivity to cholinergic agents (Takeyasu et al. (baillement.com)
Phenylephrine and methoxamine are examples of drugs that selectively activate α 1 -adrenergic receptors (adrenomimetic). (pharmacology2000.com)
v) analysis of 68 approved drugs, it takes an average of 10 to 15 years currently, most researchers also regard those on-patent drugs as old and US$ 800 million to bring a single drug from bench to patient's drug resources because of its established safety evaluation and po- bedside [1]. (med-abstracts.com)

Thesis Title: Search of active molecules that inhibit Glycine receptor potentiation by ethanol through G? (anid.cl)

There are various labeled uses of adrenergic neurone blockers that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), alongside some off-label uses. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha 1 blockers cause vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscles that control blood vessel diameter, leading to lower blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha 2 blockers are mainly neurotransmitter release inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
Beta 1 blockers are receptor antagonists that bind to and antagonise beta 1 receptors, which are extensively located in the heart. (wikipedia.org)
The majority of FDA-labeled uses of beta 1 blockers target the abnormalities of the heart to treat heart-related disorders including hypertension, heart failure, chronic stable angina, post-myocardial infarction, and decreased left ventricular function after a recent myocardial infarction. (wikipedia.org)
Beta 2 blockers primarily contract the smooth muscles in various tissues, particularly airway smooth muscles where beta 2 receptors are predominantly present. (wikipedia.org)
Beta 1 blockers Beta 1 blockers bind to the beta 1 receptor without activating it, inhibiting the receptor-mediated effects. (wikipedia.org)
Since beta 1 receptors are densely located in the heart, beta 1 blockers can effectively control heart rate by chronotropic effect and contractility by inotropic effect. (wikipedia.org)
Despite lowering blood pressure, alpha blockers have significantly poorer endpoint outcomes than other antihypertensives, and are no longer recommended as a first-line choice in the treatment of hypertension. (wikidoc.org)

A cyclase enzyme (lyase) catalyzes the formation of the cyclic nucleotide from its nucleotide triphosphate precursor ( Figure 1 ). (pancreapedia.org)
[1] [2] Substance P and its closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after differential splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene . (wikidoc.org)
Epigenetic modification of vomeronasal (V2r) precursor neurons by histone deacetylation Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)

The α-adrenergic receptor is described by seven α-helical transmembrane (TM) domains which form a 'crevice' for ligand binding. (pharmacology2000.com)

The effectiveness of adrenergic antagonists in this setting is likely due to reduced outflow tract pressure gradients. (pharmacology2000.com)

Oral steroid therapy can reduce peripheral and central neuroinflammation, which contribute to the development of neuropathic pain during the acute and chronic phases [ 1 ]. (e-jyms.org)
These neurons are the first-order neurons on which peripheral metabolic hormones, including leptin, insulin, ghrelin and nutrients, primarily act. (nature.com)

Altered Sedative Effects of Ethanol in Mice with α1 Glycine Receptor Subunits that are Insensitive to Gβγ Modulation. (anid.cl)

This is achieved by antagonising the Gq type G-protein coupled receptors, thus the downstream signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. (mdpi.com)
Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein- and proopiomelanocortin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus primarily sense the body energy state. (nature.com)
Though researchers' attention and this Viewpoint focus on a few famous ion channels that are considered the usual suspects as MS mechanosensors, we also discuss some of the more unusual suspects, such as G-protein coupled receptors. (stanford.edu)
The presence of the trophic hormone hCG (10 IU/ml) in the culture medium for several days did not alter mRNA (semiquantitative RT-PCR) or protein levels (immunocytochemistry/Western blotting) of D 1,2,4,5 DA receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Among the DA receptors found in human GCs, D 2 expression was marked both at mRNA and protein levels and it was therefore further studied. (biomedcentral.com)

They concluded that '….relations of the sympathetic nerve … to the course of inflammation, … are due to some nervous functions of the sympathetic nerve other than… vasoconstriction and vasodilatation' [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine - that is, its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct and indirect actions on the adrenergic receptor system, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system or SNS . (wikidoc.org)

Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). (mdpi.com)

[ 1 ] Neurogenic bladder is a term applied to urinary bladder malfunction due to neurologic dysfunction emanating from internal or external trauma, disease, or injury. (medscape.com)

Chakraborti S, Roy S, Chowdhury A, Mandal A, Chakraborti T. Role of PKCα-p38 MAPK-Giα axis in peroxynitrite-mediated inhibition of β-adrenergic response in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. (cardiologymedjournal.com)

These neurons project to other hypothalamic nuclei and to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem to control multiple aspects of the homeostatic regulation of energy balance. (nature.com)

To achieve this, we prepared adrenalectomized (ADX) and sham-operated (sham) male ICR mice ( Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
Female and male transgenic mice with varying capacities to translate β-E were subjected to either the forced swim (FST, Experiment 1) or the tail suspension test (TST, Experiment 2). (blogspot.com)
In Experiment 3, mice were divided into three groups based on hormonal status (male, female-estrous, and female-nonestrous) and injected with either 1 g/kg EtOH or equivolume saline 14 minutes prior to behavioral assessment on the TST. (blogspot.com)

By analyzing specific amino acid mutations of the α 2A - receptor with respect to changes in PB binding, certain sites were identified that may serve as the molecular target for phenoxybenzamine-mediated receptor blockade. (pharmacology2000.com)
Studies that use loss-of-function strategies (e.g., targeted gene deletion, receptor blockade, enzyme inhibitors, etc.) are perhaps most useful in this regard, but the interpretation of such data is often confounded by associated changes of food intake and body weight, by off-target effects ( 11 ), or by compensatory adaptations triggered by the experimental intervention. (silverchair.com)

There are currently no FDA-approved beta 2 antagonists for clinical uses. (wikipedia.org)

Dobutamine is an example of a drug that selectively stimulates the heart via β 1 receptors, although dobutamine also has activity at α adrenergic receptors as well. (pharmacology2000.com)

Unique among biological processes, SP release (and expression of its NK1 Receptor (through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine-like processes)) may not naturally subside in diseases marked by chronic inflammation (including cancer). (wikidoc.org)

Thesis Title: Molecular determinants of citoplasmatic domains of GABAA receptors that participates on the modulation by GB? (anid.cl)

Cardinal signs of resolution are: (1) limitation/cessation of PMN infiltration, (2) sequestration and counter-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators, (3) apoptosis of PMN and removal (e.g., by efferocytosis), (4) clearance of pathogens, inflammatory stimuli, and cell debris, and (5) tissue repair. (frontiersin.org)
The stimuli of purinergic receptors decrease the threshold of mechanical allodynia. (nature.com)

Simultaneous Visualization of Vasopressin and Oxytocin mRNA- Containing Neurons in the Hypothalamus Using Non-Radioactive in situ Hybridization Histochemistry. (neurotree.org)
Expression of two DA receptors was also examined by in-situ hybridization in rat ovary. (biomedcentral.com)

Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Basal Ganglia Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)

Since all reactions are, by definition, reversible, those reactions in which the inhibitor and receptor complex is so stable that dissociation is unlikely are described as 'irreversible. (pharmacology2000.com)

For example, if a particular cysteine residue located in the TM3 domain was changed to valine (by mutation), the receptor becomes resistant to phenoxybenzamine inactivation. (pharmacology2000.com)
This cysteine (at position 117) appears important in the association of phenoxybenzamine with receptor with PB likely covalently coupled to this amino acid. (pharmacology2000.com)

Clonidine activates another type of adrenergic receptor, designated α 2 . (pharmacology2000.com)

Substance P and the NK1 receptor are widely distributed in the brain and are found in brain regions that are specific to regulating emotion ( hypothalamus , amygdala , and the periaqueductal gray ). (wikidoc.org)

Anatomy16

Organisms12

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs186

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes23

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Agonist7

Sensory neurons2

Dopamine7

Postsynaptic3

Subtypes3

NMDA1

Propranolol1

Agonists2

Endogenous3

AMPA3

Stimulation5

Spinal cord8

Inhibitory4

Yohimbine2

Pharmacological2

Post-synaptic2

Norepinephrine3

Neuronal3

Noradrenergic2

Autonomic1

Astrocytes5

Subunit2

Activation6

Rats3

Selective2

Glutamate receptor1

Dopaminergic3

Glia1

Dissociates from the receptor1

Serotonin1

Pathways3

Mechanisms1

Calcium2

Oxymetazoline1

Extracellular3

Drugs4

Potentiation1

Blockers9

Precursor3

Transmembrane1

Outflow1

Peripheral2

Subunits1

Protein6

Vasoconstriction1

Sympathetic1

GPCR1

Neurogenic1

Inhibition1

Tract1

Mice3

Blockade2

Clinical uses1

Activity1

Inflammation1

Molecular1

Stimuli2

Situ2

Neuroscience1

Dissociation1

Phenoxybenzamine2

Clonidine1

Widely distributed1