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Retrograde DegenerationNerve DegenerationOptic NerveRetinal DegenerationMacular DegenerationWallerian DegenerationFibrin Tissue AdhesiveBrachial PlexusBrachial Plexus NeuropathiesSciatic NervePit and Fissure SealantsFibrinTissue Adhesives
NeuronsApoptosisSynapticNeurotrophicDopaminergicAxotomyLobar degenerationAxonal degenerationPhotoreceptor degenerationNeurodegenerationProteinSurvivalNervous systemPlasticityINCLUSIONSRetinalSubtypeAmnesiaCircuitryAlterationsDifferentiationFocalMotilityMechanismsNeurodegenerativeCervicalNeonatalKinaseTherapeuticTissuesNeurologicalNerveDeprivationPeripheralOrganizationTransportLossInflammationCortexCellFunctionInjuriesGeneticMotor
Neurons11
  • Experimentally, a well-accepted model to mimic axotomy injury retrograde repercussion to spinal neurons is the neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy [ 13 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Sciatic nerve transection, early after birth, results in significant degeneration of spinal motoneurons as well as sensory neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia. (hindawi.com)
  • It stands to reason, therefore, that neurodegenerative disorders might also cause degeneration of neurons in the retina. (aao.org)
  • It is well known that many neurons require retrograde neurotrophic support from their target cells to stay alive. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Overexpression of ClpP reduces αSyn-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through enhancing the level of Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD2), and suppresses the accumulation of αSyn S129 phosphorylation and promotes neuronal morphology in neurons derived from PD patient iPS cells carrying αSyn A53T mutant. (springer.com)
  • Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain. (springer.com)
  • The sequential firing of the swallowing neurons depends on the neuronal circuitry, as well as on the cellular properties of neurons. (nature.com)
  • Degeneration of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons after ischemia is morphologically nonapoptotic and is indistinguishable from NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic death of mature neurons. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • However, prominent apoptotic cell death occurs following global ischemia in neuronal groups that are interconnected with selectively vulnerable populations of neurons and also in non-neuronal cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Degeneration of different populations of cells (neurons and nonneuronal cells) may be mediated by distinct or common causal mechanisms that can temporally overlap and perhaps differ mechanistically in the rate of progression of cell death. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Invertebrate central neurons: orthograde degeneration and retrograde changes after axonotomy. (stanford.edu)
Apoptosis3
  • We focus on the ongoing controversy of the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis in neurodegeneration and summarize new data from this laboratory on the classification of neuronal death using a variety of animal models of neurodegeneration in the immature or adult brain following excitotoxic injury, global cerebral ischemia, and axotomy/target deprivation. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • We found that N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor- and non-NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic injury results in neurodegeneration along an apoptosis-necrosis continuum, in which neuronal death (appearing as apoptotic, necrotic, or intermediate between the two extremes) is influenced by the degree of brain maturity and the subtype of glutamate receptor that is stimulated. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This apoptotic neuronal death is similar to some forms of retrograde neuronal apoptosis that occur following target deprivation. (johnshopkins.edu)
Synaptic4
  • Disturbed expression of these proteins results in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, memory loss, and neuronal degradation. (benthamscience.com)
  • Coaptation preserved synaptic covering on lesioned motoneurons and led to neuronal survival. (hindawi.com)
  • Fibrillary aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) deposition in Lewy bodies (LB) characterizes Parkinson's disease (PD) and is believed to trigger dopaminergic synaptic failure and a retrograde terminal-to-cell body neuronal degeneration. (bvsalud.org)
  • The factors responsible for recovery or degeneration are the residual volume of the neuron or axon and the patency of afferent connectivity and of synaptic activity. (evokedpotential.com)
Neurotrophic1
  • In the neonate, such injuries are even more harmful, since surgical treatment is limited and neuronal loss is particularly enhanced by neurotrophic factors deprivation. (hindawi.com)
Dopaminergic2
  • Systemic administration of the proteasomal inhibitor I (PSI) to rats was reported to cause progressive nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss but this is disputed. (herts.ac.uk)
  • These findings confirm that PSI does cause a persistent nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss. (herts.ac.uk)
Axotomy1
  • The locus and severity of axotomy is the primary factor in neuronal survival. (evokedpotential.com)
Lobar degeneration2
  • Detecting and dissociating Alzheimer's disease & frontal lobar degeneration - A combined ALE meta-analytic and SVM approach. (mpg.de)
  • Fronto-Temporal Lobar Degeneration with TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP) is usually a fatal neurodegeneration. (ecolowood.com)
Axonal degeneration2
  • Using a combination of in vivo multiunit electrophysiology, neuronal tract tracing, multichannel immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy, we report that eye-brain signaling deficits precede transport loss and axonal degeneration in the DBA/2J retinal projection. (omeka.net)
  • Future studies investigating the cellular mechanisms of axonal degeneration may reveal new targets for interventions to prevent neuronal losses after neonatal HI. (fgfrinhibitors.com)
Photoreceptor degeneration7
  • The ablation of in mice leads to impaired OS ciliogenesis and growth and photoreceptor degeneration. (monossabios.com)
  • To help expand investigate the tasks of in the introduction of mouse retinas we performed a pathological evaluation of gene in the mouse leads to photoreceptor degeneration. (monossabios.com)
  • Second, we will investigate mechanisms that regulate photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)
  • Photoreceptor degeneration is an important topic for medical research, because more than 300 genetic mutations are associated with photoreceptor degeneration in humans. (oist.jp)
  • We focus on zebrafish mutants, in which photoreceptor degeneration is caused by defects in protein synthesis in ER, protein transport from ER to the apical photoreceptive membrane region, and phototransduction. (oist.jp)
  • We will also investigate the role of microglia in photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)
  • Photoreceptors provide a useful model for studying such a surveillance mechanism of neuronal development and homeostasis, because there are many hereditary retinal diseases in humans associated with photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)
Neurodegeneration3
  • [7] [8] However, whether this loss of tissue represents primary neurodegeneration within the retina itself or instead secondary retrograde degeneration due to neuronal and axonal loss in the brain has not yet been determined. (aao.org)
  • Therefore, animal models of neurodegeneration are crucial for improving our understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal death. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In these different models of brain injury, we determined whether the process of neuronal death has uniformly similar morphological characteristics or whether the features of neurodegeneration induced by different insults are distinct. (johnshopkins.edu)
Protein3
  • A study from Drosophila (Eade and Allan, 2009) suggests that retrograde signals, in this case involving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, may also be required to maintain expression of neuronal phenotype in connecting cells, demonstrated through an effect on expression of a specific neuropeptide. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • The cytoplasmic dyneins function in intracellular motility, including retrograde axonal transport, protein sorting, organelle movement, and spindle dynamics. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • However, the mechanisms underpinning neuronal losses, such as in the brainstem, Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor are poorly understood. (fgfrinhibitors.com)
Survival2
  • Neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and ultrastructural changes at ventral spinal cord were also investigated. (hindawi.com)
  • One possibility is that disrupted neural connections between the cortex and brainstem may compromise the survival of neuronal cell bodies in the brainstem. (fgfrinhibitors.com)
Nervous system5
  • First, neuronal phenotypes in the adult nervous system may be more plastic than previously recognised and more actively maintained by regulators of gene expression in response to ongoing retrograde (and possibly anterograde? (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Degeneration and regeneration in the nervous system occurs in a system, anterograde changes from cell body to axon and retrograde changes from axon or axon terminals to the cell body. (evokedpotential.com)
  • Degeneration in the nervous system, retrograde changes affect neuronal modulation, transport and connectivity, anterograde changes and gliotic response can impair/impede outgrowth and/or reduce the diameter of the regenerating axon, lowering conduction velocity in the fiber. (evokedpotential.com)
  • In this review, we evaluate experimental data on the general characteristics of cell death and, in particular, neuronal death in the central nervous system (CNS) following injury. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, with substantially heterogeneous clinical features due to variable extents of degeneration and inflammation. (bmj.com)
Plasticity1
  • Transsynaptic changes are critical in learning, memory, recovery from damage and plasticity of neuronal organization. (evokedpotential.com)
INCLUSIONS1
  • PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for either the Cra1 or Loa ENU mutation exhibit neonatal lethality with reduced anterior horn cell number, abnormal motor neuron innervation, neuronal inclusions, and abnormal axonal transport. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Retinal2
  • Because of these advantages, OCT is now being explored as a potential tool to identify retinal changes in patients early in the course of NDDs, and to allow quantifiable, objective monitoring of axonal and neuronal loss with disease progression. (aao.org)
  • Modified … Retinal degeneration in in mice the expression was examined by all of us pattern of in mature like a reporter. (monossabios.com)
Subtype3
  • and directed neuronal subtype differentiation and core long-distance circuit formation via molecular manipulation of endogenous neural progenitors and pluripotent cells (ES/iPS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Shane Grealish: Cell Replacement Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: The Importance of Neuronal Subtype, Cell Source and Connectivity for Functional Recovery. (lu.se)
  • Through understanding functional recovery in terms of neuronal subtype and connectivity, the work presented in this thesis aims to bring the prospect of CRT closer to the clinic, I also describe the generation of a very promising alternative cell source that could rival fetal tissue. (lu.se)
Amnesia1
  • A case study on focal retrograde amnesia. (mpg.de)
Circuitry1
  • Can the transplants reform damaged neuronal circuitry? (lu.se)
Alterations2
  • Alterations in intra and extracellular pH affect neuronal discharge profoundly. (evokedpotential.com)
  • 5. The results establish the decrement as centrally mediated habituation, and minimize the role of receptor alterations or descending neuronal influences in the behavioural change. (stanford.edu)
Differentiation2
  • In the fly visual system, for example, photoreceptor axons target the developing optic lobe and secrete the morphogen hedgehog, which induces optic lobe progenitor cells to complete a final cell division and undergo neuronal differentiation (Huang and Kunes, 1996). (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Second, neurodegenerative disorders involving defects in axonal transport, such as Huntington's disease, may have their primary effects on neuronal phenotype and physiological function, inducing partial de-differentiation prior to overt degeneration. (wiringthebrain.com)
Focal1
  • Focal neuronal degeneration with necrosis occurs, leading to the development of glial nodules. (medscape.com)
Motility3
  • Thus neuronal TMEM106B plays a central role in regulating lysosomal size motility and responsiveness to stress highlighting the possible role of lysosomal biology in FTLD-TDP. (ecolowood.com)
  • 2012 We sought to determine whether TMEM106B is present in the neuronal lysosome and whether it has a important role in determining organelle size motility and stability. (ecolowood.com)
  • We statement that depletion of neuronal TMEM106B reduces lysosome size and responsiveness to stress AK-7 but increases motility. (ecolowood.com)
Mechanisms2
  • Although studies suggest that αSyn and its missense mutant, A53T, preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria, the mechanisms by which αSyn and mitochondrial proteins regulate each other to trigger mitochondrial and neuronal toxicity are poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • Nevertheless, effective approaches to prevent or limit neuronal damage in these disorders remain elusive, primarily because of an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal death in in vivo settings. (johnshopkins.edu)
Neurodegenerative1
  • The same biology informs understanding of neuronal specificity of vulnerability in human neurodegenerative and developmental diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Cervical1
  • Results No participant showed retrograde flow of cervical or intracranial veins. (bmj.com)
Neonatal1
  • Neuronal injury is a key feature of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. (fgfrinhibitors.com)
Kinase1
  • Distribution and neuronal expression of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase IIgamma in the mouse brain. (neurotree.org)
Therapeutic2
  • precise mechanism will help to design far better therapeutic ways of prevent neuronal degeneration and death. (biotech-angels.com)
  • Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanism underlying αSyn-induced neuronal pathology, and they suggest that ClpP might be a useful therapeutic target for PD and other synucleinopathies. (springer.com)
Tissues1
  • SPE, a plant-based, polyphenolic extract, could be an effective nutritional support for neuronal tissues. (arvojournals.org)
Neurological1
Nerve2
  • [ 2 ] Rarely, SLEV tracts retrograde from a peripheral site (the olfactory nerve) that was infected during the viremia. (medscape.com)
  • Nerve injury leads to degeneration of distal terminal and dying back (retrograde chromatolysis). (asra.com)
Deprivation1
  • Global cerebral ischemia produces neuronal death that has commonalities with excitetoxicity and target deprivation. (johnshopkins.edu)
Peripheral1
  • Thus, in the periphery after an acute mechanical injury of the peripheral afferent axon, there will be an initial dying back (retrograde chromatolysis) that proceeds for some interval at which time the axon begins to sprout sending growth cones forward. (asra.com)
Organization1
  • Neuronal organization of crayfish escape behavior: inhibition of giant motoneuron via a disynaptic pathway from other motoneurons. (stanford.edu)
Transport2
  • Though retrograde axonal transport is still evident in these axons, it is unknown if they retain their ability to transmit visual information to the brain. (omeka.net)
  • AK-7 2014 explains TMEM106B conversation with MAP6 and a selective regulation on dendritic retrograde transport. (ecolowood.com)
Loss4
  • [12] It is characterized by massive neuronal loss in the hippocampus and cortex impairing memory and executive functioning [13] , including dysfunction of speech, language, and perception. (aao.org)
  • [14] Symptoms appear very gradually after years of collective neuronal loss. (aao.org)
  • The primary cause of degeneration is still under debate- whether cell loss in MSA is secondary to disruptions in the oligo-myelin-axon complex [ 29 , 64 ], or if MSA is a primary neuron disease, with the secondary formation of GCIs following pathological accumulation of α-syn that is neuronal in origin [ 55 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diffuse Axonal Injury involves massive loss of neuronal function towards the central area of the brain, well away from any areas of direct trauma with the skull. (trialimage.com)
Inflammation1
  • Although the role of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in glaucoma has been established, the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation has emerged as a promising target for neuronal tissue-supporting glaucoma management. (arvojournals.org)
Cortex1
  • A retrograde tracer, choleratoxin b, was deposited in the motor cortex on P38. (fgfrinhibitors.com)
Cell1
  • The aim of this thesis was to understand how particular factors such as neuronal content, placement and cell source, affect functional outcome after transplantation into the rodent brain. (lu.se)
Function1
  • 2012 Thus understanding of FTLD-TDP is usually intimately connected with the function of the neuronal lysosome. (ecolowood.com)
Injuries1
  • Imagine being able to inhibit or reverse a universal affliction - brain degeneration - and specific diseases or physical injuries that cause its sudden onset. (weizmann-usa.org)
Genetic1
  • The complex pathophysiology behind the RGC degeneration is comprised of a series of genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors and consequently requires a multifactorial approach to glaucoma management. (arvojournals.org)
Motor1