Neuronal hypothalamus. Medical search. Frequent questions

Their research focuses on the neuroendocrine control of reproduction, in particular the mechanisms by which reproductive hormones act to influence neuronal activity in the hypothalamus. (otago.ac.nz)
More recently, a study published in Nature from the Sarkis Mazmanian Lab revealed that specific microbes alone can modulate neuronal activity in the hypothalamus to reduce levels of the stress hormone corticosterone (known in humans as cortisol) and regulate social behaviors. (nutraingredients-usa.com)

These common populations of brainstem and hypothalamic neurons express neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin in the arcuate nucleus, melanin-concentrating hormone, and orexin in the lateral hypothalamus and in the corticotrophin-releasing hormone and oxytocin in the PVH. (mssm.edu)
Theodosis DT Oxytocin-secreting neurons: a physiological model of morphological neuronal and glial plasticity in the adult hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)
Socialisation triggers the reward-circuit tract within the hypothalamus to release the hormone oxytocin, which in turn stimulates the release of our 'feel-good neurotransmitter' - dopamine. (varsity.co.uk)
Loss of the metabolism and sleep regulating neuronal populations expressing orexin and oxytocin in the hypothalamus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (lu.se)
The hypothalamus has emerged as an important area of pathology with selective loss of neurons expressing the neuropeptides orexin (hypocretin), oxytocin and vasopressin in human postmortem HD tissue. (lu.se)
In contrast, neuronal populations expressing orexin, oxytocin, vasopressin as well as tyrosine hydroxylase in the A13 area are resistant to QA-induced toxicity. (lu.se)
There was no effect of hypothalamic injections of QA on the neuronal populations expressing orexin, MCH, CART or oxytocin in neither HD mouse model. (lu.se)

Scalable control of mounting and attack by Esr1+ neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus. (nature.com)
Title : Sexually dimorphic neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus govern mating in both sexes and aggression in males Personal Author(s) : Yang, Cindy F.;Chiang, Michael;Gray, Daniel C.;Prabhakaran, Mahalakshmi;Alvarado, Maricruz;Juntti, Scott A.;Unger, Elizabeth K.;Wells, James A.;Shah, Nirao M. (cdc.gov)

On a life-long scale, "the concept that stem cells remain active in the hypothalamus even long after birth and produce specific neuronal types presents an excellent opportunity for regenerative medicine. (medicalxpress.com)
By using a combination of advanced techniques, such as Patch-seq, large-scale electrophysiology (Neuropixels) and optogenetics (see factbox), KI researchers Konstantinos Meletis and Marie Carlén and their team have been able to map out a specific neuronal pathway in the mouse brain leading from the hypothalamus to the habenula that controls aversion. (eurekalert.org)
Therefore the continuum and interdependence of endocannabinoid actions during the formation and function of synapses together with dynamic changes in focal and circulating endocannabinoid levels upon maternal nutritional imbalance suggest that endocannabinoids can execute the 'reprogramming' of specific neuronal networks. (nih.gov)

Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus. (nature.com)
Figure 1: Cell-type diversity in the mouse hypothalamus. (nature.com)
Scientists have rebuilt genetically diseased circuitry in a section of the mouse hypothalamus, an area controlling obesity and energy balance, demonstrating that complex and intricately wired circuitry of the brain long considered incapable of cellular repair can be rewired with the right type of neuronal "replacement parts. (sciencedaily.com)

Recent studies suggest that cells in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) that express estrogen receptor-α (Esr1) and progesterone receptor are essential for male but not female mouse aggression. (nature.com)
The hypothalamic 5-HT metabolisms were significantly decreased by the 10 ug and 20 ug 5-HT imprinting, and the 5-HTT reuptake activities and 5-HTergic axons that terminated at the ventromedial hypothalamus were increased in both 10 ug and 20 ug groups, which suggested increases in 5-HTergic terminal activities in the hypothalamus. (purdue.edu)

Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. (frontiersin.org)
We suggested a pivotal role for endocannabinoids in food reward processing within the lateral hypothalamus, and for orexin neurons to integrate endocrine signals with food reinforcement and hedonic eating. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior. (frontiersin.org)
We demonstrate that the R6/2 transgenic mouse model expressing a short fragment of mutant HTT displays hypothalamic neuropathology with discrete loss of the neuronal populations expressing orexin, MCH, CART, and orexin at 12 weeks of age. (lu.se)

Scholars@Duke publication: Appetitive changes during salt deprivation are paralleled by widespread neuronal adaptations in nucleus accumbens, lateral hypothalamus, and central amygdala. (duke.edu)
Because forebrain areas such as the lateral hypothalamus (LH), central amygdala (CeA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) are known to play an important role in this behavior, we recorded from these areas while water-deprived (WD) and salt-deprived (SD) rats performed a two-bottle choice test between 0.5 M salt (NaCl) and 0.4 M sucrose. (duke.edu)
The lateral hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and brainstemregions (nucleus of the solitary tract and A5 region) also project to both tissues but are labeled at later times. (mssm.edu)
Outside the canonical hypothalamic feeding circuits involved in energy homeostasis and the notion of "feeding center," we focused on lateral hypothalamus as neural substrate able to confront food-associated homeostatic information with food salience, motivation to eat, reward-seeking, and development of compulsive eating. (frontiersin.org)
Nkx2.1 progenitor cells at 12 days of differentiation from iPSC integrated into the hypothalamus following injection into the lateral ventricle of NSG mice. (columbia.edu)

The hormonally-induced changes in the brain may also serve as a model for studying neuronal plasticity in the adult brain. (otago.ac.nz)
The aim of the present work is to review cumulative evidence regarding the participation of PI3K pathways in neuronal function, focusing on their role in neuronal metabolism and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance and plasticity or on the expression of pathological hallmarks associated with neurodegeneration. (mdpi.com)
Theodosis DT and Poulain DA Evidence for structural plasticity in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus in relation to gestation and lactation. (ae-info.org)
Theodosis DT, Rougon G and Poulain DA Retention of embryonic features by an adult neuronal center capable of plasticity: embryonic N-CAM in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. (ae-info.org)
Activity-dependent neuronal-glial and synaptic plasticity in the adult mammalian hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)
Theodosis DT, BonhommeR, Vittielo S, Rougon G and Poulain DA Cell surface expression of polysialic acid on NCAM is a prerequisite for activity-dependent morphological neuronal and glial plasticity. (ae-info.org)
While the functions of sleep are still a matter of debate and may include memory consolidation and brain plasticity, the brain substrates of the sleep-wake cycle are known to involve many neuronal population located in the brainstem, basal forebrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and cortex. (utoronto.ca)

Swanson, L.W. & Kuypers, H.G. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. (nature.com)
Theodosis DT and MacVicar B Neuronal-glial interactions in the hypothalamus and pituitary. (ae-info.org)
In this study, we evaluated the effect of heat stress (HS) on the development of cells secreting major reproductive hormones of the HPG axis (i.e., hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, and testis) of Wenchang chicks. (scielo.br)
The GnRH secreted from the hypothalamus activates specific receptors on the pituitary gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH from gonadotropic cells of the pituitary gland. (scielo.br)
Chimento A, Sirianni R, Casaburi I, Pezzi V. Role of Estrogen Receptors and G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Regulation of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis and Spermatogenesis. (scielo.br)
Introduction: Male reproduction is under the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. (bvsalud.org)
The release of these pituitary hormones is mediated by hypothalamic neurohormones that are secreted from the median eminence (a site where axon terminals emanate from the hypothalamus) and that reach the adenohypophysis via a portal venous system. (medscape.com)
The infundibulum pierces the diaphragma sellae in order to connect the pituitary to the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
Secretion of pituitary hormones is controlled by the hypothalamus. (msdmanuals.com)
The interaction between the hypothalamus and pituitary (called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis) is a feedback control system. (msdmanuals.com)
The hypothalamus receives input from virtually all other areas of the central nervous system and uses it to provide input to the pituitary. (msdmanuals.com)
Changes in circulating levels of hormones produced by these endocrine glands are detected by the hypothalamus, which then increases or decreases its stimulation of the pituitary to maintain homeostasis. (msdmanuals.com)
The hypothalamus modulates the activities of the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary in different ways. (msdmanuals.com)
No direct neural connection exists between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. (msdmanuals.com)
In contrast, the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) comprises axons originating from neuronal cell bodies located in the hypothalamus. (msdmanuals.com)

To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of endurance exercise, a microwave irradiation for accurate detection of glycogen in the brain (the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus), and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to observe the comprehensive metabolic profile of the blood. (frontiersin.org)
In the present paper, we review molecular evidence suggesting that maternal nutrition and metabolism during pregnancy can affect the formation and function of the hippocampus and hypothalamus by altering endocannabinoid signalling such that neuropsychiatric diseases and obesity respectively ensue in affected offspring. (nih.gov)

Investigation of neuropathological changes in the hypothalamus and forebrain in Huntington's disease. (lu.se)

Olivier, B. & Wiepkema, P.R. Behaviour changes in mice following electrolytic lesions in the median hypothalamus. (nature.com)
In this study, using adult mice maintained under standard diet, we demonstrate that Socs3 deficiency in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) reduces food intake, protects against body weight gain, and limits adiposity, suggesting that Socs3 is necessary for normal body weight maintenance. (jneurosci.org)
Major techniques used for this work include monitoring of hormone levels in the blood by radioimmunoassay, quantification of neuronal activity in specific brain regions by neurochemical and molecular biology techniques, identification of specific populations of neurons in the hypothalamus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation, and use of transgenic mice to study hormone effects on brain function. (otago.ac.nz)
Collaborators from Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS) transplanted normally functioning embryonic neurons at a carefully selected stage of their development into the hypothalamus of mice unable to respond to leptin, a hormone that regulates metabolism and controls body weight. (sciencedaily.com)
Macklis's laboratory had for several years developed approaches to successfully transplanting developing neurons into circuitry of the cerebral cortex of mice with neurodegeneration or neuronal injury. (sciencedaily.com)
Postdocs Artur Czupryn and Maggie Chen, from Macklis's and Flier's labs, respectively, transplanted and studied the cellular development and integration of progenitor cells and very immature neurons from normal embryos into the hypothalamus of the mutant mice using multiple types of cellular and molecular analysis. (sciencedaily.com)
However, even 3 days of HFD consumption has been linked to inflammation within the key homeostatic brain region, the hypothalamus.Methods: Mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD containing 10% or 60% (Kcal) respectively from fat for 3 days. (dundee.ac.uk)
In the arcuate nucleus of the mice hypothalamus, immunofluorescence staining of leptin receptor ObR shows two types of cells. (hstalks.com)
In the present study, we wanted to examine whether transgenic HD mice display altered sensitivity to excitotoxicity in the hypothalamus. (lu.se)

Neurons common to both circuits were identified in subpopulations of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) by double labeling with markers expressed in viruses injected in both sites. (mssm.edu)
Both neuronal populations innervate the paraventricular nucleus, which, in turn, sends signals to other areas of the brain. (medscape.com)
Instead, it is a site where axons project from neuronal cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)

We examined gene expression in the amygdala, hypothalamus, and combined ventral pallidum/nucleus accumbens in virgins and at three time points after mating to understand species differences in gene expression at baseline, in response to mating, and during bond formation. (cdc.gov)

These disorders have complex clinical presentations that reflect degeneration in various neuronal systems. (medscape.com)
Neural progenitors are precursor cells able to further differentiate into various neuronal and glial cells. (sanbio.nl)

Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) and neuronal multisystem degeneration are the pathologic hallmarks of this clinically variable disorder (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Langle S, Poulain DA, Theodosis DT Induction of rapid, activiy-dependent neuronal-glial remodeling in the adult hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)
Oliet SHR, Piet R, Poulain DA, Theodosis DT Glial modulation of synaptic transmission: insights from the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. (ae-info.org)
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are undifferentiated neural cells with the capacity for long-term self-renewal and for differentiation into all types of neuronal and glial cells. (sanbio.nl)

[2] Neuronal death in the medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus have provided evidence for a theoretical neural circuit for explicit memory. (citizendium.org)

There are two main neuronal populations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that are sensitive to signals indicating systemic fuel availability (e. g., leptin, ghrelin and insulin). (researchgate.net)
After screening several morphogens and other molecules affecting neuronal differentiation, we developed a protocol that combined early activation of sonic hedgehog signaling followed by timed NOTCH inhibition resulting in the generation of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC)-like neurons. (columbia.edu)

The hypothalamus is a key region which possesses reciprocal connections between the higher cortical centres such as reward-related limbic pathways, and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
In addition to local paracrine actions and peripheral endocrine effects mediated through the bloodstream, gut hormones play a pivotal role relaying information on nutritional status to important appetite controlling centres within the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)

They have also uncovered new rules for lineage progression, which operate through neuronal differentiation during the development of the hypothalamus. (medicalxpress.com)

We show that neuronal populations expressing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) display a dose-dependent sensitivity to QA. (lu.se)

The decrease in the number and size of glutamatergic neuronal population affects all cortical layers but is restricted to the frontal and parietal cortices without any change in the occipital cortex, indicating that Fgf2 is necessary to regulate cell number and size in the anterior cerebral cortex. (jneurosci.org)

Less is known regarding its critical role in neuronal physiology, neuronal metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and the control of gene expression in the central nervous system in healthy and diseased states. (mdpi.com)
Functioning as brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis, the hypothalamus integrates different hormonal and neuronal signals controlling appetite and body weight. (frontiersin.org)
The hypothalamus is the central regulator of systemic energy homeostasis, and its dysfunction can result in extreme body weight alterations. (columbia.edu)

Although it has been proposed that hypothalamic neural progenitors and neuronal precursors along the lineage hierarchy adopt a cascade diversification strategy to generate extreme neuronal diversity, the cellular logic for specifying a subtype of neuroendocrine neurons has been unclear. (medicalxpress.com)

Gene ontology analysis supports the hypothesis that pair-bond formation involves transcriptional regulation, and changes in neuronal structure. (cdc.gov)

provide evidence that thyroid hormone receptors are essential for the formation of a population of parvalbuminergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamus, linking, for the first time, impaired thyroid hormone signaling during development to cellular deficits in the hypothalamus. (jci.org)

Importantly, these cells displayed hypothalamic neuronal characteristics, including production and secretion of neuropeptides and responsiveness to metabolic hormones such as insulin and leptin. (columbia.edu)

We discovered this connection between the hypothalamus and the habenula in a previous study but didn't know what types of neurons the pathway was made up of," says Konstantinos Meletis, professor at the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet. (eurekalert.org)
High levels of sociability activate this described dopaminergic pathway through increased neuronal firing, triggering a dopamine surge and resultant feelings of pleasure. (varsity.co.uk)
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the olfactory neuronal pathway is efficient for translocating in the brain. (cdc.gov)

We distinguished 62 neuronal subtypes producing glutamatergic, dopaminergic or GABAergic markers for synaptic neurotransmission and harboring the ability to engage in task-dependent neurotransmitter switching. (nature.com)
Moreover, we expected that the imprinting effects would be amplified during brain development via the interactions between the 5-HTergic system and other neuronal systems, such as the dopaminergic (DAergic) system. (purdue.edu)

The hypothalamus contains a kaleidoscope of neuroendocrine command neurons that orchestrate hormonal responses against virtually any peripheral stimulus one experiences throughout life. (medicalxpress.com)
Demonstrating the many cell types in the hypothalamus is a breakthrough, because it will provide a cellular template to study hormonal functions and neuroendocrine and metabolic diseases," explains principal investigator Tibor Harkany, head of the Department of Molecular Neurobiology at MedUni Vienna's Center for Brain Research, who also holds a professorship at Sweden's Karolinska Institutet. (medicalxpress.com)

PYY immunoreactivity is also found in the CNS regions such as the hypothalamus, medulla, pons, and spinal cord [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Repair at the cellular-level of the hypothalamus -- a critical and complex region of the brain that regulates phenomena such as hunger, metabolism, body temperature, and basic behaviors such as sex and aggression -- indicates the possibility of new therapeutic approaches to even higher level conditions such as spinal cord injury, autism, epilepsy, ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease), Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. (sciencedaily.com)

Changes in N42 cells show an effect of PA but not OA on DRP-2 and on mitochondrial morphology indicating that long-chain saturated fatty acids damage neuronal function. (dundee.ac.uk)

in the hypothalamus, Kp10 significantly increased GnRH mRNA and aromatase Cyp19, Kiss1, and Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1R) proteins. (bvsalud.org)
tein, and neuronal cell adhesion molecule mRNA were also increased in olfactory bulb. (cdc.gov)

The other neuronal population releases the anorexigenic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and pro-opiomelanocortin neurotransmitters, both of which inhibit feeding. (medscape.com)

Two groups of neurons in the hypothalamus control body weight and energy balance via various molecular messengers. (labroots.com)
Neurons in the hypothalamus are known for the molecular messengers, or peptides they produce, like AgRP or POMC, which are thought to encourage or discourage feeding, respectively . (labroots.com)
Chemical preservation of the brain (promptly after the cessation of vital functions) preserves not only the neuronal configuration but also a great deal of molecular structure. (accelerating.org)
Morphological, molecular and metabolic analyses indicated that neuronal growth was the main trend during E12-19, while a remarkable regression of the 5-HTergic neurons was revealed during E14-16, and the 5-HTergic system reached relatively maturity before hatching. (purdue.edu)

Furthermore, the hypothalamus integrates a number of peripheral signals which modulate food intake and energy expenditure. (hindawi.com)

Data from tens of thousands of cells were integrated to understand when and where nerve cells are born, how they find their final positions and mature into neuronal types that can orchestrate hormonal responses, and by which mechanisms they sense bodily signals and communicate those to higher brain centers. (medicalxpress.com)
It accesses the short- and long-term hormonal and nutrient signals from the periphery via semi-permeable capillaries in the underlying median eminence and receives neuronal feedback from the NTS. (medscape.com)

The 10 ug and 20 ug 5-HT imprinting advanced the appearance of 5-HTergic nuclei and the raphe neuronal regression. (purdue.edu)

Hence, both 10 ug and 20 ug 5-HT imprinting facilitated the neuronal development of both midbrain and hypothalamic DAergic groups, such as the ventral tegmental area and periventricular nucleus, via the increased synaptic 5-HT availabilities. (purdue.edu)

In this paper, we focus on the role of gut hormones and their related neuronal networks (the gut-brain axis) in appetite control, and their potentials as novel therapies for obesity. (hindawi.com)

Lantos, T.A., Görcs, T.J. & Palkovits, M. Immunohistochemical mapping of neuropeptides in the premamillary region of the hypothalamus in rats. (nature.com)

Conclusion: For the first time in mammals, we report the modulation of the KS in both the hypothalamus and testis by AEA and revealed the KP-dependent modulation of CB1 and FAAH in the testis. (bvsalud.org)

We propose that plastic changes in the feeding-related neuronal populations of these forebrain areas arise when changes in metabolic state alter the hedonic and motivational value of a particular taste stimulus. (duke.edu)

The arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, which is located between the third ventricle and the median eminence, integrates these energy homeostatic feedback mechanisms. (medscape.com)

As a result, they were able to not only rationalize the organization of all neuronal types that have been shown to exist in the adult hypothalamus over the past century but also discovered hitherto unknown neurons. (medicalxpress.com)
Adult NPCs are particularly enriched in the subventricular zone, in the dentate gyrus, and potentially also in the hypothalamus. (sanbio.nl)

Furthermore, Prof. Wu aimed to answer how neuronal lineage progresses during hypothalamus development under physiological and pathological conditions. (medicalxpress.com)

The balance of energy intake and expenditure by the brain relies on the complex integration of signals originating in the periphery with those from diffuse neuronal networks within the brain itself. (medscape.com)

An inadequate response to treatment in a patient with parkinsonian symptoms suggests the possibility of Parkinson-plus syndrome and warrants a search for the signs and symptoms of degeneration in other neuronal systems. (medscape.com)

Discriminant analysis of the localization of aggression-inducing electrode placements in the hypothalamus of male rats. (nature.com)

In this study, Prof. Wu's group found that TBX3 defines a progenitor domain in the developing hypothalamus and serves as a fate determinant to sequentially control the establishment and maintenance of neuronal fate. (medicalxpress.com)
Immunofluorescent staining of TUBB3 ( 66375-1-lg , 1:250) with 4% PFA fixed control hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures (35 days old). (sanbio.nl)
The study was led by three postdocs at the same department, Daniela Calvigioni, Janos Fuzik and Pierre Le Merre, and as Professor Meletis explains, is an example of how scientists can use advanced techniques to identify neuronal pathways and neurons that control emotions and behaviour. (eurekalert.org)
Endocannabinoids, a family of signal lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been implicated in neuronal fate determination, the control of axonal growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic neurotransmission. (nih.gov)

However, even 3 days of HFD consumption has been linked to inflammation within the key homeostatic brain region, the hypothalamus. (dundee.ac.uk)

Anatomy67

Organisms13

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs84

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology9

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Activity in the hypothalamus2

Oxytocin7

Neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus2

Specific neuronal3

Mouse hypothalamus3

Ventromedial hypothalamus2

Orexin4

Lateral5

Plasticity7

Pituitary15

Hippocampus2

Changes in the hypothalamus1

Mice9

Paraventricular3

Amygdala1

Various neuronal2

Glial4

Mammillary bodies1

Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus2

Brainstem2

Differentiation1

Melanin-concent1

Cortex1

Homeostasis3

Neural1

Transcriptional regulation1

Receptors1

Leptin1

Pathway3

Dopaminergic2

Neuroendocrine2

Spinal2

Saturated fatty1

MRNA2

Cocaine- and amphe1

Molecular4

Modulate1

Hormonal2

Nuclei1

Midbrain1

Axis1

Neuropeptides1

Testis1

Forebrain1

Integrates1

Adult2

Physiological1

Signals1

Degeneration1

Rats1

Control4

Homeostatic1