• Their embryological origin with neuroblastic cells means they can easily differentiate into neuron-like cells even though they are not considered adult neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because NCCs are a population of stem cell-like progenitors that delaminate and migrate to give rise to a dizzying array of cell types all throughout our bodies and most of the skull: pigment cells, sensory neurons, glia, cartilage, bone, connective tissue, smooth muscle, and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. (biologists.com)
  • Although a common sympathoadrenal (SA) progenitor cell for chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons has been postulated, there is evidence to suggest that chromaffin progenitors are already distinct, at least in part, from neuronal SA progenitors prior to invading the adrenal gland. (huji.ac.il)
  • Distinct developmental requirements of chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons must also be assumed based on the analyses of mice carrying targeted mutations of the genes for two transcription factors, MASH1 and Phox2B. (huji.ac.il)
  • Both genes are expressed by SA progenitors, but are distinctly required for the development of chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons. (huji.ac.il)
  • Such molecules may be candidates for triggering the distinct developmental pathway of chromaffin cells, as opposed to sympathetic neurons. (huji.ac.il)
  • The building blocks of neural systems are the neurons, which are specialized eukaryotic biological cells able to communicate with each other at highly specialized contact sites, called synapses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using this framework to analyze the SM (Sec1/Munc18)-SNARE ( N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor) system in exocytic membrane fusion in yeast and neurons, we find that the SM-SNARE network motifs of yeast and neurons show distinct dynamical behaviors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identify the closed binding mode of neuronal SM (Munc18-1) and SNARE (syntaxin-1) as the key factor leading to mechanistic divergence of membrane fusion systems in yeast and neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To address our goals we use several model systems such as giant reticular spinal axon in lamprey, Drosophila neuromuscular junction, and mammalian neurons, in combination with molecular biology, genetics, cellular imaging techniques, and intracellular recordings. (ki.se)
  • These chemicals then diffuse across the gap between the neurons and bind to receptors on the second cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • The diversification of neural-crest-derived sympathoadrenal (SA) progenitor cells into sympathetic neurons and neuroendocrine adrenal chromaffin cells was thought to be largely understood. (silverchair.com)
  • This has allowed us to probe the nanoscopic environment of neurons and neurosecretory cells undergoing communication. (edu.au)
  • We demonstrated that Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1A and are organised in nanodomains on the plasma membrane of neurons and neurosecretory cells that control SNARE-dependent neuroexocytosis through lateral trapping in these nanoclusters. (edu.au)
  • 2017 ( Nature Communications ), we combined super-resolution with opto- and thermogenetic neuronal stimulation in living neurons in the fruit fly. (edu.au)
  • GABAergic interneurons are a highly diverse class of cell types that play essential roles in regulating the input/output behaviour of pyramidal neurons and of other interneurons. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Inner hair cells (IHC) are responsible for transforming mechanical sound-borne vibrations into electrical signals and conveying this information to the afferent spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Proteoglycans involved in bidirectional communication between mast cells and hippocampal neurons. (us.es)
  • After delamination, NCCs proliferate during migration towards several places inside the embryonic body vigorously, and differentiate right into a wide variety of cell tissue and types, including neurons and glial cells from the peripheral anxious systems (PNS), even muscles from the center and great vessels, bone tissue, cartilage, connective tissues of the true encounter, and melanocytes in your skin. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Trunk NCCs (tNCCs) emerge in the trunk region from the neural epithelium, and the ones migrating underneath the ectoderm will type pigment cells in your skin and others going for a ventral pathway via the somites will differentiate into neurons and glia from the PNS aswell as chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland [2]. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Several years before this decision, i.e. when I was a medical student, I had already been interested in (and inspired by) the behaviors of cells undergoing their developmental processes in culture, which were shown by Dr. Masaharu Ogawa who was teaching physiology and also studying the "transdifferentiation" of adrenal chromaffin cells into neurons upon treatment with nerve growth factor (Nature 307, 66, 1984). (takaki-miyata-lab.org)
  • The mechanisms controlling the whole-cell movement are well understood, but knowledge of how the neurons are instructed to leave their glial guidance upon reaching their destination remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The activation of ligand-gated ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic P2Y receptors has been reported to induce an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in inner hair cells (IHCs), outer hair cells (OHCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), and supporting cells in the cochlea. (sagepub.com)
  • We used electrical stimulation or depolarization by elevated extracellular KCl to evoke exocytosis measured by quantitative live-cell fluorescence imaging in cultured rat ventral tegmental area neurons. (eneuro.org)
  • The idea to use transplants of dopa- ment of protocols that allow generation of fully functional mine-producing cells to substitute for the lost midbrain and safe midbrain dopamine neurons from stem cells. (lu.se)
  • VM), showed that the recovery of motor functions induced implanted either (1) as a solid piece in the lateral ven- by the grafted fetal dopamine neurons was well cor- tricle6 or a cortical cavity8 adjacent to the denervated related with the extent of graft-derived reinnervation caudate-putamen, or (2) as a crude cell suspension of the host caudate-putamen. (lu.se)
  • In addition to the monoamine (dopamine and norepinephrine) pathway, PC12 cells have been reported to express both the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of the present work is to review cumulative evidence regarding the participation of PI3K pathways in neuronal function, focusing on their role in neuronal metabolism and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance and plasticity or on the expression of pathological hallmarks associated with neurodegeneration. (mdpi.com)
  • Genetic studies of human malformation and mutant mice with deficient neuronal migration have played an integral role in unveiling the existence of signalling pathways that regulate neuronal migration and neuronal detachment from the glial fibers [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Reelin pathway is one of the most intensively studied pathways involved in neuronal migration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The elucidation and description of the molecular and structural features of gasotransmitters, their production pathways, signaling mechanisms, cellular and molecular targets, and functional impact in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are the focus of this book. (rsc.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • In the tumor microenvironment, cell migration and invasion are regulated by many factors such as intracellular signaling pathways, growth factors or onco-proteins [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, recent studies have provided evidence that mere presence of nitric oxide synthesizing-enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the nerve terminals may not be adequate for inhibitory nitrergic neuromuscular transmission in the gut ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Among the constituents tested, only genipin significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2-mediated $PGE_2$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells at 10-100 ${\mu}$ M. Genipin also inhibited nuclear transcription factor- ${\kappa}B$ activation. (koreascience.kr)
  • Because the effects of local anesthetics on cellular signal transduction in neuronal cells are not well-known, the authors investigated whether they affect the MAP kinase signaling pathway using PC12 cells. (asahq.org)
  • It was developed in parallel to the adrenal chromaffin cell model because of its extreme versatility for pharmacological manipulation, ease of culture, and the large amount of information on their proliferation and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This makes PC12 cells useful as a model system for neuronal differentiation and neurosecretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • In-vitro studies with isolated SA progenitor cells had suggested that chromaffin cell differentiation depends crucially on glucocorticoids provided by adrenal cortical cells. (silverchair.com)
  • Miyata, T., Maeda, T., and Lee, J.E.: NeuroD is required for differentiation of the granule cells in the cerebellum and hippocampus. (takaki-miyata-lab.org)
  • PC12 is a cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla, that have an embryonic origin from the neural crest that has a mixture of neuroblastic cells and eosinophilic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • PC12 cell line use has given much information to the function of proteins underlying vesicle fusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • PC12 cells stop dividing and terminally differentiate when treated with nerve growth factor or dexamethasone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor creates cells with long processes known as neurite varicosities, which contain small amounts of vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • PC12 cells treated for 10-14 days with nerve growth factor had no release of vesicles from the cell body which indicates the aggregation of vesicles in the ends of the neurites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment of PC12 cells with dexamethasone differentiates them into chromaffin-like cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other organics have been studied using this cell line to understand their effects on PC12 cells These types of studies show that use of PC12 cell line can be a model for past and future neurotoxicological studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • PC12 cells have been researched to evaluate the potential for pharmaceutical alternation of dopamine metabolites such as DOPAL, an autotoxin implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The PC12 cell line has been used to get more information about diseases of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • PC12 cells were used to find which prion protein fragments caused neuronal dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • A contrary view regarding expression of the serotonin pathway by PC12 cells was expressed by the investigators who first established this cell line. (wikipedia.org)
  • NGF protected rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, an adrenal chromaffin-like NGF-responsive cell line, from the oxidant stress accompanying hydrogen peroxide treatment by stimulating GSH levels and enzymes in the GSH metabolism cycle and in the GSH/GSH peroxidase antioxidant redox system, a ubiquitous cellular antioxidant system. (utmb.edu)
  • Increased GSH levels due to NGF treatment were responsible for the significant protection of PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced stress. (utmb.edu)
  • Pretreatment of PC12 cells with NGF for 24 h rescued cells from the toxic effects of the extracellular hydrogen peroxide generated by the glucose/glucose oxidase system but did not rescue cells that were subjected to GSH deprivation due to treatment with 10 μM L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GCS. (utmb.edu)
  • However, treatment with 10 μM L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine alone did not affect PC12 cell viability, NGF stimulation of neurite extension, and NGF induction of GCS, GSH peroxidase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. (utmb.edu)
  • Dibucaine and tetracaine at clinical concentrations were found to inhibit the activation of MAP kinase and the expression of c-Fos mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels in PC12 cells. (asahq.org)
  • This cell line has been used to understand the role of synaptotagmin in vesicle-cell membrane fusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation in cells has emerged as a common principle for the organization of membrane-less compartments. (ki.se)
  • The neurotransmitter molecules are stored in the first cell in packages known as vesicles, which release their contents by fusing with the cell membrane. (elifesciences.org)
  • Diverse organ systems reveal that nNOS remains membrane-bound during enzymatic synthesis, suggesting that membrane localization of nNOS may be critical for enzyme action in a physiological context ( 5 , 24 - 33 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
  • Membrane transport proteins that actively co-transport ASCORBIC ACID and sodium ions across the CELL MEMBRANE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transporters on the plasma membrane of tumor cells are promising molecular "Trojan horses" to deliver drugs and imaging agents into cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression inside the cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • in this way, vesicle-free miRNA may regulate cell-to-cell communication including the regulation of gene expression and cellular signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review focuses on the mechanisms by which vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells and will discuss potential functions of vesicle-free miRNAs and how vesicle-free miRNAs regulate cell-to-cell communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of proteins that can regulate neuronal development, maintenance, and recovery from injury. (utmb.edu)
  • The adrenal glands regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and even response to stress by synthesizing and secreting steroid hormones in the bloodstream. (anatomy.app)
  • In nerve terminals in the central nervous system, liquid-liquid phase separation has been implicated in the organization or assembly of several functional compartments. (ki.se)
  • In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph . (wikipedia.org)
  • Our lab focuses on the molecular events that govern vesicular trafficking within presynaptic nerve terminals and neurosecretory cells. (edu.au)
  • Notably, PSD95 have also been demonstrated in prejunctional nerve terminals of nitrergic neuronal varicosities traversing the gastrointestinal smooth muscles. (frontiersin.org)
  • The particularity of neuroblastoma lies in its development from cells whose embryological maturation into adult sympathetic nerve cells or chromaffin cells is incomplete. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • the donor.4,11 In the case of nerve cells obtained from either delivery of dopamine released from cells the developing central nervous system (CNS), the opti- implanted into the ventricle, adjacent to the stria- mal age was shown to be at, or close to, the cell-cycle tum,6,7 or restoration of synaptic dopamine release exit. (lu.se)
  • Extremely high levels of catecholamines (also known as catecholamine toxicity) can occur in central nervous system trauma due to stimulation and/or damage of nuclei in the brainstem , in particular those nuclei affecting the sympathetic nervous system . (wikidoc.org)
  • Meeting-Abstract: Exo-Endocytosis in Response to Stress Hormonal Stimulation in Peritoneal Mast Cells. (us.es)
  • The concept of an essential role of glucocorticoid signalling for chromaffin cell development has been shaken by the observation that chromaffin cells in mice lacking the glucocorticoid receptor develop largely normal. (huji.ac.il)
  • However, analysis of mice lacking the glucocorticoid receptor gene had revealed that adrenal chromaffin cells develop mostly normally in these mice. (silverchair.com)
  • By capturing the evolutionary dynamics of target biological systems, the comparative modeling framework is empowered to (i) identify the functional roles of poorly characterized proteins and interactions and (ii) further decipher the underlying regulatory mechanisms of complicated cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hearing depends on faithful synaptic transmission at the inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapse, which is orchestrated by active zone proteins. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • LGC Promochem: Cell Biology Collection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2016 ( Journal of Cell Biology ) we found that the Munc18-1 domain 3a hinge-loop controls syntaxin-1A engagement into the SNARE complex during priming. (edu.au)
  • 2016 Journal of Cell Biology ). (edu.au)
  • SIGNALS initiated by neurotransmitter release are transferred to the nuclei of the postsynaptic cells to activate specific programs of gene expression, thus influencing synaptic functions. (asahq.org)
  • 3,4 MAP kinase is highly expressed in the central nervous system, primarily in such postsynaptic structures as neuronal cell bodies and the bases of the proximal dendrites. (asahq.org)
  • this observation demonstrates that vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells, in a manner similar to hormone secretion. (frontiersin.org)
  • Differentiating cells mechanically limit progenitor cells' interkinetic nuclear migration to secure apical cytogenesis. (takaki-miyata-lab.org)
  • Miyata, T., and Ogawa, M.: Twisting of neocortical progenitor cells underlies a spring-like mechanism for daughter cell migration. (takaki-miyata-lab.org)
  • Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling contributes to a variety of processes, mediating many aspects of cellular function, including nutrient uptake, anabolic reactions, cell growth, proliferation, and survival. (mdpi.com)
  • Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of tumor cells from the primary tumors reveals a distinct transcriptional signature that is predictive of metastatic potential and patient survival. (pklab.org)
  • Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on 19 human NB samples coupled with multiplex immunohistochemistry, survival analysis, and comparison with normal fetal adrenal gland data. (pklab.org)
  • Several different cell types demonstrate a survival benefit. (pklab.org)
  • New antitumor strategies using drugs targeted to intracellular signaling involved in cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis have become promising in recent years. (researchgate.net)
  • Neurotrophins are potent regulators of the survival of different neuronal populations in the CNS. (shengsci.com)
  • We were intrigued by a particular neuronal subtype that had been recently discovered and described in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis , named the Bipolar Tail Neuron (BTN) 9 . (biologists.com)
  • Proper cortical layering calls for highly synchronized processes of neuronal genesis, migration and maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These cell groups are separated from each other with connective tissue. (anatomy.app)
  • Preformed Ω-profile closure and kiss-and-run mediate endocytosis and diverse endocytic modes in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. (ki.se)
  • Deciphering the intra- and intermolecular steps via which prepare secretory vesicles for fusion is key to understanding neuronal and hormonal communication. (edu.au)
  • Less is known regarding its critical role in neuronal physiology, neuronal metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and the control of gene expression in the central nervous system in healthy and diseased states. (mdpi.com)
  • We also observed extreme appearance of mesenchymal and neuronal markers in tNCCs and cNCCs, respectively. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue , they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes , especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture , fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes ). (wikipedia.org)
  • The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture . (wikipedia.org)
  • The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. (wikipedia.org)
  • We provide a comprehensive immune cell landscape and characterize cell-state changes from normal tissue to NB. (pklab.org)
  • In contrast to adult cancers and previous NB studies, we show an increase in inflammatory monocyte cell state when contrasting normal and tumor tissue, while no differences in cytotoxicity and exhaustion score for T cells, nor in Treg activity, are observed. (pklab.org)
  • Antigen binds to IgE that is bound to tissue mast cells and blood basophils, triggering release of preformed mediators (eg, histamine, proteases, chemotactic factors) and synthesis of other mediators (eg, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, cytokines). (msdmanuals.com)
  • These mediators cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, mucus hypersecretion, smooth muscle spasm, and tissue infiltration with eosinophils, type 2 helper T (TH2) cells, and other inflammatory cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Of course, one of the most important vertebrate features is a population of cells called the Neural Crest Cells (NCCs). (biologists.com)
  • Launch Neural crest cells (NCCs) are cell populations that originate in the first stage from the vertebrate embryo in the dorsal region from the neural pipe. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Extracellular circulating miRNAs are also observed outside the cell, but their origin is poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Volatile anesthetics affect neuronal signaling by poorly understood mechanisms. (eneuro.org)
  • These hormones affect metabolism, increase blood glucose levels, and take part in regulating the immune system. (anatomy.app)
  • Understanding the complete immune cell composition of human neuroblastoma (NB) is crucial for the development of immunotherapeutics. (pklab.org)
  • Autoimmune Disorders In autoimmune disorders, the immune system produces antibodies to an endogenous antigen (autoantigen). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The clinical interest in xenotransplants waned following the series of disappointing results and the realization that transplant failure was attributable to powerful unknown forces that would eventually be identified as the body's immune system. (medscape.com)
  • 1990. Biomarkers of organ damage or dysfunction for the renal, hepatobiliary, and immune systems. (cdc.gov)
  • This transformation depends on various factors related to the tumor (such as the over expression or not of N-myc, the presence or absence of Treks and their receptors), the host (the intervention of the immune system) and to other external factors. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • LPC has various stimulating or modulating activities on immune cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. (koreascience.kr)
  • Many tumor microenvironments, including lymphoma and carcinoma, are enriched in immune suppressive cells that contribute to immune exhaustion by means expression of inhibitory ligands, suppressive cytokines, and tumor-promoting factors. (researchgate.net)
  • Antitumor therapies targeted to reduce the induction, recruitment, or suppressive activities of the immune cells have been investigated. (researchgate.net)
  • Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
  • Gupta DD, Saha S, Chakrabarti MK (2005) Involvement of protein kinase C in the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) in a human colonic carcinoma cell line, COLO-205. (springer.com)
  • We detected protein levels of Rab3D in nine cancer cell lines and twelve types of clinical cancer specimens. (oncotarget.com)
  • In order to establish an animal model for neuronal migration disorders in the pig, we have studied the expression pattern and structure of Reelin during pig brain development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conclude that the pig might serve as an alternative animal model to study Reelin functions and that manipulation of the pig Reelin could allow the establishment of an animal model for human neuronal migration disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, it also regulated the extracellular secretion of Hsp90α to promote tumor cell migration and invasion. (oncotarget.com)
  • 1996. Sacramento, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Information Systems Branch. (cdc.gov)
  • Identification of a New Exo-Endocytic Mechanism Triggered by Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Mast Cells. (us.es)
  • Dopamine , which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system , is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the brainstem: the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area . (wikidoc.org)
  • The similarly melanin -pigmented cell bodies of the locus ceruleus produce norepinephrine . (wikidoc.org)
  • Oval fat bodies - These are degenerating renal tubular epithelial cells or macrophages containing abundant lipid. (pathologicalbodies.com)
  • Papp-Lantos bodies - Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies found in glial cells of the brain in multiple-system atrophy (MSA), a degenerative neurological disorder. (pathologicalbodies.com)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis showed the highest expression of Reelin in the Cajal-Reztius cells of the marginal zone, in resemblance with observations for the developing brain in humans and other mammalian species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used as a marker of neuronal activity to investigate the cervical spinal interneuron populations involved in the corticomotoneuronal pathway. (shengsci.com)
  • miRNAs are transcribed within cells, but are also found outside cells, called extracellular miRNAs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs were observed in cell culture system ( 6 ), in blood plasma and serum ( 7 - 10 ), and in other biological fluids ( 11 ) including cerebrospinal fluid ( 12 ), saliva ( 13 ), breast milk, urine, and tears ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The existence of extracellular miRNAs suggests that they participate in cell-to-cell communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although extracellular miRNAs are believed to contribute to cell-to-cell communication, the mechanisms by which miRNAs are released are still not understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs have been considered as byproducts or artifacts caused by cell lysis and cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent studies showed that extracellular ATP induced nitric oxide (NO) production in IHCs, OHCs, and SGNs, which affects the ATP-induced Ca2+ response via the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway in those cells by a feedback mechanism. (sagepub.com)
  • Analysis of supporting stromal cells within the tumor environment demonstrates vascular remodeling within the endothelial cells. (pklab.org)
  • Rapid effects of steroid hormones on free intracellular calcium in T84 colonic epithelial cells. (sagepub.com)
  • Our findings provide biological insights into the interplay between tumor cells and the ccRCC microenvironment. (pklab.org)
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has the potential to investigate both genetic and nongenetic sources of tumor heterogeneity in a single assay. (pklab.org)
  • Numbat exploits the evolutionary relationships between subclones to iteratively infer single-cell copy number profiles and tumor clonal phylogeny. (pklab.org)
  • Analysis of 22 tumor samples, including multiple myeloma, gastric, breast and thyroid cancers, shows that Numbat can reconstruct the tumor copy number profile and precisely identify malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. (pklab.org)
  • Here, we reported that the expression levels of Rab3D were dysregulated in cancer cells and highly correlated with tumor malignancies in the clinical samples. (oncotarget.com)
  • Increased expressions of Rab3D led to tumor invasion in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo , whereas Rab3D knockdown suppressed the tumor cell motility. (oncotarget.com)
  • Chemical communication at synapses in the central nervous system is subject to short- and long-term changes in strength ( Malenka, 1994 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • To achieve accurate encoding of sounds, inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon-type synapses are highly specialized to release synaptic vesicles (SVs) with high rates and temporal precision. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Cells of the adrenal cortex are classified into three types that produce specific hormones, and they are arranged in three layers or zones . (anatomy.app)
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing mIBG transport in cancer and normal cells is a critical step for developing strategies to optimize the efficacy of 131 I-mIBG while minimizing toxicity in normal tissues. (aspetjournals.org)