Neuronal 2000 injections spinal. Medical search. Frequent questions

Central sensitization, increased sensitivity in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons after injuries, plays an essential role in the induction and maintenance of chronic pain. (jneurosci.org)
Using patch-clamp recordings in lamina II neurons of isolated spinal cord slices, we compared the effects of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, all the PICs increased cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in superficial dorsal horn neurons and produced heat hyperalgesia after spinal injection. (jneurosci.org)
We used patch-clamp recording in dorsal horn neurons in isolated spinal cord slices to investigate whether PICs have similar or different effects on synaptic transmission in lamina II neurons in which nociceptive information is modulated and conveyed to projection neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Previous transneuronal tracing studies using injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) into either the diaphragm or rectus abdominis (RA) of the ferret demonstrated that motoneurons innervating these muscles receive inputs from neurons in circumscribed regions of the spinal cord and brainstem, some of which have an overlapping distribution in the magnocellular part of the medullary reticular formation (MRF). (princeton.edu)
Central sensitization is a process whereby nociceptive neurons and circuits exhibit increased function in response to activity, inflammation, or injury through a variety of processes that include changes in receptor field size, increases in neuronal excitability, increases in synaptic efficiency/coupling, and changes in neuronal connectivity ( Latremoliere and Woolf, 2009 ). (nature.com)
It is generally agreed that the ST system is comprised of several components which originate largely from neurons in laminae I, V, and VII of the spinal cord. (jneurosci.org)
The axons of these spinal neurons terminate in multiple thalamic nuclei. (jneurosci.org)
Transneuronal transport of the H129 strain from cervical segments of the spinal cord consistently labeled neurons in multiple cortical areas of the contralateral hemisphere. (jneurosci.org)
Cell assemblies and central pattern generators (CPGs) are related types of neuronal networks: both consist of interacting groups of neurons whose collective activities lead to defined functional outputs. (degruyter.com)
Experimentally, a well-accepted model to mimic axotomy injury retrograde repercussion to spinal neurons is the neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy [ 13 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Sciatic nerve transection, early after birth, results in significant degeneration of spinal motoneurons as well as sensory neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia. (hindawi.com)
Although anatomical repair of spinal roots and other lesioned plexus components constitute the primary approach, additional strategies are necessary to enhance neuroprotection and to improve the regenerative response of severed neurons. (hindawi.com)
Extracellular single unit recording was used to record spinal WDR neurons. (ijabbr.com)
In addition, although injection of low doses of this algogenic chemical into somatic tissue exclusively activates TRPA1, high doses can robustly activate other subsets of nociceptive neurons apart from TRPA1-expressing nociceptors ( Braz and Basbaum, 2010 ). (nerdygang.com)
The effects of age on the physiological properties of cervical motor neurons were examined in slices made from an excised spinal cord graft of ICR mice from the second day after birth to age 350 days. (sciencerepository.org)
Intracellular recordings from motor neurons of various ages were performed, and changes in neuronal morphology with age were observed by intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow. (sciencerepository.org)
Spinal nerve transection (mechanical injury of axons) and demyelination (intact axons) induces similar transcriptional responses in DRG neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Chub N, O'Donovan MJ (2001) Post-episode depression of GABAergic transmission in spinal neurons of the chick embryo. (yale.edu)
Theories suggest that neurological damages and diseases lead to the release of many mediators such as ATP, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and glutamate in the environment surrounding the neurons in the brain and the spinal cord, and make stable changes in synaptic activities of pain pathway neurons to induce symptoms of neuropathic pain [ 8 ]. (siftdesk.org)
the motor neurons reside in the spinal cord, connecting the interneurons with the muscles which allow the lungs to fill with air. (elifesciences.org)
Systemic injection of A-967079 (30 μmol/kg, i.v.) decreased the responses of wide dynamic range (WDR), and nociceptive specific (NS) neurons following noxious pinch stimulation of the ipsilateral hind paw in uninjured and CFA-inflamed rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, the spontaneous activity of WDR neurons was decreased after A-967079 injection in CFA-inflamed rats but was unaltered in uninjured, OA, and OA-sham animals. (biomedcentral.com)
In order to further delineate the role of TRPA1 receptors in normal and pathological mechanotransmission, we administered a selective TRPA1 receptor antagonist, A-967079 (Figure 1 ), to examine its effects on spinal nociceptive neurons in uninjured, inflamed, and osteoarthritic (OA) rats. (biomedcentral.com)
We also examined the actions of A-967079 on the spontaneous firing of spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in each of the animal models examined. (biomedcentral.com)

With respect to the threat of predation, both the decision to escape and the underlying neuronal mechanisms have been extensively studied,but processes that trigger evasion of abiotic stressors, which are potentially hazardous to survival, are less well understood. (biologists.com)
The present study was undertaken to study the effects of exogenous H2S on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of spinal cord and the underlying mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Extensive experimental and clinical data show that the mechanisms leading to a clinically-defined loss of neurological function after spinal trauma can in general be considered in two categories. (biomedcentral.com)
Many molecular mechanisms engage in the development of neuropathic pain, among which spinal cord NMDA receptors play a significant role in neuropathic sensitivity. (siftdesk.org)
Neuronal mechanisms state that neuropathic pain results from long-term plasticity changes in the pain transmission pathways in the spinal cord and brain [ 7 ]. (siftdesk.org)
Optimizing pain relief resulting from spinal manipulative therapies, including low velocity variable amplitude spinal manipulation (LVVA-SM), requires determining their mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
Other research has focused on the peripheral and central neural mechanisms, including spinal gating and descending inhibitory pathways, that might explain the clinical observations of short-term pain relief. (aahclinic.com)
The involvement of the spinal gating and descending inhibitory pathways mechanisms in acupuncture is supported by animal experiments. (aahclinic.com)

Hyperalgesia is an exaggerated and prolonged response to noxious stimuli that can be produced by plasticity at peripheral sites (eg, reduced threshold and/or amplified nociceptor response to noxious stimuli) and centrally in the spinal cord or brain. (nature.com)

CeA projections to periacqueductal gray (PAG) gate descending pathways that modulate nociceptive afferent activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (nature.com)
The medulla, together with approximately 7 to 15 mm of the spinal cord was slowly elevated, the dorsal and ventral roots were cut with a pair of ophthalmic micro-scissors under an operating microscope. (sciencerepository.org)
At the brain level, the formation of anatomical changes and the establishment of connections between the nerve fiber types C and A beta, the reduction in the activity of the inhibitory pathways of pain sense and the excessive release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate in the spinal dorsal horn, contribute to neuropathic pain [ 6 ]. (siftdesk.org)

In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)
Neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and ultrastructural changes at ventral spinal cord were also investigated. (hindawi.com)
Axonal damage is common, and neuronal cell bodies may also die or be damaged. (msdmanuals.com)

Ketamine blocks enhancement of spinal long‐term potentiation in chronic opioid treated rats. (ijabbr.com)
We have succeeded in preparing viable spinal slices from both rats and mice [3, 4]. (sciencerepository.org)
Compared to I/R injury groups, H 2 S pretreatment had reduced spinal cord infarct zone, improved hind motor function in rats. (biomedcentral.com)
In paclitaxel-treated rats, the vasodilatation induced by either intradermal injection of capsaicin into the hindpaw or electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve was significantly attenuated in comparison to vehicle-injected animals. (bvsalud.org)
Three-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats received L3 spinal compression injury. (biomedcentral.com)
In the first of such studies, the remote antinociceptive effects of simulated spinal mobilization were determined in adult rats with inflammatory hindpaw nociception [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Three minutes of spinal mobilization was delivered to 6 restrained rats at approximately 2 Hertz (Hz) with the experimenter's finger over the lumbar (L5) spinous process beginning 10 minutes after intraplantar hindpaw injection of a mixture of endogenous inflammatory mediators. (hindawi.com)
In order to enhance understanding of TRPA1 contributions to mechanotransmission, we examined the effects a selective TRPA1 receptor antagonist, A-967079, on spinal neuronal activity following peripheral mechanical stimulation in uninjured, CFA-inflamed, and osteoarthritc (OA) rats. (biomedcentral.com)
WDR neuronal responses to low-intensity mechanical stimulation (10 g von Frey hair) were also reduced by A-967079 administration to CFA-inflamed rats, but no effect was observed in uninjured rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Blockade of TRPA1 receptors disrupts transmission of high-intensity mechanical stimulation to the spinal cord in both uninjured and injured rats indicating that TRPA1 receptors have an important role in noxious mechanosensation in both normal and pathological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

This elevated NAAG gives greater activation of presynaptic mGluR3 receptors, which decrease release of transmitter (glutamate) in the pain signaling pathways of the spinal cord and brain. (wikipedia.org)
Glial IL-1β upregulated neuronal Nav1.7 expression via the crosstalk between signaling pathways of the glial IL-1β/COX-2/PGE2 and the neuronal EP2/PKA/CREB/Nav1.7 in TG contributing to TMJ inflammatory hypernociception. (biomedcentral.com)

However, little is known as to how PICs alter synaptic transmission and neuronal activity in the spinal cord. (jneurosci.org)
Coaptation preserved synaptic covering on lesioned motoneurons and led to neuronal survival. (hindawi.com)

Prior to removing the cord, the midbrain was transected between the colliculi and a suture passed around the rostral end of the piece containing the lower brainstem and spinal cord. (sciencerepository.org)

Peripheral inflammation is associated with pain hypersensitivity that is produced by the release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells and non-neuronal cells in the periphery. (jneurosci.org)
2011). Pregabalin suppresses spinal neuronal hyperexcitability and visceral hypersensitivity in the absence of peripheral pathophysiology. (ijabbr.com)
While this peripheral inflammatory pain model allowed for a demonstration of an immediate remote antinociceptive effect following spinal mobilization, investigating the effect's duration requires a model with longer-lasting nociception. (hindawi.com)

In the case of traumatic brain injury, the injection of a NAAG peptidase inhibitor reduces neuron and astrocyte death in the hippocampus nearest the site of the injury. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, astrocyte transdifferentiation towards neuronal phenotype occurs in non-neurogenic brain structures under pathological conditions. (ac.ir)
The astrocyte-neuron interaction and its effect on neuronal activity have been found both in vivo and in vitro ( Sofroniew & Vinters, 2010 ). (ac.ir)

Anesthesia and postoperative analgesia during unilateral lower-extremity fracture surgeries using multiple injections through catheters beside the lumbar plexus or sciatic nerve. (medscape.com)

As a result of these requirements, certain design features of the central neuronal circuitry that are beneficial to these needs have been conserved across a diverse range of animal groups, thus representing the end points of convergent evolutionary processes. (biologists.com)

This latter process is the result of central sensitization ( Urban and Gebhart, 1999 ), which can be evidenced by the phosphorylation (activation) of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) in the spinal cord ( Gao and Ji, 2009 ). (nerdygang.com)
which, as described above, contain TRPA1+ nociceptors), alters the behavioral manifestations, histological alterations in the colon (such as the appearance of neurogenic edema and overt tissue damage) and neuronal activation in the spinal cord (measured as ERK phosphorylation) induced by intracolonic mustard oil. (nerdygang.com)

Both physicians conducted autopsies on their patients and found severe atrophy of the ventral roots of the spinal cord. (medscape.com)

A single intrathecal injection of GABA permanently reverses neuropathic pain after nerve injury. (ijabbr.com)

Four hundred and fifty µm thickness slices were prepared from the cervical spinal cord (around C-5) from about 100 males of the wild type of the SOD1 transgenic mice (ICR) in ages ranging from PD2 to PD360. (sciencerepository.org)
The calvarium overlying the cerebellum was immediately removed to expose the cervical spinal cord. (sciencerepository.org)
Approximately a 7 mm length of the cervical spinal cord, including the biggest part (C-5), was removed to a Petri dish circulated with the above cold solution. (sciencerepository.org)

These TRPA1-independent effects of high doses of mustard oil may be attributable to tissue injury and the release of proalgesic mediators by damaged cells, rather than to direct neuronal actions. (nerdygang.com)
However, to our knowledge the contribution of TRPA1 (direct neuronal activation) and P2X receptors (ATP from the injured tissue) to mustard oil-induced visceral pain has never been studied. (nerdygang.com)

Comparison of unilateral spinal anesthesia and L1 paravertebral block combined with psoas compartment and sciatic nerve block in patients to undergo partial hip prosthesis. (medscape.com)

First, PICs are induced in the spinal cord, especially in glial cells (e.g., microglia and astrocytes), in different chronic pain conditions. (jneurosci.org)

In a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the chronic inhibition of NAAG peptidase activity delayed the onset of ALS symptoms and slowed the progress of the neuronal death. (wikipedia.org)
Bernard C, Cossart R, Hirsch JC, Esclapez M, Ben-Ari Y (2000) What is GABAergic inhibition? (yale.edu)

The expression pattern of the glutamate receptor subunits of NR2A, NR2B, and NR3B was assessed in spinal cord tissue in lumbar segments using Real-Time PCR technique. (siftdesk.org)

Ropivacaine decreases permeability to sodium ions in neuronal membranes. (medscape.com)

Neuronal responses to excitatory amino acid agonists, kainate (KA), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), and amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) were recorded. (sciencerepository.org)

and III) provide neuronal populations to potentially form relays with host axons, segmental interneurons, and/or α-motoneurons. (biomedcentral.com)

Second, intrathecal injection of the PICs was shown to enhance pain. (jneurosci.org)

Upon injection with ZJ43, these behaviors were decreased, suggesting that an increase in NAAG in the synapse - and its subsequent activation of mGluR3 receptors - has potential as a co-therapy for schizophrenia. (wikipedia.org)
ATP acts on neuronal P2X receptors, and it is known to be one of the main algogenic chemicals released during cell damage ( Cook and McCleskey, 2002 ). (nerdygang.com)

Recent studies have demonstrated that AMPK contributes to zinc-induced neurotoxicity and that 1H10, an inhibitor of AMPK, reduces zinc-induced neuronal death and protects against oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
In rat model of I/R injury, pretreatment of pre-miR-30c or 3-MA (an inhibitor for autophagy) can abrogated spinal cord protective effect of H2S. (biomedcentral.com)

The limitations of interfacing electrodes including low charge injection limits, mechanical mismatch and foreign body response can be addressed through the use of organic electrode coatings which typically provide a softer, more roughened surface to enable both improved charge transfer and lower mechanical mismatch with neural tissue. (frontiersin.org)
Pressure pain thresholds of the inflamed hindpaws were increased (decreased mechanical sensitivity) immediately after spinal mobilization ended. (hindawi.com)

These projections are further divided into layer 5 and 6 neuronal outputs, thereby producing four cortical outputs that may target other areas in a combinatorial manner. (nature.com)
Because the cingulate motor areas project to the primary motor cortex and to the spinal cord, these observations suggest that the neural substrate exists for the ST system to have an important influence on the cortical control of movement. (jneurosci.org)

Also, a number of interneurons, present in deep spinal cord laminae, degenerate due to the loss of input and/or output. (hindawi.com)

ACh depletion was achieved via unilateral icv injection (4 mcg/2 mcl) with 192 IgG-SAP (Cat. (atsbio.com)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), endogenously derived from L-cysteine in several organs, such as brain, heart, kidney and liver [ 3 ], has been regarded as the third gasotransmitter and endogenous neuromodulator and plays multiple roles in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological states, especially in secondary neuronal injury. (biomedcentral.com)

Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) represent a rare group of inherited disorders that cause progressive degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
Intraspinal grafting of human neural stem cells represents a promising approach to promote recovery of function after spinal trauma. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we characterized the effect of intraspinal grafting of clinical grade human fetal spinal cord-derived neural stem cells (HSSC) on the recovery of neurological function in a rat model of acute lumbar (L3) compression injury. (biomedcentral.com)

Growing evidence suggests that proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), are induced in the spinal cord under various injury conditions and contribute to pain hypersensitivity. (jneurosci.org)
The effects of exogenous H2S on I/R injury were examined by using assessment of hind motor function, spinal cord infarct zone by Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. (biomedcentral.com)
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the spinal cord is a dynamic process that frequently occurs during a variety of clinical situations such as thoracoabdominal aortic surgery or spinal cord injury [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the protective effect of H2S on I/R injury of spinal cord has not been described. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, we attempt to investigated the possible regulation role of H2S on spinal cord I/R injury in vitro or in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
Although no evidence for miR-30c in spinal cord I/R injury, it has been proved to be a neural protector by targeting brain derived neurotrophic factoras well as neurotrophin signaling and axon guidance [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Autophagy, a regulated process of degradation and recycling of cellular constituents, can participated in organelle turnover and the bioenergetic management of starvation of spinal cord injury [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Three days post-injury, animals were randomized and received intraspinal injections of either HSSC, media-only, or no injections. (biomedcentral.com)
Peri-acute intraspinal grafting of HSSC can represent an effective therapy which ameliorates motor and sensory deficits after traumatic spinal cord injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Some of the most common types of neuropathic pains are diabetic neuropathy-induced pain, post-herpetic neuralgia pain, phantom limb pain and spinal cord injury (SCI) neuropathy [ 3 ]. (siftdesk.org)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by disseminated patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)

Kugelberg Welander spinal muscular atrophy (also known as Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander syndrome or mild SMA) is a milder form of SMA, with symptoms typically presenting after age 18 months. (medscape.com)

Possible relevance of tolerance to analgesic effect of morphine due to chronic inflammatory pain and the role of lumbar spinal cord in this interaction. (ijabbr.com)
Pain models that incorporate simulated spinal manipulative therapy treatments are needed for these studies. (hindawi.com)
Results from both spinal manipulation and spinal mobilization studies in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals demonstrate short-term pain relief both remote and local to the anatomical treatment site following a single treatment [ 5 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
Essential to achieving these goals is basic science research that uses simulated spinal manipulative therapy techniques with experimental pain models. (hindawi.com)
To build upon the findings from the study of spinal mobilization's antinociceptive effects on inflamed hindpaw nociception [ 19 ], we chose to use the formalin test to produce hindpaw inflammatory pain remote to the anatomical treatment site. (hindawi.com)

Lumbar epidural steroid injections: is a clinical trial necessary or appropriate? (asra.com)

The mean times spent licking the formalin-injected hindpaw of both groups 1-5 minutes after injection were not different. (hindawi.com)

Aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are a prominent feature in the brain of patients with AD, and area major contributor to neuronal toxicity and disease progression. (atsbio.com)
In this category of experimentation, besides the use of locally delivered trophic factors (such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-peptides or growth factors-gene-encoding vectors) [ 8 ], regionally grafted fetal or embryonic stem cell-derived neuronal precursors are frequently used [ 9 - 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Avoiders exhibited thermal hyperalgesia that was reversed by systemic or intra-CeA injection of a CRFR1 antagonist. (nature.com)

Quantitative Real-Time PCR or Western blotting results showed that H2S pretreatment also downregulated miR-30c expression and upregulated Beclin-1 and LC3II expression in spinal cord. (biomedcentral.com)

We next combined anterograde transneuronal transport of virus with injections of a conventional tracer into the ventral premotor area (PMv). (jneurosci.org)
Here we used anterograde transneuronal transport of the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) to trace the disynaptic pathway that transmits information from the spinal cord via the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. (jneurosci.org)
Transneuronal transport of H129 from the spinal cord in this animal demonstrated that each of the cingulate motor areas receives ST input. (jneurosci.org)

Spinal injection of sIL-6R also induced heat hyperalgesia that was potentiated by coadministration with IL-6. (jneurosci.org)

The stimulated release of CGRP from the central terminals in the spinal cord was not altered in paclitaxel-injected animals. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy60

Organisms18

Diseases36

Chemicals and Drugs46

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment50

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care2

Neurons25

Mechanisms8

Plasticity1

Dorsal3

Axonal3

Rats10

Pathways2

Synaptic2

Brainstem1

Peripheral3

Astrocyte3

Lumbar plexus1

Circuitry1

Phosphorylation2

Ventral roots1

Neuropathic pain1

Cervical3

TRPA12

Anesthesia1

Glial cells1

Inhibition2

Receptor1

Sodium1

Responses1

Motoneurons1

Intrathecal injection1

Receptors2

Inhibitor2

Mechanical2

Cortical2

Interneurons1

Unilateral1

Pathological1

Cells3

Injury10

Demyelination1

Symptoms1

Pain5

Clinical1

Formalin1

Brain2

Systemic1

Results1

Transneuronal3

Hyperalgesia1

Central1