Neuron cell survival. Medical search. Frequent questions

Some research findings indicate that a shortage of this protein impairs the formation and function of axons and dendrites, leading to the death of motor neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
In studies using zebrafish, mice and stem cell models, experts have demonstrated that the drug terazosin protects against the death of motor neurons by increasing their energy production. (sciencedaily.com)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases, which respectively cause progressive death of motor neurons with escalating failure of the neuromuscular system and characteristic alterations of cognitive function and personality features. (nature.com)

It also prompted the immunohistochemical analysis in sensory neurons, using antibodies against glutamate [ 10 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Oral cancer cells send growth signals to nearby mouse sensory neurons, which sprout projections called neurites (red). (nih.gov)
In cell culture experiments, sensory neurons developed projections called neurites when exposed to p53-deficient oral cancer cells. (nih.gov)
To learn how exactly this happens, the scientists conducted additional cell culture and animal experiments, which showed that the sensory neurons receive growth cues via cancer-derived signaling molecules called microRNAs. (nih.gov)
The scientists performed genetic sequencing to see how cancer-derived microRNAs affect sensory neurons. (nih.gov)
The researchers found evidence that the microRNAs could nudge sensory neurons to reduce their normal gene activity and adopt genetic characteristics of a different class of nerves known as adrenergic neurons, which are usually rare in the oral cavity. (nih.gov)

G protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) belongs to the class A rhodopsin-type GPCR family and is highly expressed in various neurons. (nih.gov)
We investigated the role of human (h) SMN protein on cell death in PC12 and Rat-1 cells. (nih.gov)
Fig. 3: Assessment of SMN protein levels in iPSC motor neurons. (nature.com)
Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes. (wikipedia.org)
The complex, apart from the "proper" survival of motor neuron protein, includes at least six other proteins (gem-associated protein 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. (wikipedia.org)
We also found that overexpression of IKK2ca in either all neurons or pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons only, but not in Agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons only, resulted in lower functional indexes of the HPG axis and a lower epididymal sperm count. (nih.gov)
SMN is known to associate with the RNA-binding protein hnRNP-R, and together they are responsible for the transport and/or local translation of β-actin mRNA in the growth cones of motor neurons. (gene-tools.com)
HuD is a neuron-specific RNA-binding protein that interacts with mRNAs, including candidate plasticity-related gene 15 (cpg15). (gene-tools.com)
The SMN1 gene provides instructions for making the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. (medlineplus.gov)
This protein is one of a group of proteins called the SMN complex, which is important for the maintenance of specialized nerve cells called motor neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
However, it is unclear why these cells are particularly sensitive to a reduction in the amount of SMN protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Fipronil inhibited DNA and protein synthesis in undifferentiated PC12 cells and evoked oxidative stress to a greater extent than did chlorpyrifos, resulting in reduced cell numbers even though cell viability was maintained. (nih.gov)
The SMN2 gene provides instructions for making the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. (medlineplus.gov)
While the mechanism is not clear, it is apparent that increased SMN2 gene copy number leads to an increase in SMN protein production, which improves the function and survival of motor neurons and results in less severe disease. (medlineplus.gov)
We generated a nestin-CreER T2 /R26R-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mouse to inducibly label nestin-expressing stem cells and their progeny in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). (jneurosci.org)
Astrocytes exposed to 2, 3, and 4 h of OGD exhibited increased cell injury and apoptosis, and the protein levels of caspase-12, cleaved caspase-3, NLRP3 inflammasome components, and IL-1β were also significantly elevated. (medsci.org)
SMA is caused by mutations that lead to reduced levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, which is an important factor in mRNA splicing. (nih.gov)
The most common type of SMA is caused by a missing or mutated gene that is responsible for making a protein that nerve cells need to function normally-without this protein, the nerve cells die. (nih.gov)
One therapy counteracts the loss of a critical protein that supports motor nerve cell survival, allowing children with severe SMA to survive and acquire new motor skills. (nih.gov)
BDNF is a protein that helps neuron growth and "may help optimize cognition, learning and memory building. (metro.us)
Reduced expression of the Kinesin-Associated Protein 3 (KIFAP3) gene increases survival in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (umassmed.edu)
Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is essential for cell function and viability. (springer.com)
Thus, maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is essential for cell function and survival (Fig. 1 ). (springer.com)
Although the proteins involved in these diseases are different, they have in common the accumulation of pathological protein inclusions in neurons. (springer.com)
2015 ). With age, post-mitotic cells such as neurons lose extensive control of the proteostasis equilibrium, including deficits in protein degradation machineries (Vilchez et al. (springer.com)

While hSMN was ineffective in inhibiting apoptosis induced by ultraviolet light (UV) or etoposide treatment in proliferating PC12 or Rat-1 cells, a protective effect was observed in terminally NGF/dBcAMP-differentiated PC12 cells. (nih.gov)
hSMN inhibited the onset of apoptosis in NGF/dBcAMP-deprived or UV-treated co-differentiated PC12 cells by preventing cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation, indicating that its effects are through suppression of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. (nih.gov)
At low concentrations maintained for prolonged periods, fipronil had a biphasic effect on cell numbers, increasing them slightly at low concentrations, implying interference with apoptosis, while nevertheless reducing cell numbers at higher concentrations. (nih.gov)
21. Manganese porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP5+, Acts as a pro-oxidant to potentiate glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells. (nih.gov)
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) are pleiotropic cytokines implicated in control of cell growth, differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis. (rupress.org)
Interestingly, pretreatment with the caspase-12-specific inhibitor Z-ATAD-FMK attenuated cell injury and apoptosis and decreased the levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and cleaved caspase-3 in the OGD group. (medsci.org)
Experiments have shown that caspase-12 is responsible for further activation of caspase-3 and ERS-induced cell apoptosis in astrocytes following ischemic stroke [ 5 - 7 ]. (medsci.org)
TREX1-deficient neurons also exhibited increased apoptosis and formed three-dimensional cortical organoids of reduced size. (ca.gov)
Neural cell apoptosis serves a key role in spinal cord injury (SCI), which is a threat to human health. (spandidos-publications.com)
Neural cell apoptosis has a key role in secondary injury, which directly affects the recovery of white matter and neurological function ( 1 ) during spinal cord injury (SCI). (spandidos-publications.com)
Hence, the suppression of apoptosis can prevent or decrease secondary injury, thereby improving nerve function and preventing nerve cell loss ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In acute respiratory distress syndrome and colorectal cancer, Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis ( 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In vertebrate brain development, neurons are produced in excess, and surplus neurons are eliminated through apoptosis (cell death), adjusting innervation, targeting, and connectivity to target size. (sdbonline.org)
The UPS is the primary selective proteolytic system in mammalian cells, regulating numerous biological processes such as development, gene transcription, signal transduction, metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA repair and inflammation (Chen et al. (springer.com)

Infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN)1 gene. (nih.gov)
Survival motor neuron ( SMN ) 1 gene mutations cause SMA, and gene addition strategies to replace the faulty SMN1 copy are a therapeutic option. (nature.com)
The model system might involve specific defects generated by transgenic gene insertion and/or deletion, gene editing, chemical/physical means, and/or other approaches to emulate characteristics of human disease or create defects amenable to cell-replacement therapy. (nih.gov)
In the case of the human cells, the same three transcription factors plus the proneural gene NeuroD1 were added to convert fetal and postnatal human fibroblasts into neuronal cells. (medscape.com)
The evidence for the reprogramming was the fact that the derived neuronal cells had the expected form, structure and gene expression of neurons, and generated action potentials and synaptic contacts. (medscape.com)
To enhance the survival of newborn neurons in the brain, the team bred mice whose neural stem cells lacked a gene that causes programmed cell death. (nih.gov)
The project will combine leading expertise in Platinum Talen gene editing from a team led by Takashi Yamamoto, inherited retinal degeneration and advanced animal disease models from teams led by Fu and Takeshi Iwata, and regenerative cell therapy from a team led by Michiko Mandai. (nih.gov)
About 95 percent of individuals with spinal muscular atrophy have mutations that delete a piece of the SMN1 gene in both copies of the gene in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Typically, people have two copies of the SMN1 gene and one to two copies of the SMN2 gene in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition to revealing the dynamic contribution of nestin-expressing stem cells to adult neurogenesis, this work highlights the utility of the nestin-CreER T2 /R26R-YFP mouse for inducible gene ablation in stem cells and their progeny in vivo in the two major regions of adult neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
Our data provide unique insight into the importance of stem cells to neurogenesis in the SVZ and SGZ and underscore the utility of this mouse in gene deletion from stem cells and their progeny in the adult brain. (jneurosci.org)
The pedf gene is closely linked to an autosomal-dominant locus for retinitis pigmentosa, suggesting that PEDF could be a survival factor for photoreceptors. (nih.gov)
Researchers discovered that loss of the tumor-suppressing TP53 gene allows tumor cells to send genetic messages that transform nerves into cancer-promoting agents. (nih.gov)
If each parent in a couple carries a similar defective recessive gene for a disease, for example, it should be possible in the future to harvest the male spermatogenic stem cells, correct the gene in culture and implant the stem cells back into the male to produce normal sperm," Brinster said. (scienceblog.com)
The Penn researchers then used a GFP marker gene in the cultured stem cells to identify the cells before transplanting them back into infertile mice. (scienceblog.com)
A newer therapy introduces the missing gene into motor neurons using a virus to transfer it into cells. (nih.gov)
Characterization of gene which influences survival in sporadic ALS patients. (umassmed.edu)
Association of a Locus in the CAMTA1 Gene With Survival in Patients With Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. (umassmed.edu)
The Suzuki group has demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of ex vivo gene therapy (stem cell-based growth/trophic factor delivery) targeting the skeletal muscle to prevent degeneration of motor neurons and associated neuromuscular junctions during ALS. (wisc.edu)
Conditional, inducible gene silencing in dopamine neurons reveals a sex-specific role for Rit2 GTPase in acute cocaine response and striatal function. (umassmed.edu)
This is the first study to show that direct, chemical reprogramming can produce retinal-like cells, which gives us a new and faster strategy for developing therapies for age-related macular degeneration and other retinal disorders caused by the loss of photoreceptors," said Anand Swaroop, Ph.D., senior investigator in the NEI Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, which characterized the reprogrammed rod photoreceptor cells by gene expression analysis. (newswise.com)
The researchers performed gene expression profiling, which showed that the genes expressed by the new cells were similar to those expressed by real rod photoreceptors. (newswise.com)

Importantly, transfection of GABAergic neurons with DNA encoding VGLUT 1 [ 23 ] or VGLUT 2 [ 29 ] conferred the capacity to release both glutamate and GABA, confirming their role in glutamate loading of synaptic vesicles. (hindawi.com)
GABAergic neurons were predominantly lost after the brainstem stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
Co-overexpressions of BDNF and Dlx2 not only promoted the survival of NSCs, but also boosted the differentiation of NSCs into GABAergic neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings demonstrated that BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs differentiated into GABAergic neurons, integrated into and reconstituted the host neural networks, and alleviated the ischemic injury. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to the survival of NSCs, there was a more crucial question: the majority of lost neurons are GABAergic neurons in the brainstem stroke [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Overexpression of BDNF does not promote the directional differentiation of NSCs into GABAergic neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been hypothesized that co-overexpression of BDNF and Dlx2 promoted the survival and differentiation of NSCs into GABAergic neurons in brainstem stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we aimed to explore whether co-overexpression of Dlx2 with BDNF in the grafted NSCs could generate GABAergic neurons to restore the disrupted neural circuits in the brainstem stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
Chaturvedi R, Stork T, Yuan C, Freeman MR , Emery P. (2022) Astrocytic GABA transporter controls sleep by modulating GABAergic signaling in Drosophila circadian neurons. (ohsu.edu)
Septal parvalbumin-staining GABAergic neurons were not protected by this treatment, although they also express alpha7 nicotinic receptors, suggesting an indirect, nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated mechanism. (nih.gov)

The choice of cells for therapy might include adult stem cells, precursors, stem cell derived progenitor cells, or employ methods for converting endogenous cells such as glia into PRCs or RGCs. (nih.gov)
Reprogramming (converting cells from one type to another) is a technique that has been used for some time to erase the epigenetic marks of adult somatic cells to turn the cells back to an embryonic state. (medscape.com)
Seven teams converted human fibroblasts directly to neurons by reprogramming embryonic, postnatal and adult skin cells with a variety of canonical and novel transcription factors, and applying growth factors, miRNAs and small molecules. (medscape.com)
worked with human adult fibroblasts, converting them directly to neurons. (medscape.com)
Newborn neurons (light green blotches near orange areas) are visible in part of the hippocampus of an adult mouse. (nih.gov)
Scientists improved the cognitive ability of adult mice by boosting the survival of newborn neurons in the brain's memory hub. (nih.gov)
Until now, however, scientists had found it difficult to selectively increase the number of young neurons in an adult animal to test whether the opposite held true. (nih.gov)
Adult ablation of satellite glia results in impaired mTOR signaling, soma atrophy, reduced noradrenergic enzymes, and loss of sympathetic neurons. (nih.gov)
ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig disease, is the most common neurodegenerative disease of adult onset involving the motor neuron system. (medscape.com)
Stem cell isolation and expansion for peripheral nerve repair (PNR) can be achieved using a wide diversity of prenatal and adult tissues, such as bone marrow or brain tissues. (wjgnet.com)
Understanding the fate of adult-generated neurons and the mechanisms that influence them requires consistent labeling and tracking of large numbers of stem cells. (jneurosci.org)
Revealing an unexpected regional dissimilarity in adult neurogenesis, YFP+ cells accumulated up to 100 d after TAM in the OB, but in the SGZ, YFP+ cells reached a plateau 30 d after TAM. (jneurosci.org)
Finally, quantification of YFP+ cells in nestin-CreER T2 /R26R-YFP mice allowed us to estimate, for example, that stem cells and their progeny contribute to no more than 1% of the adult DG granule cell layer. (jneurosci.org)
In addition, it is unclear in the adult how many of these cells integrate into the existing neural network. (jneurosci.org)
Studies addressing these questions typically use thymidine analogs such as bromdeoxyuridine (BrdU) that target rapidly dividing cells or transgenic reporter mice that label discrete stages of adult neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
It is clear that questions of fate restriction and cellular contribution require a new approach to label and track large populations of stem cells and their progeny in the adult brain. (jneurosci.org)
and none have labeled the large pool of adult SGZ stem and progenitor cells. (jneurosci.org)
Here we report the first inducible nestin-CreER T2 mouse that can be used to label, track, and phenotype stem cells and their progeny in the adult SVZ and SGZ. (jneurosci.org)
Using this mouse, we explore whether adult-generated neurons are derived from the nestin lineage. (jneurosci.org)
In addition, we quantify the diverse composition of labeled cells over months following recombination, as well as estimate the total contribution of stem cells and their progeny to adult mice. (jneurosci.org)
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily produced by retinal pigment epithelial cells in the developing and adult retina. (nih.gov)
Spermatagonial stem cells and the hematopoietic stem cells that generate new blood cells are the only types of adult stem cells that can be positively identified using functional assays. (scienceblog.com)
Dicer expression is essential for adult midbrain dopaminergic neuron maintenance and survival. (umassmed.edu)
Experience Affects Recruitment of New Neurons But Not Adult Neuron Number Linda Wilbrecht, Alex Crionas, and Fernando Nottebohm Laboratory of Animal Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021 It is not known whether the addition of new neurons to the high vocal center (HVC) of juvenile zebra finches permits vocal learning or is the consequence of it. (edocr.com)
The adult number of HVC neurons was not affected by any of our surgical procedures. (edocr.com)
Apparently experi- ence does not affect the total number of neurons in adult HVC, but some kinds of experience can, during narrowly defined times, influence the recruitment of new HVC neurons. (edocr.com)
IPSCs are developed in a lab from adult cells -rather than fetal tissue- and can be used to make nearly any type of replacement cell or tissue. (newswise.com)

Fig. 2: Lentiviral vector-mediated hSMN1 and Co-hSMN1 expression in mouse primary cortical neurons and rat primary motor neurons. (nature.com)
The newly created tissue-like material has separate regions of grey and white matter and was seeded with rat primary cortical neurons. (medgadget.com)

Satellite glia are the major glial cells in sympathetic ganglia, enveloping neuronal cell bodies. (nih.gov)
Caffeine (10 mM) prevented neuronal cell loss in 96% of DA neurons, with a mean GFP intensity that is 40% higher than control (0.1% DMSO). (frontiersin.org)
We further demonstrate that either depleting SRSF1 or preventing its interaction with NXF1 specifically inhibits the nuclear export of pathological C9ORF72 transcripts, the production of dipeptide-repeat proteins and alleviates neurotoxicity in Drosophila , patient-derived neurons and neuronal cell models. (nature.com)
The general mechanism of IS is based on reduced blood supply to neuronal tissue, resulting in neuronal cell damage by various pathological reactions. (springer.com)
Ischemic stroke (IS), which constitutes more than 80% of strokes, generally results from reduced blood supply to cerebral tissue resulting in a number of pathological reactions such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal cell death [ 1 ]. (springer.com)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease particularly characterised by degeneration of ventral motor neurons. (nature.com)
We are interested in better understanding (1) the mechanisms activating DLK signaling, (2) how and where this pathway fits in with other pathways of organelle-specific stress, and (3) the factors influencing the final outcome for the cell, e.g. degeneration or survival. (nih.gov)
Ribonuclease 4 protects neuron degeneration by promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival under stress. (umassmed.edu)
Although most ALS research has focused on mechanisms of motor neuron cell death, degeneration is also observed in skeletal muscle, particularly at the neuromuscular connection. (wisc.edu)
The researchers transplanted the cells into mice with retinal degeneration and then tested their pupillary reflexes, which is a measure of photoreceptor function after transplantation. (newswise.com)

GDNF, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, was originally identified as a survival factor for neurons in the brain. (scienceblog.com)
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promote survival of motor neurons and their neuromuscular junctions in neuromuscular disorders, such as ALS. (wisc.edu)

However, the full complement of SMN-interacting proteins in neurons remains unknown. (gene-tools.com)
The researchers predict that these variants may result in dysfunctional proteins that could impair neuron survival and brain function. (nih.gov)
In cells, the SMN complex plays an important role in processing molecules called messenger RNA (mRNA), which serve as genetic blueprints for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
A lack of mature mRNA, and subsequently the proteins needed for normal cell functioning, has damaging effects on motor neuron development and survival. (medlineplus.gov)
This group of neurotoxic proteins produces insoluble clumps that accumulate in nerve cells, disrupting the cell's normal function. (apdaparkinson.org)
Delineating the mechanisms of survival pathways that exist in neurons will provide important insight into how neurons utilize intracellular proteins as neuroprotectants against the causes of acute neurodegeneration. (eurekamag.com)
Thus, crosstalk between these very different receptors provides a rapid means of neuronal communication to upregulate survival proteins through release and transcriptional activation of messenger RNA. (eurekamag.com)
The proteome of a mammalian cell contains thousands of distinct proteins (Jayaraj et al. (springer.com)
2020 ). The intracellular levels of individual proteins are adjusted to the particular needs and status of every single cell in the organism (Jayaraj et al. (springer.com)

In 2006, scientists from the Yamanaka laboratory reported the ability to reprogram mouse fibroblast cells to a pluripotent state using four transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc). (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] Since then, the successful reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has also been achieved with other and fewer transcription factors. (medscape.com)
In the last few years, an advance has been the conversion of somatic cells not just to pluripotent cells, but directly to other cell lineages, such as cardiomyocytes and neurons, bypassing the intermediate step of pluripotency. (medscape.com)
Introducing and forcing the expression of certain transcription factors influences pluripotent cells to become different kinds of downstream cell types. (medscape.com)
Jason Meyer and colleagues are using an established glaucoma model from the laboratory of Brad Fortune for testing manipulations to improve the long-term survival of transplanted RGCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells from the Meyer lab. (nih.gov)
Using pluripotent stem cells, we create the first human model of AGS. (ca.gov)
Here we generated a human AGS model that recapitulates disease-relevant phenotypes using pluripotent stem cells lacking TREX1. (ca.gov)
A recent study posted on the bioRxiv* preprint server documents the effectiveness of multiple senolytic interventions in removing senescent cells in physiologically aged human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids. (news-medical.net)
ALS patient induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were collected for RNA sequencing after 14 days of terminal differentiation. (wisc.edu)
To study common disease mechanisms in ALS skeletal muscle, we performed RNA sequencing of skeletal myocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from familial ALS (with C9ORF72, SOD1, or TARDBP mutations) and sporadic ALS patients. (wisc.edu)
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) present exciting opportunities to study disease processes in vitro. (wisc.edu)
Human induced-pluripotent stem cells are a promising resource for propagation of myogenic progenitors. (wisc.edu)
Our group recently reported a unique protocol for the derivation of myogenic progenitors directly (without genetic modification) from human pluripotent cells using free-floating spherical culture. (wisc.edu)
To facilitate the discovery of drugs that will be effective in humans, researchers supported by the Common Fund's Regenerative Medicine Program made use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which are cells that can become almost any type of human cell. (nih.gov)
The combination of Chroman 1, Emricasan, Polyamines, Trans-ISRIB (CEPT), is a new resource that can help bring induced pluripotent stem cell technology closer to clinical applications. (nih.gov)
In stem cell research, especially induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology, small-molecule cocktails can be critical to improve cell survival. (nih.gov)
Scientists have studied induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with intense interest over the past decade. (newswise.com)

Copy number variations in the survival motor neuron genes: Implications for spinal muscular atrophy and other neurodegenerative diseases. (nature.com)
It has become increasingly clear from studies using conditional expression of disease-associated genes in neurons versus glial cell types that most neurodegenerative diseases result from a combination of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous factors. (nih.gov)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a uniformly lethal, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder with a typical survival of 2 to 5 years. (umassmed.edu)

SMN deficiency, primarily due to mutations in SMN1, results in widespread splicing defects, especially in spinal motor neurons, and is one cause of spinal muscular atrophy. (wikipedia.org)
The loss of motor neurons leads to the signs and symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy. (medlineplus.gov)

Many of the variants appeared in genes known to play a central role in the lives of neurons. (nih.gov)
According to the researchers, this development will have profound consequences for future fertility therapies and provide a source of stem cells that will make it possible to modify genes from males before they are passed to the next generation. (scienceblog.com)
In any given neuron, intrinsic expression of specific genes controls many morphological aspects, including the orientation of the dendrite in the cortex, the general abundance of dendritic branching, and the timing of growth onset ( Puram and Bonni, 2013 ). (biorxiv.org)
At the same time, genes relevant to skin cell function had been downregulated. (newswise.com)

To address these questions, we use a combination of techniques including mouse genetics and the generation of transgenic mice using CRISPR/Cas9-assisted knock-in, wide scale imaging of cleared whole brain tissue, in vivo studies in mouse models of disease, next generation sequencing techniques including single-cell analysis, as well as in vitro studies in iPSC-derived human neurons. (nih.gov)

2009) BDNF-hypersecreting human mesenchymal stem cells promote functional recovery, axonal sprouting, and protection of corticospinal neurons after spinal cord injury. (scirp.org)

For example in ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), certain motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord that control our muscles are lost, leading to paralysis, whereas in Parkinson's disease it is dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra that are critical for movement initiation. (nih.gov)

The NIH Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® (BRAIN) Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) has unveiled an atlas of cell types and an anatomical neuronal wiring diagram for the mammalian primary motor cortex, derived from detailed studies of mice, monkeys, and humans. (nih.gov)
Fig. 7: ATM and pATM in wild-type and SMA type I fibroblasts and SMA type I iPSC-derived motor neurons. (nature.com)
We show that SMN and HuD form a complex in spinal motor axons, and that both interact with cpg15 mRNA in neurons. (gene-tools.com)
The patient's symptoms vary, depending on which set of motor neurons is involved. (medscape.com)
Motor neurons transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord that tell skeletal muscles to tense (contract), which allows the body to move. (medlineplus.gov)
This condition is characterized by a loss of motor neurons that leads to weakness and wasting (atrophy) in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles) that worsens with age. (medlineplus.gov)
A drug typically used to treat enlarged prostates and high blood pressure has shown promise as a potential new therapy for motor neuron disease (MND) -- also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) -- according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
MND is a group of rare diseases that destroy nerve cells known as motor neurons, causing patients to slowly lose function of their muscles. (sciencedaily.com)
It is still unclear why motor neurons die, but experts know that a decrease in their energy production takes place at an early stage of the disease. (sciencedaily.com)
Motor neurons need to produce energy to carry the brain's instructions to the muscles. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers from the University of Edinburgh, working with partners at the University of Oxford, targeted the energy production of motor neurons as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating MND. (sciencedaily.com)
Using terazosin, which has previously been shown to be effective at increasing energy production in models of stroke and Parkinson's disease, the team wanted to determine if this drug could also protect motor neurons from MND. (sciencedaily.com)
Zebrafish models of MND showed that either genetically increasing the amount of PGK1 in the zebrafish or treating them with terazosin to increase PGK1's activity improved the growth of motor neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
Terazosin also protected motor neurons in a mouse model of MND, improving survival and delaying the progression of paralysis. (sciencedaily.com)
The team also grew motor neurons in a dish and demonstrated that terazosin protects these cells by increasing energy levels. (sciencedaily.com)
Research at the University of Edinburgh was carried by a team at the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease, which was established by Euan MacDonald and his father Donald to improve the lives of people with MND. (sciencedaily.com)
Dr Helena Chaytow, senior postdoctoral researcher at University of Edinburgh's Euan MacDonald Centre and first author of the study, said: "Our work shows that terazosin is protective of motor neuron cell death in multiple models of MND, making it an exciting new potential therapy. (sciencedaily.com)
Professor Tom Gillingwater, Professor of Anatomy at University of Edinburgh's Euan MacDonald Centre and study co-lead, said: "We are excited about the potential for terazosin to impact on the breakdown of motor neurons in MND. (sciencedaily.com)
Professor Kevin Talbot, Professor of Motor Neuron Biology at the University of Oxford and study co-lead, said: "We urgently need to accelerate the way drugs are developed from laboratory models into trials in patients. (sciencedaily.com)
After testing in a range of models, the results of this study show us that terazosin, a drug currently used to treat enlarged prostates and high blood pressure, may be able to protect motor neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
This intervention suppresses cell death of patient-derived motor neuron and astrocytic-mediated neurotoxicity in co-culture assays. (nature.com)
It is characterized by weakness of the extremity and respiratory muscles due to motor neuron loss. (nih.gov)
Motor neurons may be particularly vulnerable to SMN deficiency because of their unusual structure and function. (nih.gov)
Nissl staining demonstrated that Sal B enhanced motor neuron survival and decreased lesion size after SCI. (spandidos-publications.com)

Here, we show that satellite glia are critical for metabolism, survival, and activity of sympathetic neurons and modulate autonomic behaviors in mice. (nih.gov)
However, persisting neurons have elevated activity, and satellite glia-ablated mice show increased pupil dilation and heart rate, indicative of enhanced sympathetic tone. (nih.gov)
Glial cells evolved to enhance neuronal physiology, and it is now clear that glia perform a remarkably diverse array of functions that are essential for normal neural circuit assembly, function, plasticity and maintenance. (ohsu.edu)
In short, almost everything that neurons do in the nervous system depends on extensive cell-cell signaling between neurons and glia. (ohsu.edu)
Our goal is to achieve a deep mechanistic understanding of glial cell biology and neuron-glia signaling in the healthy and diseased nervous system. (ohsu.edu)
Hsu JM, Kang Y, Corty MM, Mathieson D, Peters OM, Freeman MR . (2021) Injury-induced inhibition of bystander neurons requires dSarm and signaling from glia. (ohsu.edu)

More indirect approaches, like the identification of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) located at the cell membrane, both of neurons and astrocytes, and critical for the removal of glutamate released at the synaptic cleft, also emerged [ 18 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
In this study, we demonstrated the presence of the NLRP3 inflammasome in primary mouse astrocytes and investigated the role of caspase-12 in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell injury in an in vitro astrocyte oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. (medsci.org)
In conclusion, Z-ATAD-FMK protected astrocytes against OGD-induced cell death and inhibited NLPR3-inflammasome activation. (medsci.org)
Astrocytes, as major glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in maintaining normal neuronal function, including regulation of cerebral blood flow, extracellular fluid, ion homeostasis, ion transportation, energy supply, synaptic function, and synaptic remodeling [ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
On the other hand, astrocytes derived from the same donor cells survived, but displayed a clear inflammatory reactivity response by releasing interferon. (ca.gov)
We showed that the interferon response from astrocytes was affecting neuronal survival. (ca.gov)
To prove that astrocytes were recognizing L1s as intruders, we treated these cells with HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. (ca.gov)

These cells are located in the spinal cord and the part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord (the brainstem). (medlineplus.gov)

It is also expected that quantitative measures will be used to evaluate survival and integration of the regenerated cells using electrophysiology, functional imaging, behavioral measures or any other appropriate technology that would demonstrate circuit integration and restoration of visual function. (nih.gov)
In the case of the mouse fibroblasts, three transcription factors (Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l) were applied to convert them into functional neurons. (medscape.com)
Moreover, we showed that CAP- vs. FA-exposed mice deficient of IKK2 in POMC neurons had a comparable expression of hypothalamic inflammatory markers, comparable functional indexes of the HPG axis, and a comparable epididymal sperm count. (nih.gov)
Juliette McGregor has assembled a multidisciplinary team of researchers to evaluate the survival and functional integration of transplanted photoreceptors. (nih.gov)
Ben Sivyer and Yvonne Ou will help the team assess the functional and anatomical integration of donor ganglion cells in the glaucoma model. (nih.gov)
The neurons formed functional networks throughout the scaffold pores (dark areas). (medgadget.com)
Results from transsynaptic virus tracking, immunostaining, and evidence from whole-cell patch clamping revealed the morphological and functional integration of the grafted BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs-derived neurons with the host neural circuits. (biomedcentral.com)
How they emerge simultaneously during brain development as neurons become integrated into functional networks is still not mechanistically understood. (biorxiv.org)
By contrast, the direct reprogramming described in the current study coaxed skin cells into functional photoreceptors ready for transplantation in only 10 days. (newswise.com)

Taken together, we show that caffeine protects DA neurons from dopamine-induced neurodegeneration and acts by modulating adenosine receptor-DOP2R interactions in C. elegans . (frontiersin.org)
35. Pterostilbene protects against uraemia serum-induced endothelial cell damage via activation of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. (nih.gov)
Because NMDA protects neurons in physiologic concentrations of glucose and oxygen, we refer to this phenomenon as physiologic preconditioning. (eurekamag.com)
While activation of alpha7 nicotinic receptors protects neurons from a variety of apoptotic insults in vitro, little is known about this neuroprotective action in vivo, especially under amyloidogenic conditions that mimic Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)

YFP+ neurospheres could be generated in vitro after recombination in vivo , and maturing YFP+ progeny were increasingly evident in the olfactory bulb (OB) and dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell layer. (jneurosci.org)
In vitro, it induces neuronal differentiation of retinoblastoma cells and promotes survival of cerebellar granule neurons. (nih.gov)
We have employed cultured rat cerebellar granule cells as a model for determining the mechanisms of these intraneuronal survival pathways. (eurekamag.com)

Twelve people with persistent neurological symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection were intensely studied at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and were found to have differences in their immune cell profiles and autonomic dysfunction. (nih.gov)
This will be followed by a succinct description of the current knowledge on the expression of VGLUTs in peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons and neurons in the spinal cord. (hindawi.com)

Primary cultured neurons from the retina showed that GPR3 expression was correlated with neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. (nih.gov)
The NEI, a part of the National Institutes of Health, has awarded $3.7 million per year for five years to three projects that aim to develop models that can gauge the survival and integration of regenerated cells, including light-sensing photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which carry visual signals from the retina to the brain. (nih.gov)
These diseases attack and destroy cells of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye. (nih.gov)
The NEI launched the AGI in 2013 to develop therapies that replace lost or damaged cells of the retina and thereby preserve or even restore vision. (nih.gov)
After characterizing the anatomical changes in both ablation models, they will evaluate their ability to incorporate stem cell-derived replacement retina in host animals. (nih.gov)
To enhance RGC transplant survival and integration, they will modify the immune interactions of donor and host tissue, modify the cellular age of host retina, and enhance neural connectivity of donor ganglion cells into host retinal circuitry. (nih.gov)
In the new study, scientists show that it is possible to skip the stem-cell intermediary step and directly reprogram skins cells into photoreceptors for transplantation into the retina. (newswise.com)
Our technique goes directly from skin cell to photoreceptor without the need for stem cells in between," said the study's lead investigator, Sai Chavala, M.D., CEO and president of CIRC Therapeutics and the Center for Retina Innovation. (newswise.com)
Three months after transplantation, immunofluorescence studies confirmed the survival of the lab-made photoreceptors, as well as their synaptic connections to neurons in the inner retina. (newswise.com)

The three support factors employed were related to neuronal survival: BDNF, NT3 and GCM. (medscape.com)
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) represent the primary neurotrophins in the inner ear during development and throughout adulthood, and have demonstrated potential for SGN survival and neurite outgrowth. (frontiersin.org)
Postnatally, BDNF and NT-3 are mainly expressed in supporting cells and hair cells and interact with their respective tropomyosin receptor kinase receptors (Trks), TrkB for BDNF, and TrkC for NT-3, which are expressed by SGNs. (frontiersin.org)
Transsynaptic viral tracking, immunostaining, magnetic resonance imaging, behavioral testing, and whole-cell patch clamp recordings were applied to probe the pathophysiology and therapeutic prospects of BDNF- and Dlx2-modified NSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), widely expressed in the nervous system, can promote the survival of neurons [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Ketones act directly on the nerve cells to stimulate production of BDNF," he says. (metro.us)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a crucial role in learning and memory by promoting neuronal survival and modulating synaptic connectivity. (sdbonline.org)
Likewise, in SH-SY5Y cell culture, BDNF pro-domain is toxic only in the presence of Aβ1-42. (sdbonline.org)
This protocol changed the count/total number of circulating immune cells in both groups (UTG and TG) and also increased the level of plasmatic apelin, BDNF, and FLTS1 only in TG and FABP3 myokines in both groups. (hindawi.com)

The SMN complex is also important for the development of specialized outgrowths from nerve cells called dendrites and axons. (medlineplus.gov)
Dendrites and axons are required for the transmission of impulses between neurons and from neurons to muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
Rat neurons attached to the scaffold (donut ring) and also sent axons (labeled with green fluorescence) through the collagen gel-filled center. (medgadget.com)
This is because a gel simply does not have the complexity that resembles brain tissue, including disparate regions of grey and white matter which contains neurons and axons, respectively. (medgadget.com)
The researchers are hoping that among other uses of this engineered tissue will be studying how brain damage affects neurons, axons, and the intersection between grey and white matter. (medgadget.com)
Corty MM, Hulegaard AL, Hill JQ, Sheehan AE, Aicher SA, Freeman MR. (2022) Discoidin domain receptor regulates ensheathment, survival and caliber of peripheral axons. (ohsu.edu)

These results suggest that GPR3 expression in RGCs helps maintain neuronal survival and accelerates axonal regeneration after ONC in mice. (nih.gov)
[ 5 ] The team used reprogramming, first generating neuronal cells from mice fibroblasts and then from human fetal and perinatal fibroblasts. (medscape.com)
kinase 2 (IKK2) was conditionally knocked out either in all neurons or subtypes of hypothalamic neurons of mice. (nih.gov)
In contrast, all these measurements for CAP- vs. FA-exposed mice deficient of IKK2 in all neurons were comparable. (nih.gov)
Survival analysis and TBEV burden in peripheral organs of Torö-2003-infected and HB171/11-infected C57BL/6 mice. (cdc.gov)
After being kept in culture for three months, the stem cells restored sperm production, and therefore fertility, in infertile mice. (scienceblog.com)
In vivo models of neuropathology and animal studies using physiologically aged mice have revealed that senescent cells promote cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. (news-medical.net)
The mice were also more alert during their fasting diets - and Mattson thinks it might be a survival mechanism. (metro.us)
In FFX-lesioned mice, twice per day i.p. injections of 1 mg/kg of 4OH-GTS-21 for 2 weeks promoted the survival and prevented the atrophy of septal cholinergic neurons. (nih.gov)
No protection of cholinergic neurons was observed in similarly treated PS1 or APP/PS1 transgenic mice. (nih.gov)
The lab-made rods enabled blind mice to detect light after the cells were transplanted into the animals' eyes. (newswise.com)

LRRK2 plays several roles in the cell and mutations that increase its enzymatic activity are thought to cause neurodegeneration. (apdaparkinson.org)

Here we show that SMN deficiency reduces cpg15 mRNA levels in neurons, and, more importantly, cpg15 overexpression partially rescues the SMN-deficiency phenotype in zebrafish. (gene-tools.com)

The morphology of dendrites determines the location of synaptic contacts with other neurons and thereby constrains single-neuron computations. (biorxiv.org)

Hen's previous work had shown that the effects of current antidepressant medications depended on the birth of new neurons, or neurogenesis, in the memory regions of the brain. (nih.gov)

Nerve cells send two separate memos. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Spherical compartments called extracellular vesicles deliver microRNAs to targeted nerve cells, where they can genetically alter cell growth, identity, and other functions. (nih.gov)
One mechanism that has been proposed to contribute to these symptoms include the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect multiple types of nerve cells and cause considerable structural changes in the brains of the patients. (news-medical.net)
SMA refers to a group of diseases that damage special nerve cells in the brain stem and spinal cord, which leads to problems controlling movements, breathing, and swallowing. (nih.gov)
Dr. Ilyas Singeç and colleagues developed a method (link is external) to generate nerve cells from hPSCs that initiate the sensation of pain. (nih.gov)
The nerve cells developed through this process have cellular features similar to nerve cells found in the human body and displayed biomarkers that are useful for drug development. (nih.gov)
The new method also allows for the production of large quantities of the nerve cells. (nih.gov)

Likewise, the ability to culture spermatogonial stem cells indefinitely allows for the possibility to create sperm in vitro, that is, without implanting the stem cells in a recipient male. (scienceblog.com)

converted human embryonic fibroblasts directly into neurons. (medscape.com)
It may also be possible to convert spermatogonial stem cells to totipotent cells, capable of becoming almost any other cell type and similar to embryonic stem cells. (scienceblog.com)
To this end, eight-month-old human brain organoids (BOs) were generated from embryonic stem cells . (news-medical.net)

Comparative developmental neurotoxicity modeled in PC12 cells. (nih.gov)
We compared the neurotoxicity of fipronil and chlorpyrifos in undifferentiated and differentiating neuronotypic PC12 cells, evaluating indices of cell replication, cell number, differentiation, and viability for short- and long-term exposures. (nih.gov)
In this model, reverse-transcriptase inhibitors rescued the neurotoxicity of AGS neurons and organoids, highlighting their potential utility in therapeutic regimens for AGS and related disorders. (ca.gov)

A team of researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital used advanced DNA sequencing technologies to analyze neurons from postmortem brain tissue donated by people with Alzheimer's and others of the same age without the disease. (nih.gov)
The splicing of the first intron of C9ORF72 does not appear to be affected by the presence of the hexanucleotide repeat expansions as the proportion of unspliced transcripts measured by the exon1-intron1 junction remains similar in control and patient-derived neurons or post-mortem brain tissues 27 . (nature.com)
Neurons of the brain are notoriously difficult to study in a laboratory environment because neurons grow and connect to other neurons in a complex 3D environment. (medgadget.com)
Scientists at the Tissue Engineering Resource Center at Tufts University have developed a new material that in many ways replicates how the brain functions, allowing them to study neurons up close for extended periods of time. (medgadget.com)
In our brain, there are millions of neurons, scientists calculate that we have about 80 million when we are born. (cognifit.com)
This process allows for the birth of new brain cells through a person's life. (cognifit.com)
These actions, like drinking, smoking, not eating or sleeping well, or stress causes these brain cells to deteriorate more rapidly. (cognifit.com)
Here you will see a few reasons why it is necessary to keep your brain cells active. (cognifit.com)
Active brain cells receive more blood. (cognifit.com)
As you activate your brain, blood runs to the working brain cells. (cognifit.com)
Nevertheless, the role of senescent cells in COVID-19 pathology, particularly related to human tissue brain aging and in the central nervous system (CNS), remains unclear. (news-medical.net)
Moreover, vascular neural networks, especially brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), are also prone to reperfusion damage. (springer.com)

The Wnt family are a class of glycoproteins that are widely involved in neural development, axonal guidance, cell proliferation and neural cell survival ( 5 , 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

There has therefore been intense interest in the use of neurotrophic factors in the inner ear to promote both survival of SGNs and re-wiring of sensory hair cells by surviving SGNs. (frontiersin.org)

The efficient utilization of these two receptors confers remarkable resistance against millimolar concentrations of glutamate that kill more than eighty percent of the neurons in the absence of preconditioning the neurons with a subtoxic concentration of NMDA. (eurekamag.com)
Exactly how the neurons mediate neuroprotection by activation of both receptors is just beginning to be understood. (eurekamag.com)
Both NMDA and TrkB receptors activate nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), a transcription factor known to be involved in protecting neurons against many different kinds of toxic insults. (eurekamag.com)
By converging on survival transcription factors, such as NF-kappaB, NMDA and TrkB receptors protect neurons. (eurekamag.com)

Differentiation also enhanced the susceptibility to fipronil-induced oxidative stress, although antioxidant administration failed to provide protection from cell loss. (nih.gov)
They also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elaborations, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and long-term potentiation (LTP, the basis of memory and learning). (sdbonline.org)

Researchers have identified two types of cells in our brains that are involved in organizing discrete memories based on when they occurred. (nih.gov)
The development of these models, tools, devices, novel therapies and/or other resources is expected to provide a resource to vision researchers developing cell-replacement therapies for visual system diseases and disorders. (nih.gov)
The researchers discovered that, on average, neurons found in the brains of people who died with Alzheimer's had more variants than neurons from individuals of the same age who did not have the disease. (nih.gov)
Researchers have identified the growth factors essential to allow spermatogonial stem cells - the continually self-renewing cells that produce sperm - to exist in culture indefinitely. (scienceblog.com)
A team of researchers at SCTL, led by Dr. Ilyas Singeҫ, tested more than 15,000 U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and compounds that led to identification of small-molecule cocktails that would protect iPSCs from cellular stress and improve cell survival. (nih.gov)
Newswise - Researchers have discovered a technique for directly reprogramming skin cells into light-sensing rod photoreceptors used for vision. (newswise.com)
Up until now, researchers have replaced dying photoreceptors in animal models by creating stem cells from skin or blood cells, programming those stem cells to become photoreceptors, which are then transplanted into the back of the eye. (newswise.com)
The researchers demonstrated their technique in mouse eyes, using both mouse- and human-derived skin cells. (newswise.com)

Mol Cell Neurosci. (umassmed.edu)
Front Cell Neurosci. (umassmed.edu)

Through our efforts, we have identified KIFAP3, a kinesin II complex member responsible for fast anterograde axonal transport, as a modifier of survival in sporadic ALS. (umassmed.edu)

The ability to obtain stem cells for cell-based therapy (CBT) is limited due to donor site morbidity and the invasive nature of the harvesting process. (wjgnet.com)
Modeling of TREX1-Dependent Autoimmune Disease using Human Stem Cells Highlights L1 Accumulation as a Source of Neuroinflammation. (ca.gov)
Due to the limited spontaneous recovery and regeneration of the disrupted neural circuits, transplantation of exogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) was an alternative, while there were limitations for primitive NSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
We've demonstrated that a central signaling process allows spermatagonial stem cells to continually renew themselves, essentially becoming immortal," said Ralph L. Brinster, a professor of reproductive physiology at Penn. (scienceblog.com)
Whereas the female germ cell, the egg, stops dividing before birth, the spermatogonial stem cells continue to divide throughout life. (scienceblog.com)
According to Brinster, it is possible to modify the male germ line between generations by manipulating the spermatogonial stem cells in culture. (scienceblog.com)
GDNF was also found to be excreted by the Sertoli cells that surround and support the spermatogonial stem cells in the testes. (scienceblog.com)
Once added to the culture, GDNF caused the stem cells to form dense clusters and proliferate continuously. (scienceblog.com)
The identification of the exogenous factors that allow these stem cells to proliferate in culture establishes the foundation to study the basic biology of spermatogonial stem cells," Kubota said. (scienceblog.com)
The goal of the Regenerative Medicine Program was to produce resources to accelerate stem cell-based therapies. (nih.gov)
Stem Cell Reports. (nih.gov)
When you hear "small cocktail," stem cell research may be the furthest thing from your mind. (nih.gov)
iPSCs are a special type of stem cell derived from skin or blood cells that have been reprogrammed into a stem cell-like state where they can become any cell type in the body. (nih.gov)
To address technical challenges that impede the use of iPSC technology for clinical applications, NIH launched the Stem Cell Translation Laboratory (SCTL) , part of the NIH Common Fund's Regenerative Medicine Program and housed within the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). (nih.gov)

Neurons in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease accumulate more DNA changes, called somatic variants, and these changes differ from those found in individuals without the disease. (nih.gov)
The findings from this NIA-funded study, published in Nature , suggest a link between genomic damage to neurons and the development of pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's. (nih.gov)
This study provides a detailed look at the DNA changes in individual neurons affected by Alzheimer's and insight into the processes contributing to these changes. (nih.gov)

Before focusing on the presence and role of vesicular glutamate transporters in neurons in the periphery and the spinal cord, it is important to begin with some historical facts on how it was that glutamatergic neurons were identified in the nervous system. (hindawi.com)
Several decades of research established that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) [ 1 ] and PNS, including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord neurons [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
We aim to study intercellular communication between cells of the central nervous system during disease pathogenesis, and how these cell-cell interactions influence disease progression and spreading. (nih.gov)

Neurons treated with TGF-β1 activated the canonical TGF-β receptor I/activin-like kinase receptor 5 (ALK5) pathway. (rupress.org)
ALK1 has been described as an alternative TGF-β receptor in endothelial cells. (rupress.org)
Our data suggest that TGF-β1 simultaneously activates two distinct receptor pathways in neurons and that the ALK1 pathway mediates TGF-β1-induced NF-κB survival signaling. (rupress.org)
1Aa is a small molecule analogue of NT-3 that has been shown to activate cells through TrkC, the NT-3 receptor, although its activity on SGNs has not previously been described. (frontiersin.org)
Glutamate has long been known to kill neurons by an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated mechanism. (eurekamag.com)

The substantiation for having created neurons was that the generated cells displayed neuronal morphology, and expressed expected neuronal markers, including Tuj1, MAP2, Tau1, NeuN, NCAM and Neurofilament-160 kd. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] Confirmation for having obtained neurons was the expected physical morphology, neuronal marker expression (e.g. (medscape.com)

Direct reprogramming involves bathing the skin cells in a cocktail of five small molecule compounds that together chemically mediate the molecular pathways relevant for rod photoreceptor cell fate. (newswise.com)

Furthermore, to test whether hypothalamic inflammation is sufficient to decrease sperm production, we overexpressed constitutively active IKK2 (IKK2ca) either in all neurons or subtypes of hypothalamic neurons and assessed hypothalamic inflammation, the HPG axis, and sperm production of these overexpression mouse models. (nih.gov)

However, the development of iPSC-based therapy can be difficult, partly due to cell-culture induced stress that affects the quality of cells. (nih.gov)

Anatomy65

Organisms13

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs69

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care12

Death of motor neurons3

Sensory neurons6

Protein25

Apoptosis14

Gene22

GABAergic10

Adult27

Primary cortical neurons2

Neuronal cell5

Degeneration5

Glial cell l2

Proteins9

Pluripotent17

Neurodegenerative3

Spinal muscula2

Genes4

Human Neurons1

Corticospinal neurons1

Dopaminergic neurons1

Motor24

Glia6

Astrocytes7

Brainstem1

Functional9

Protects4

Granule3

Autonomic2

Retina9

BDNF9

Axons6

Mice11

Mutations1

MRNA1

Synaptic contacts1

Neurogenesis1

Nerve7

Vitro1

Embryonic3

Neurotoxicity3

Brain12

Neural cell survival1

Neurotrophic factors1

Receptors4

Differentiation2

Researchers8

Neurosci2

Axonal transport1

Stem14

Alzheimer's3

Nervous system3

Receptor5

Morphology2

Pathways1

Overexpression1

IPSC1