Neurological spinal cord. Medical search. Frequent questions

and Brooks Gross, Ph.D., program director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), are available to discuss the study findings. (nih.gov)
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Eye Institute, National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (nih.gov)
Atta-ur- Rahman , " Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders ", Bentham Science Publishers (2017). (eurekaselect.com)
Neurological disorders affect the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord (the central nervous system) as well as the network of nerves that runs throughout the human body (the peripheral nervous system). (psychguides.com)
Neurological disorders involve some form of damage or degeneration of the nervous system, while psychiatric illnesses affect mood, memory, and behavior (2). (psychguides.com)
Epilepsy is a set of chronic neurological disorders that are characterized by seizures. (psychguides.com)
Neurological disorders are doubtless among the most frightening illnesses that human beings face. (psychguides.com)
We serve people presented with spinal cord injury or neurological injury and disorders. (guidestar.org)
Continuous electrical spinal cord stimulation (ESCS) can improve motor control after various neurological disorders. (europa.eu)
Neurological disorders arising from injuries to the central nerve system may compromise the nutritional status depending on the affected area, having sometimes a detrimental effect on the physical and cognitive capacities required for a proper nutrition. (bvsalud.org)
History of ischemic or hemorrhagic disorders of the brain or the spinal cord. (who.int)

The proposed studies are innovative in that they shift the focus of spinal cord rehabilitation onto the circuit mechanisms of cortical network plasticity and will have far- reaching importance in translating treatments for both acute and chronic injuries to motor networks. (cornell.edu)
Research translates into improvements in patient care in medical, musculoskeletal and neurological rehabilitation options. (mayo.edu)
Basic science researchers work with clinical partners in medical, musculoskeletal and neurological rehabilitation areas to achieve these goals. (mayo.edu)
Contact the Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center about its research on medical, musculoskeletal and neurological rehabilitation or to make a tax-deductible donation. (mayo.edu)
The goal of neurological rehabilitation is to maximize your independent functioning within the community and address your specific needs and concerns. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)
He says Edgerton "spawned an entire cottage industry of rehabilitation and I would say it's one of the most promising treatments for spinal cord injury in our time. (latimes.com)
Context Recovery of seated balance is a rehabilitation priority for people with motor-complete spinal cord injury (mcSCI). (researchgate.net)
Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation puts most families in crushing debt. (brainandspinalcord.org)
About half the patients in rehabilitation have chronic neurologic disease, including stroke, brain dysfunction, spinal cord dysfunction, debility, and other neurologic conditions, such as multiple sclerosis. (medscape.com)

A new spinal cord implant helped stroke patients regain movement in their arms and hands. (nih.gov)
In a small study, researchers used a device that stimulates the spinal cord to restore arm and hand mobility in two stroke patients, allowing them to perform daily life activities, such as using a fork to eat a meal. (nih.gov)
Epidural stimulation of the cervical spinal cord for post-stroke upper-limb paresis. (nih.gov)
Spinal stroke - a disease that violates the circulation in the spinal cord. (vsebolezni.com)
Treatment of individuals who have neurological impairments such as traumatic brain injury or stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and Parkinson's disease. (bvsalud.org)

Intramedullary spinal cord tumors, both primary CNS and metastatic (especially renal cell carcinoma), can also bleed and lead to hematomyelia. (medscape.com)
There are many types of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors . (vicc.org)
The tumors are formed by the abnormal growth of cells and may begin in different areas of the brain or spinal cord . (vicc.org)
This summary is about primary benign and malignant brain and spinal cord tumors. (vicc.org)
Brain and spinal cord tumors are a common type of childhood cancer. (vicc.org)
Although cancer is rare in children, brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common type of childhood cancer , after leukemia . (vicc.org)
Metastatic tumors are formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain or spinal cord. (vicc.org)
Treatment of metastatic brain and spinal cord tumors is not covered in this summary. (vicc.org)
The cause of most childhood brain and spinal cord tumors is unknown. (vicc.org)
The signs and symptoms of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are not the same in every child. (vicc.org)
Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood brain and spinal cord tumors or by other conditions . (vicc.org)
In addition to these signs and symptoms of brain and spinal cord tumors, some children are unable to reach certain growth and development milestones such as sitting up, walking, and talking in sentences. (vicc.org)

Spinal cord hemorrhage can be divided based on etiology, into two types: (1) traumatic and (2) non-traumatic. (medscape.com)
The most common cause of spinal cord hemorrhage is traumatic injury. (medscape.com)
We have developed an original model of post-traumatic spinal cord glial scarring in rats through cryoapplication. (frontiersin.org)
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the leading causes of disability, associated with the inevitable formation of a glial scar in the post-traumatic period, which impedes the regenerative axonal growth through the lesion ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Inclusion criteria were acute traumatic or non-traumatic event and T1-L1 neurological level. (nature.com)
B.R.A.I.N.S. Program of the Barrow Neurological Institute at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center is comprehensive multi-discipline program aimed at treating both traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injuries. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Dr. Theodore is a neurological surgeon specializing in both traumatic brain injury and complex spinal surgery. (brainandspinalcord.org)

Features of NMOSD, including longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis - a type of spinal cord inflammation - and involvement of certain areas of the brain were seen at higher rates in patients with both autoimmune diseases than usually observed in NMOSD alone. (neuromyelitisnews.com)
Using this information, we hope to develop techniques for diagnosing some of the most devastating neurological diseases and treat them by designing future Brain-Machine interfaces devices. (upstate.edu)
There is an overlap between neurological diseases and psychiatric conditions, as both manage brain conditions. (psychguides.com)
As exacerbation of neurological diseases might be attributed without cause to the anesthetic agent, many clinicians avoid regional anesthesia in its presence. (medscape.com)

In an unprecedented and highly collaborative effort, we have designed, built, and evaluated the first brain-spinal interface in non-human primates to modulate locomotor circuits via brain-controlled epidural electrical stimulation. (europa.eu)
Three rhesus macaque monkey were implanted with (i) a 96-microelectrode Blackrock cortical array in the lower limb area of left MI, (ii) an 8-channel electromyogram (EMG) system into eight right leg muscles spanning four joints of the lower limb and (iii) a 16-electrode epidural electrical spinal cord stimulation (ESCS) array placed over the lumbar spinal cord. (europa.eu)
Possible regional anesthesia techniques include epidural analgesia, spinal analgesia (sometimes referred to as the intrathecal or subarachnoid space), or a combination of epidural and spinal analgesia. (medscape.com)
Regional anesthesia is contraindicated in the presence of actual or anticipated serious maternal hemorrhage , refractory maternal hypotension, coagulopathy, untreated bacteremia , raised intracranial pressure, skin or soft tissue infection at the site of the epidural or spinal placement, and anticoagulant therapy. (medscape.com)

X-rays and MRI scans can identify whether symptoms are related to brain injuries or neurological abnormalities. (medicalnewstoday.com)
An online community for those who want to connect with others that have spinal cord injuries or neurological challenges. (guidestar.org)
Neurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) involves the formation of bone in soft tissue following a neurological condition, of which the most common are brain and spinal cord injuries. (monash.edu)
Walking without assistance isn't likely anytime soon, if ever, for those with severe spinal injuries. (latimes.com)
The etiology of central nerve injury can vary from a congenital anomaly, vascular accidents, spinal cord injuries to degenerative illnesses. (bvsalud.org)

These symptoms can occur around the spinal cord, and also in other areas such as your arms and legs. (medlineplus.gov)
Functional neurological disorder (FND), also called conversion disorder, is a complex condition that causes neurological symptoms without an apparent structural problem in the nervous system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Certain neurological symptoms of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) occur at higher rates in patients who also have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), according to a recent review study. (neuromyelitisnews.com)
Because the neurological symptoms of NMOSD can overlap with those of SLE, it may be, "difficult to differentiate threadbare whether SLE or NMOSD is driving … these cases of cerebral involvement," the researchers wrote, noting that SLE patients with neurological involvement should be tested for NMOSD-causing antibodies . (neuromyelitisnews.com)
On the other hand, SLE attacks can affect any of the body's tissues, often leading to skin, kidney, bladder, and musculoskeletal issues, with neurological symptoms sometimes also seen. (neuromyelitisnews.com)
Because the symptoms that accompany brain involvement in NMOSD can closely mimic the neurological signs of SLE, "we suggest after ruling infections in lupus, it's worthwhile testing for AQP4 positivity," the researchers wrote. (neuromyelitisnews.com)
Learn about the symptoms and signs of neurological problems, how get effective treatment, and ultimately how to recover from neurological for the short and long-term. (psychguides.com)
Clinicians should monitor patients carefully for any new neurological signs or symptoms, change in underlying symptoms, or need for rapid dose escalation. (medtronic.com)
If syringomyelia isn't causing signs or symptoms, monitoring with periodic MRI and neurological exams might be all you need. (mayoclinic.org)
Even after treatment, some signs and symptoms of syringomyelia can remain, as a syrinx can cause permanent spinal cord and nerve damage. (mayoclinic.org)
If syringomyelia causes neurological problems that decrease your mobility and activity, such as muscle weakness, pain, fatigue or stiffness, a physical therapist might be able to create an exercise program for you that can help reduce these symptoms. (mayoclinic.org)
Thirty days after admission, the patient was discharged free of symptoms with amelioration of the neurological signs. (who.int)
Three months after discharge the patient remained free of symptoms, neurological examination was normal and complete laboratory tests were within normal limits with a decrease in the anti-Brucella IgM antibody titre to 50 IU/mL. (who.int)

A childhood brain or spinal cord tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. (vicc.org)
Where the tumor forms in the brain or spinal cord. (vicc.org)
If something within your spinal cord, such as a tumor or a bony growth, is hindering the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, surgically removing the obstruction might restore the flow and allow fluid to drain from the syrinx. (mayoclinic.org)
History or known presence of Central nervous system (CNS) or spinal cord tumor. (who.int)

Perez-SanPablo AS, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Lopez-Romero JC, Quiñones-Uriostegui I. Reliability of posturographic measures obtained during instrumental assessment of trunk control using inertial sensors in individuals with spinal cord injury. (nature.com)
Quinzaños J, Villa AR, Flores AA, Pérez R. Proposal and validation of a clinical trunk control test in individuals with spinal cord injury. (nature.com)

A neurologist will help rule out underlying neurological conditions, while a psychiatrist can rule out other psychological causes and confirm a diagnosis of FND. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Traditionally, the treatment for such injury consisted of steroids, spinal decompression and stabilization surgery, and physical therapy. (eurekaselect.com)
Want to know more about physical therapy for neurological conditions? (choc.org)
The questions below are some of the most frequently asked questions about physical therapy and neurological conditions and should not replace the specific information provided by the patient's therapists or doctor. (choc.org)

Hematomyelia more commonly involves the cervical rather than thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. (medscape.com)

I sustained a spinal cord injury in 2000 from a snowboarding accident. (guidestar.org)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurological disease. (cdc.gov)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease, is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurological disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. (cdc.gov)

The goal of surgery is to remove the pressure the syrinx places on your spinal cord and to restore the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid. (mayoclinic.org)
This surgery can reduce pressure on your brain and spinal cord, restore the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid, and might improve or resolve syringomyelia. (mayoclinic.org)
If a spinal abnormality is hindering the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, surgery to correct it, such as releasing a tethered spinal cord, might restore fluid flow and allow the syrinx to drain. (mayoclinic.org)
Dr. Porter is a neurological surgeon, board certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery. (brainandspinalcord.org)
He then did a residency and fellowships in neurosurgery and spinal surgery at Barrow Neurological Institute. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Dr. Theodore is the Associate director of the Neurological Surgery Residency Program and the Director of the Neurological Trauma Program at Barrow Neurological Institute (St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center). (brainandspinalcord.org)

To investigate the sensitivity to change and prognostic validity of Trunk Control Test (TCT) and Thoracic-Lumbar Control Scale (TLC) in terms of mobility in persons with motor complete thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). (nature.com)

Physical and occupational therapists treat patients with neurological dysfunctions resulting from trauma, genetics and disease. (mayoclinichealthsystem.org)

If you have an accident that damages the vertebrae or other parts of the spine, this can also injure the spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
An MRI of your spine and spinal cord is the most reliable tool for diagnosing syringomyelia. (mayoclinic.org)
An MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of your spine and spinal cord. (mayoclinic.org)
A CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create a detailed view of your spine and spinal cord. (mayoclinic.org)
Physical examination revealed nothing but cervical spine tenderness at C4-C6, while neurological examination revealed a decrease in strength in the right biceps and triceps, with attenuation of their reflexes. (who.int)

It is against this background that we present a 41 year old male with cervical spinal stenosis who developed marked quadriparesis and respiratory embarrassment following collision with a colleague. (aku.edu)
While patients with cervical spinal cord trauma in a setting of cervical canal stenosis or spondylosis can deteriorate dramatically, early recognition of this condition and prompt management using methylprednisolone, cervical stabilisation and ventilatory support during the initial window of opportunity will enable them make a full recovery. (aku.edu)

[ 1 ] Spinal cord hemorrhage is most commonly caused by trauma, vascular malformations, or bleeding diatheses. (medscape.com)
With trauma, shear forces acting upon the spinal cord and surrounding structures may lead to hemorrhage and vascular damage. (medscape.com)
Autopsy studies demonstrate the hemorrhagic necrosis of the spinal cord that is caused by trauma. (medscape.com)
Mild to moderate trauma to the spinal cord that is complicated by existing cervical canal stenosis or spondylosis can be a life threatening event. (aku.edu)
Mung'ayi, V, Qureshi, MM & Bugo, J 2009, ' Life threatening spinal shock and complete neurological recovery following minor spinal cord trauma in a patient with pre-existing cervical canal stenosis: Case report ', East African Medical Journal , vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 529-532. (aku.edu)
History of severe, clinically significant brain or spinal cord trauma. (who.int)

Author Dr Jonathan McDearmid said: "Our research is aimed at understanding how dopamine, a neurochemical secreted by nerve cells (neurons) in the brain, influences neuronal networks in the spinal cord that control motor behaviour. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
Unlike their midbrain counterparts, these neurons extend projections to the spinal cord, a region that is dedicated to the production of motor behaviours (such as walking and swimming). (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
Dr McDearmid said: "We placed tiny glass electrodes onto forebrain dopamine neurons and onto motor-related neurons in the spinal cord. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
Dr McDearmid said that to date, researchers had not been able to get such clear insights into the inner workings of the brain: "Spinal cord projecting dopamine neurons are found across vertebrate species, including humans, so they are likely to have important roles in controlling behaviour. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
Reduced expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 and collapsin response mediator protein 1 promotes death of spinal cord neurons. (rutgers.edu)

Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down the middle of your back. (medlineplus.gov)
The spinal cord connects the brain with nerves in most parts of the body. (vicc.org)
Spinal cord nerves carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body, such as a message from the brain to cause muscles to move or a message from the skin to the brain to feel touch. (vicc.org)
It affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing nerves in the muscle to die. (cdc.gov)
These pain impulses are transmitted by afferent, slow conducting, A-delta and C fibers that accompany the sympathetic nerves and enter the spinal cord at the T10 to L1 level. (medscape.com)

Patients with acute and chronic neurological illnesses can suffer dysphagia given the absence of swallowing reflexes, resulting in a high risk of malnutrition. (bvsalud.org)
Characterized by focal limb weakness and abnormalities of the spinal cord gray matter on MRI, a cluster of these illnesses was first reported from Colorado in September, 2014. (cdc.gov)
These neurological findings are coincident with an increase of respiratory illnesses among children. (cdc.gov)

This project focuses on the mechanisms underlying plasma membrane calcium ATPase and collapsing response mediator protein-mediated neuronal degeneration and neuroprotection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and spinal cord injury. (rutgers.edu)
A combination of in vivo models, spinal cord neuronal cultures, and genetically modified mice are used. (rutgers.edu)
Here, we introduce a neuroprosthetic platform capable of spatially selective ESCS controlled by subject's movement intentions decoded from motor cortex neuronal activity - a brain spinal interface (BSI). (europa.eu)
In order to rule out spinal cord pathol- lar immune derangements that potentially ogy, craniospinal magnetic resonance imag- result in neuronal injury and demyelina- ing (MRI) was obtained immediately. (who.int)

Forty five hours later he had regained full neurological and respiratory function, allowing extubation and subsequent discharge from the intensive care unit. (aku.edu)

During the initial 24 hours of admission, he received methylprednisolone as per the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (NASCIS) protocol. (aku.edu)
Neurological (acute spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, etc. (questionpro.com)

An inflammatory mass that can result in serious neurological impairment, including paralysis, may occur at the tip of the implanted catheter. (medtronic.com)
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in paralysis of trunk muscles, which can affect sitting balance. (researchgate.net)

According to the World Health Organization, every year worldwide up to 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury (SCI). (frontiersin.org)

Mobility was measured using Spinal Cord Independence Measure III mobility subscale. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Change over time in SCIM III mobility, TCT and TLC scores by neurological level group. (nature.com)

to assess the nutritional status of neurological patients in physiotherapy treatment. (bvsalud.org)

The outcome was good in 27 (82%) of 33 episodes of neurological dysfunction in 25 patients with a well-documented clinical course. (nih.gov)
While these SCI models reproduce a realistic clinical course of the spinal cord injury in humans, they have multiple drawbacks, particularly, the impossibility to induce a "therapeutic" lesion. (frontiersin.org)

The Upstate Neurological Institute brings together multidisciplinary teams of experts dedicated to your diagnosis and management of all neurological conditions. (upstate.edu)

Our data demonstrate that cryoapplication producing a topical cooling around−20°C, caused a highly standardized transmural lesion of the spinal cord in the dorsoventral direction. (frontiersin.org)

Recent studies have used spinal cord stimulation technology to treat chronic pain and restore leg movement after spinal cord injury. (nih.gov)

Other neurological deficits such as rigidity, bradykinesia or dystonia should prompt alternative diagnoses. (eurekaselect.com)
We present a case of brucellar spondylitis with paravertebral mass in the cervical segment that resulted in neurological deficits. (who.int)

Emerging strategies include pharmacotherapy to reduce spinal cord ischemia, cellular excitotoxicity, demyelination, and free radical-mediated peroxidation and ensuing cell death. (eurekaselect.com)

They found that continuous stimulation targeting the cervical sensory nerve roots of the spinal cord immediately improved strength, range of motion, and function of the arm and hand. (nih.gov)
In NMOSD, these attacks primarily affect the nervous system, leading to inflammation in the spinal cord (myelitis) and optic nerve (optic neuritis), the nerve that transmits signals between the eyes and brain. (neuromyelitisnews.com)
The spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the brain stem down the center of the back. (vicc.org)

For example, spinal cord MRI imaging indicated that 87% of patients had signs of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, a type of spinal cord inflammation that extends over three or more vertebral segments, which has previously been reported at rates of 30%-47% in NMOSD. (neuromyelitisnews.com)

Ciardi G, Nicolini L. Evaluation of seated trunk postural control in patients with spinal cord injury: systematic review of literature. (nature.com)

The spinal cord and membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae (back bones). (vicc.org)
Their Th12-L1 vertebrae with the injured spinal cord region were removed "e n bloc " for histological examination. (frontiersin.org)

What Is a Neurological Disorder? (psychguides.com)
The World Health Organization estimates there are hundreds of millions of people worldwide who suffer from some type of neurological disorder. (psychguides.com)

We assessed its neurological manifestations in 649 patients seen at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, from 1975 through 1980. (nih.gov)
For some of these SLE patients, NMOSD could be the underlying cause of any neurological manifestations, according to the team. (neuromyelitisnews.com)

The Department of Work and Pensions offers extra support to people with a range of neurological conditions. (cambridge-news.co.uk)
Talk to your doctor about physical therapists in your area who have expertise in neurological conditions. (mayoclinic.org)

Specifically, this study determined immunoreactivity of a peptidergic pro-nociceptive transmitter (substance P) and one of its receptors, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, in spinal cord dorsal horns in rats performing a HRNF reaching task for 6-10 weeks. (cdc.gov)
The relationship of these spinal cord changes with the number of TNFa immunopositive cells in flexor forelimb muscles and with previously observed forearm grip strength changes from these same rats were examined. (cdc.gov)
The attenuation of neurological injury from the use of simvastatin after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. (medscape.com)

For perfusion, three longitudinal vessels form an anastomotic network that supplies the spinal cord: two posterior spinal arteries, and the anterior spinal artery. (medscape.com)
The blood flow to the posterior spinal arteries originates from intradural vertebral arteries, which are from medullary segments of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and segmental radiculopial arteries. (medscape.com)
The posterior spinal arteries give rise to the "vasocorona," which eventually branches into peripheral arteries and mainly supplies the white matter of the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
Anterior and posterior median spinal veins drain the anterior and posterior regions of the spinal cord, respectively. (medscape.com)

Hemodynamic effects of lateral tilt before and after spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery: an observational study. (medscape.com)

He then set out to study the state of spinal cord injury treatments around the world, determined to prove his prognosis wrong. (latimes.com)

Anatomy71

Organisms9

Diseases63

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes34

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care3

Disorders11

Rehabilitation9

Stroke5

Tumors12

Traumatic7

Diseases4

Epidural4

Injuries5

Symptoms13

Tumor4

Individuals with spinal cord i2

Underlying neurological conditions1

Physical Therapy3

Lumbar spin1

Sustained a spinal cord i1

Amyotrophic lateral s2

Surgery6

Thoracic1

Dysfunctions1

Spine5

Cervical spinal2

Trauma6

Neurons5

Nerves5

Illnesses3

Neuronal4

Respiratory1

Acute2

Paralysis2

500,000 people1

Mobility2

Physiotherapy1

Clinical2

Diagnosis1

Lesion1

Chronic pain1

Deficits2

Demyelination1

Nerve3

Transverse1

Systematic review1

Vertebrae2

Disorder2

Manifestations2

Conditions2

Rats3

Posterior4

Anesthesia1

TREATMENTS1