• The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus (a part of the brain located below the thalamus), the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the hypothalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys). (wikipedia.org)
  • The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland: CRH and vasopressin stimulate the anterior lobe of pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), once known as corticotropin. (wikipedia.org)
  • CRH is transported to the anterior pituitary through the portal blood vessel system of the hypophyseal stalk and vasopressin is transported by axonal transport to the posterior pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • ACTH is transported by the blood to the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland, where it rapidly stimulates the biosynthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol from cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Important to the function of the HPA axis are some of the following feedback loops: Cortisol produced in the adrenal cortex will negatively feedback to inhibit both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a subset of MDD patients, chronic dysregulation of the body's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-a neuroendocrine system consisting of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal glands-results in increased levels of the stress hormone, cortisol, during the body's normal resting period. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The adrenal gland is a small, triangular-shaped gland found on both sides of the kidney. (medindia.net)
  • That pea-sized structure hanging below it is the pituitary gland. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The hypothalamus sends either hormonal or electrical messages to the pituitary gland. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Stress Redefined (90 capsules) is a comprehensive formula featuring key herbal extracts with benefits which may include: helping promote healthy adrenal gland function, supporting stress-related fatigue, and supporting cognitive function and healthy mood. (redefinedvitamins.com)
  • Stress Redefined is a comprehensive formula featuring key herbal extracts that help support healthy adrenal gland function. (redefinedvitamins.com)
  • This is where the nutrients in Stress Redefined can help by supporting healthy adrenal gland function and mood. (redefinedvitamins.com)
  • If you have an underactive pituitary gland or a pituitary tumor, it can limit ACTH production. (knowyourhormones.net)
  • If stage three is extended, long term damage may result as the capacity of glands, especially the adrenal gland, and the immune system is exhausted and function is impaired resulting in decompensation. (daynal.org)
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by hyperplasia or adenomas of the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cell tumors (also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors), and/or pituitary gland tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pituitary gland produces the largest number of different hormones and, therefore, has the widest range of effects on the body's functions. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior pituitary, often called the "master gland," responds to chemical messages from the bloodstream to produce numerous hormones that trigger the action of other endocrine glands. (medscape.com)
  • For example, in response to a stressful situation, the pituitary gland may release beta endorphin and ACTH, which, in turn, prompt the suprarenal cortex to release hormones. (medscape.com)
  • Suprarenal (adrenal) gland, anterior view. (medscape.com)
  • Research from University College, London published in the European Heart Journal in 2008 threw some light on how work stress is linked to the onset of coronary heart disease (CHD) either by directly activating stress pathways controlled by interactions between the nervous system, endocrine glands and their hormones (neuroendocrine mechanisms), or indirectly through the association between stress and unhealthy lifestyles. (hrmguide.co.uk)
  • Adrenaline or epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a vital role in the fight or flight response. (medindia.net)
  • The glands that make up the endocrine system produce chemical messengers called hormones that travel through the blood to other parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Primary adrenal insufficiency is most commonly caused by an autoimmune reaction in which your immune system attacks healthy cells in your adrenal glands for no known reason. (knowyourhormones.net)
  • ACTH signals your adrenal glands to make cortisol, so limited ACTH results in limited cortisol production. (knowyourhormones.net)
  • Once excited, the PVN produces the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which travels through the hypophyseal portal system and stimulates the adrenal and pituitary glands to produce many neurotransmitters. (bvsalud.org)
  • The endocrine system-the other communication system in the body-is made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones, chemical substances released into the bloodstream to guide processes such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. (medscape.com)
  • These reproductive glands-the testes in males and the ovaries in females, and, to a lesser extent, the suprarenal (adrenal) glands -secrete androgens (including testosterone) and estrogens. (medscape.com)
  • The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood stream to reach and act on target cells of specific organs. (medscape.com)
  • While steroid hormones are produced mainly in vertebrates, the physiological role of the HPA axis and corticosteroids in stress response is so fundamental that analogous systems can be found in invertebrates and monocellular organisms as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adrenal cortex: It produces glucocorticoid hormones (mainly cortisol in humans) in response to stimulation by ACTH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we review possible mechanisms through which centrally active hormones of the female reproductive system and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal stress axis may interact to influence behavior and mood states during the post-partum period. (rti.org)
  • Physical and emotional stress causes the endocrine system to produce more hormones. (medindia.net)
  • Adrenal hormones help regulate the immune system, blood pressure, metabolism, and the body's salt and water balance. (medindia.net)
  • When the hypothalamus detects the rising level of hormones from a target organ, It sends a message to the pituitary to stop releasing certain hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the pituitary stops, it causes the target organ to stop producing its hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the HPA axis is overactive and the immune system is compromised due to chronic stress and anxiety, the body produces more stress hormones like cortisol and fewer immunocytes. (transparentlabs.com)
  • The neuro-endocrine system, which includes the adrenals and pituitary, will produce chemicals and hormones which in large amounts can be very harmful. (detachmenttechnique.com)
  • When you become stressed or are in a stressful situation your neurotransmitters and hormones work together in what is known as the neuroendocrine limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal system , or the LHPA system for short. (psychologycompass.com)
  • But long-term (chronic) stress that last hours, days, or months becomes maladaptive, and this physiological response depletes our immune systems and causes a disruption in the brain region controlling the stress hormones. (iaabcfoundation.org)
  • The most relevant hormones for the neuroendocrine axis are the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and ß-endorphins, which stimulate the secretion of various endogenous substances, such as glucocorticoids, produced in the adrenal cortex, and noradrenaline and adrenaline, produced in the adrenal medulla and nerve endings 5-7 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Meanwhile, the autonomic nervous system stimulates the suprarenal medulla to secrete hormones such as epinephrine into the bloodstream. (medscape.com)
  • The HPA axis is a major neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes, including digestion, immune responses, mood and emotions, sexual activity, and energy storage and expenditure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) that regulates involuntary actions, such as that of the heart via the vagus nerve, has a central role in neuroendocrine stress responses. (hrmguide.co.uk)
  • A neuropeptide that regulates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response, a major neuroendocrine system. (anthropogeny.org)
  • Since the organization of the HPA axis has been characterized to detail the feedback and feed forward signalling that regulates HPA axis function [ 12 ], it is a system that is amenable to modelling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a major neuroendocrine system of stress regulation: it regulates the secretion of cortisol to promote adaptive reactivity to stress and also contributes to the dampening down of adrenocortical reactivity once the stress is over. (devpsychobiology.com)
  • An entire section is dedicated to pituitary tumors, including genetics and neuroimaging, and another covers the neuroendocrine control of substrate metabolism, including hypothalamic obesity and anorexia. (news-medical.net)
  • Duodenal gastrinomas, carcinoid tumors of the foregut, benign adrenal adenomas, and lipomas also occur. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that carry the highest degree of heritability among human neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • [ 10 ] SDH- associated syndromes are characterized by the development of PGLs, with an additional risk for developing other tumor types [ e.g. , clear cell renal cancer (RCC), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and, more rarely, neuroendocrine tumors and pituitary adenomas]. (medscape.com)
  • Vi fann ett antal samband mellan mRNA uttryck och etanolintag i speciellt prefrontala cortex, en region i hjärnan som är inblandad i bl.a. bearbetning av nya intryck, minne och kontroll av beteende. (5dok.org)
  • ACTH is released into the blood where it travels to the adrenals, inducing the synthesis and secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Also, Mason (1968) emphasized that predictability, novelty and fear have massive influence on adrenal cortex responses. (supreme-essay.com)
  • Each has 2 parts: an outer covering, the adrenal cortex, and an inner core, the adrenal medulla. (medscape.com)
  • The HPA axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, and the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system are the four major neuroendocrine systems through which the hypothalamus and pituitary direct neuroendocrine function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulation of 5-HT receptors and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (biopsychiatry.com)
  • Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is also described in suicide victims. (biopsychiatry.com)
  • They also found that another major part of the neuroendocrine system - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis - was affected, demonstrated by raised morning levels of cortisol in stressed workers. (hrmguide.co.uk)
  • They also found that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) - a major part of the neuroendocrine system - was disturbed by greater stress, and this was shown by the fact that stressed workers had higher than normal morning levels of cortisol. (medicalxpress.com)
  • In this volume an international group of basic and clinical investigators presents their latest research on neuroendocrine physiology, advances in the control of the onset of puberty and its disorders, and basic and clinical aspects of the GH/IGF-1 and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes. (news-medical.net)
  • In the Circulatory System, we have hormonal access, otherwise known as the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), and Neurotransmitters/Small Molecule Metabolites. (brainandbodyfoundation.org)
  • The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is the major neuroendocrine system. (brainandbodyfoundation.org)
  • Taken supplementally these herbs help to stabilize and regulate the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis, and also balance key mediators of the stress response. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • These are associated with neuroendocrine systems like hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. (naturalayurvedictreatment.com)
  • The continuous activation of the stress response can disrupt the neuroendocrine system, especially the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. (triwellnesstherapy.com)
  • The first system to manage stress is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis or HPA for short. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • NeuroLab® is a leading specialist in the research, analysis, and development of biomarkers associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. (sanescohealth.com)
  • The complex neuroendocrine system known as the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress. (herbrxus.com)
  • In a broad physiological sense, adaptogens work by modulating your HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis - a major component of your neuroendocrine system [ 3 ]. (transparentlabs.com)
  • The body's primary stress management system is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis represents a self-regulated dynamic feedback neuroendocrine system that is essential for maintaining body homeostasis in response to various stresses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main neuroendocrine system of the body, which controls various bodily processes in response to stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, interacts with the gut microbiota. (tgd.care)
  • These herbal ingredients broadly act as adaptogens in the human body, meaning they modulate the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis-a unique component of the neuroendocrine system. (redefinedvitamins.com)
  • The persistent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the chronic stress response and in depression probably impairs the immune response and contributes to the development and progression of some types of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • This usually happens because of a problem in the neuroendocrine system, which contains the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) which in turn is important in someone's eating behavior. (seowerank.com)
  • There is also some activation of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), producing cortisol . (daynal.org)
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is generally regarded as the body's primary stress response neuroendocrine systems, and responds to a multitude of stressors resulting in the secretion of glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol). (iaabcfoundation.org)
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is responsible for many body functions in mammals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine (E/NE) are produced by the adrenal medulla through sympathetic stimulation and the local effects of cortisol (upregulation enzymes to make E/NE). (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 6 ] PHEOs are derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, and SPGLs are found in close relationship to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system from the level of the superior cervical ganglion down the trunk into the pelvis. (medscape.com)
  • Definitive research on HPA axis function in chronic diseases has been hampered by the complexity of the numerous systems affected by the HPA axis, such as the immune and neuroendocrine systems, the lack of known or accessible brain lesions and the correlative nature of much of the existing data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immune and neuroendocrine systems interact at various levels. (unisi.it)
  • The present results suggest a role for CRH as a paracrine mediator for human immune cells, increasing the evidence of a clear correlation between immune and neuroendocrine system. (unisi.it)
  • Glucocorticoids in turn, act back on the hypothalamus and pituitary (to suppress CRH and ACTH production) in a negative feedback cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cortisol has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary that further dampens CRH and ACTH secretion [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Enteric Nervous System, is a major component of the autonomic nervous system that controls Gastrointestinal (GI) Enzyme Secretions, Gastrointestinal motility (the movement of food from the mouth through the pharynx (throat) esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and out of the body. (brainandbodyfoundation.org)
  • Maintenance and recovery of nor-adrenaline is a priority for the body and if insufficient it appears to create a disconnect in the Autonomic Nervous System. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • At this point the initial autonomic nervous system symptoms may reappear (sweating, raised heart rate etc. (daynal.org)
  • The HPA axis has a central role in regulating many homeostatic systems in the body, including the metabolic system, cardiovascular system, immune system, reproductive system and central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The immune system is partially regulated by the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system. (vin.com)
  • The central nervous system contributes to anti-inflammatory regulation through neuroimmunoendocrine actions. (wjgnet.com)
  • NPY is a peptide that is secreted by the sympathetic nervous system, which is involved in the "flight or fight" response to acute stress, resulting in constriction of blood flow to all parts of the body except to the heart, lungs, and brain (the organs most needed to react to danger). (georgetown.edu)
  • The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism. (medindia.net)
  • In addition to improving stress resistance, ashwagandha supports the immune response, healthy thyroid and nervous system function, and a promotes sleep cycle regulation. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • It extends beyond the boundaries of our minds and permeates the very fabric of our being, echoing within our nervous system. (triwellnesstherapy.com)
  • The human nervous system, the body's intricate communication network, bridges our external and internal environments. (triwellnesstherapy.com)
  • This dynamic system includes the central nervous system (comprising the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (consisting of sensory and motor neurons). (triwellnesstherapy.com)
  • The endocrine and nervous systems work closely together. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The book summarises the current understanding of the Nervous -, Endocrine and Immune systems with emphasis on shared mediators and receptors and functional interaction. (elsevier.com)
  • The Nervous System - A historical perspective. (elsevier.com)
  • For the first time the direct line of transmission of pain to the nervous system was contested by an elaborated theory whereby psychological aspects play an important role. (bvsalud.org)
  • The autonomic and central nervous systems govern the messages and automatic reactionary functions of the body. (detachmenttechnique.com)
  • Furthermore, the vagus nerve, which acts as a link between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system, expresses receptors for intestinal peptides that the gut microbiota can regulate. (tgd.care)
  • The relationship between the central nervous system and the immune system has been well established. (bvsalud.org)
  • This, in turn, affects the excitability of the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • The posterior pituitary is controlled by the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, genetic testing may further elucidate genetic weaknesses in the system, which produce lower than average levels of functioning neurotransmitters. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • They are one type of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NET), which can also develop in parts of the gastrointestinal tract, usually in the stomach and duodenum. (msdmanuals.com)
  • E/NE will positively feedback to the pituitary and increase the breakdown of POMCs into ACTH and β-endorphins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (I. Berczi, A. Szentivanyi). (elsevier.com)
  • In other words, adaptogens boost the immune system (which plays a role in stress responses). (transparentlabs.com)
  • The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis: A mayor modulator of the adaptive responses to stress (K.E. Gabry, G. Chrousos et al. ). (elsevier.com)
  • Contrary to Selye's concept proposing that there is one non-specific response for all stressors, Mason (1968) showed that biological responses are stimulus-dependent and that both "physical" and "psychological" stimuli are capable of regulating adrenal cortical activity. (supreme-essay.com)
  • APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system. (jamanetwork.com)
  • They enhance the body's resistance to stressors, manage endocrine and neuroendocrine balance, and mediate the inflammatory response. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • Briefly, we (humans, not just athletes) perceive "threats" (stressors) which trigger biological events in our bodies, of which the neuroendocrine system is the primary catalyst. (mattktraining.com)
  • The immune system can be affected by many toxins or allergens (environmental stressors) such as chemicals, foods, pollens and perfumes. (detachmenttechnique.com)
  • Addison disease presents as adrenal cortical hypofunction along with splotchy or generalized bronzing of the mucosa and skin. (medscape.com)
  • Adrenal Resilience™ is an innovative formulation that skillfully blends ancient tradition with modern science to bring relief from the stresses of everyday life. (herbrxus.com)
  • Adrenal Resilience ™ is designed to restore and encourage natural balance, or homeostasis, through its effects on the HPA axis and other related systems. (herbrxus.com)
  • Adrenal Resilience is designed to promote healthy HPA axis balance. (cbhenergetics.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] PGLs are classified according to their anatomic location (intra-adrenal or extra-adrenal PGL) and whether they are of sympathetic or parasympathetic origin. (medscape.com)
  • The HPA axis is the classical neuroendocrine system that responds to stress and whose final product, corticosteroids, targets components of the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. (biopsychiatry.com)
  • According to Selye (1977), regardless of the characteristic of the stressor, the one non-specific response-secretion of adrenal corticosteroids occurs following the stress. (supreme-essay.com)
  • Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and temporal arteritis (TA): Although research is just beginning, Imrich and colleagues note that age-related changes in the neuroendocrine system could represent a pathogenic factor for PMR and/or TA in genetically disposed. (medscape.com)
  • Compositional and transcriptional changes in the hematopoietic system have been used as biomarkers of immunosenescence and aging. (bvsalud.org)
  • We developed a structured model of the HPA axis that includes the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). This model incorporates nonlinear kinetics of pituitary GR synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adjusting for health behaviours did not change the association between work stress and low heart rate variability, suggesting a direct effect on the ANS and neuroendocrine function, rather than indirect effects through health behaviours. (hrmguide.co.uk)
  • The effect on the ANS and neuroendocrine function in turn affects the signals to the heart, leading to cardiac instability. (hrmguide.co.uk)
  • The last decades have witnessed rapid progress in the understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in neuroendocrine function, paralleled by dramatic improvements in imaging techniques. (news-medical.net)
  • The integrative function of neural systems that influence both reproduction and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis suggests one central mechanism for mediating the effects of environmental challenges. (rti.org)
  • It must also induce a normalizing effect, improve the function of numerous body systems, and produce a total body response that increases resistance against the negative effects of emotional and physical stress. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • Optimal HPA function is foundational to peak performance of the body's neuroendocrine communication system. (sanescohealth.com)
  • Research suggests that these compounds support healthy adrenal function and thus promote healthy stress and anti-fatigue functions in the human body. (redefinedvitamins.com)
  • In turn, these nutrients can help promote healthy adrenal function and support stress-related fatigue. (redefinedvitamins.com)
  • D isturbances in the serotonin (5-HT) system is the neurobiological abnormality most consistently associated with suicide. (biopsychiatry.com)
  • The Maternal Brain: Neurobiological and neuroendocrine adaptation and disorders in pregnancy and post partum. (rti.org)
  • Just as the impact of burnout stifles healthy professional growth, emerging research shows that the chronic psychosocial stress that characterizes burnout not only impairs people's personal and social functioning, it also can overwhelm their cognitive skills and neuroendocrine systems - eventually leading to distinctive changes in the anatomy and functioning of the brain. (psychologicalscience.org)
  • Axial Therapeutics is focused on understanding the interaction between microbes in the gastrointestinal system (GUT) and the human brain. (brainandbodyfoundation.org)
  • The brain sends instructions to the endocrine system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This system secretes cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline in both short term and chronic stress states. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • One of the long term consequences of unrelenting fatigue and stress is that both cortisol and adrenaline are eventually depleted, leading to adrenal fatigue. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • Adrenal fatigue is exacerbated by the fact that it may begin to not only deplete adrenaline and cortisol, but also nor-epinephrine as well. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • It involves complicated neural interactions, where impulses generated by the tissue damage by ascending and descending systems activated by psychological factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • In our current society, however, psychological and mental stress are the most common reason the LHPA system activates. (psychologycompass.com)
  • This therapy allows patients to return to normal ANS regulation,thus restoring or recovering from the effects of "burn-out" or adrenal fatigue that too often persists for years following chronic and debilitating stress. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • As the majority of chronic pain patients endure their conditions without been successfully treated, a heavy burden in the healthcare system has been increasing. (bvsalud.org)
  • As part of the neuroendocrine system, the HPA axis controls the stress response and plays a role in regulating the gastrointestinal, neurological and immune systems. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
  • This state of stress response has negative consequences on the immune system and leads to immunosuppression. (eastvalleynd.com)
  • Some of these events are quick to begin (the fight or flight response), while others are much slower (Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activation). (mattktraining.com)
  • it may impact the functioning of neuroendocrine stress response systems with little concordance with behavioral symptoms and subjective feelings. (devpsychobiology.com)
  • studies of post-partum women reveal powerful regulatory effects of lactation on the reactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and of autonomic and immune systems, especially in the face of challenge. (rti.org)
  • There are two types of adrenal insufficiency: primary and secondary. (knowyourhormones.net)
  • Pituitary dysfunction: The myopathy from pituitary disease may be a result of secondary adrenal dysfunction or other endocrine disturbance. (medscape.com)
  • Often, the myopathy results from secondary adrenal dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • As with hypopituitarism, secondary adrenal effects may be responsible for the myopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Early white matter pathology in the fornix of the limbic system in Huntington disease. (lu.se)