• Influenza A(H7N9) virus probably emerged after a long silent circulation in live poultry markets in eastern Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • Emergence of influenza A(H7N9) virus in China raised concerns about potential virus adaptation to mammals and human-to-human transmission ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Investigations of virus sources and vectors are needed because they will provide useful information about influenza A(H7N9) virus subtype evolution and adaptation processes. (cdc.gov)
  • Although H7 subtype influenza A viruses have been isolated from wild birds worldwide, the role of these hosts in emergence, maintenance, and potential intercontinental spread of influenza A(H7N9) virus has not been determined. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the recent evolutionary history of H7 and N9 virus subtypes in eastern Asia and identify the most recent wild bird ancestor of influenza A(H7N9) virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. (cdc.gov)
  • Consistent with results of previous studies ( 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 ), our results indicate that hemagglutinin of human influenza A(H7N9) viruses belongs to clade A and is most genetically related to influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks at live-poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, China ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). (wikipedia.org)
  • An H7N9 virus was first reported to have infected humans in March 2013, in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 5th epidemic of the H7N9 virus began in October 2016 in China. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CDC estimates that the H7N9 virus has the greatest potential compared with other influenza A viruses to cause a pandemic, although the risk is low because, like other type A viruses, it is not easily transmitted between people in its current form. (wikipedia.org)
  • The H7N9 virus does not kill poultry, which makes surveillance much more difficult. (wikipedia.org)
  • The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus designation of H7N9 identifies it as having HA of the H7 subtype and NA of the N9 subtype. (wikipedia.org)
  • The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus is a subgroup among this larger group of H7 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7) have occasionally been found to infect humans, H7N9 has previously been isolated only in birds, with outbreaks reported in the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Until the 2013 outbreak in China, no human infections with H7N9 viruses had ever been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic characterisation of avian influenza A(H7N9) shows that the H7N9 virus that infects human beings resulted from the recombination of genes between several parent viruses noted in poultry and wild birds in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evidence so far suggests that the new H7N9 virus might have evolved from at least four origins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
  • Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
  • Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Several human infections with avian influenza A to high mortality among chickens ( 20 ) that required the viruses, including H5N1, H9N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 intervention of the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture and H10N8, have been reported among poultry-exposed for monitoring and controlling. (who.int)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. (bvsalud.org)
  • The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
  • We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. (bvsalud.org)
  • The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Seasonal vaccination induced cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition and binding antibodies to N9, but minimal cross-reactive antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies to A(H7N9). (bvsalud.org)
  • H7N9 (1568/2000, 78.40%) and H5N1 (254/2000, 12.70%) viruses accounted for the most human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluhunter: Avian Influenza H7N9 virus + Mammal (incl. (genekam.de)
  • During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (blogspot.com)
  • On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (blogspot.com)
  • Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (blogspot.com)
  • We describe the clinical and virologic findings of the investigation conducted with regard to these 3 human cases of influenza A(H7N7) virus infection. (blogspot.com)
  • Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
  • Bonfanti L , Monne I , Tamba M , Santucci U , Massi P , Patregnani T , Highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza in Italy. (blogspot.com)
  • On January 14, 2022, USDA announced finding H5N1 bird flu in an American wigeon in South Carolina, marking the first detection of this virus in wild birds in the United States since 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • Preliminary genetic sequencing and RT-PCR testing on some virus specimens shows these viruses are HPAI A(H5N1) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4b . (cdc.gov)
  • In December 2021,HPAI A(H5N1) viruses were detected in birds in Newfoundland, Canada, marking the first identification of this virus in the Americas since June 2015. (cdc.gov)
  • Ancestors of these HPAI A(H5N1) viruses first emerged in Asia in the late 1990s and began spreading widely in birds throughout Asia in 2003, and later spread to Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, causing sporadic human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2003, multiple different clades of A(H5N1) viruses have circulated over the years, including a clade that was introduced by wild birds into the United States in 2014 and circulated until 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
  • The predominant viruses circulating in LPMs were low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • We also detected a novel clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus from ducks in free-range farms in Tanguar Haor that was similar to viruses first detected in October 2020 in The Netherlands but with a different PB2. (bvsalud.org)
  • Identification of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses in Tanguar Haor provides continued support of the role of migratory birds in transboundary movement of influenza A viruses (IAV), including HPAI viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have dominated in many regions of the world since mid-2021, and it remains to be seen if these viruses will replace the endemic clade 2.3.2.1a H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. (bvsalud.org)
  • An biosecurity and concentration of poultry in outbreaks or outbreak of H5N1 HPAI was first described in Lebanon in the emergence of HPAI virus ( 1 ). (who.int)
  • Increased or renewed reports of AI viruses, especially high pathogenicity H5N8 and H5N1 in birds and H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in humans globally, have established the need for a comprehensive review of current global AI virus surveillance data to assess the pandemic risk of AI viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viruses that are responsible for devastating outbreaks in birds and mammals pose a potential threat to public health. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluhunter: Ready to use avian influenza virus H5N1 : human only incl. (genekam.de)
  • Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Six internal genes originated with at least two H9N2 chicken viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sequences obtained clustered tightly with those of Israeli origin as well as Lebanese H9N2 viruses from 2010. (who.int)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • Asian Flu was of the H2N2 subtype (a notation that refers to the configuration of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the virus) of type A influenza, and an influenza vaccine was developed in 1957 to contain its outbreak. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Flu strains are named after their types of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins, so they will be called, for example, H3N2 for type-3 hemagglutinin and type-2 neuraminidase. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)* A(H5) viruses have been detected in U.S. wild aquatic birds, commercial poultry and backyard and hobbyist flocks beginning in January 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) are described in the " Classification of avian influenza A viruses " section. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2013-2021, different HPAI A(H5) and A(H7) virus subtypes as well as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H3), A(H5), A(H6), A(H7), and A(H9) virus subtypes caused animal outbreaks globally. (cdc.gov)
  • The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The " Asian Flu " was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak of influenzavirus A that originated in China in early 1956 lasting until 1958. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" by people in this website by year, and whether "Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • Avian influenza A H7 viruses normally circulate amongst avian populations with some variants known to occasionally infect humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • an unusually dangerous virus for humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • H7 influenza infections in humans are uncommon, but have been confirmed worldwide in people who have direct contact with infected birds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some bird flu viruses have infected other mammalian species, and rare, sporadic human infections with some bird flu viruses have occurred (more information is available in the Current U.S. Bird Flu Situation in Humans section). (cdc.gov)
  • Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
  • Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
  • Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
  • Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. (who.int)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genetic analyses revealed that the viruses from the humans were closely related to those from chickens on affected farms. (blogspot.com)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: We analyzed AI virus infection reports among animals and humans submitted to animal and public health authorities from January 2013 to June 2022 and compared them with reports from January 2005 to December 2012. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Notably, the relative levels of cross-reactivity to the drifted viruses as measured by the antibody GMT ratios to the 5th wave viruses were similar across all 4 vaccine groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Flucelvax® Quad is a mammalian cell culture-based, inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine that has recently been authorized for use in Canada in adults and children ≥9 years of age. (canada.ca)
  • This document, the "Advisory Committee Statement: Canadian Immunization Guide Chapter on Influenza and National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2020-2021", updates NACI's recommendations regarding the use of seasonal influenza vaccines. (canada.ca)
  • NACI continues to recommend that, in the absence of contraindications, HCWs and other care providers in facilities and community settings should be vaccinated annually against influenza, and recommends the inclusion of this group among the particularly recommended recipients of influenza vaccine. (canada.ca)
  • Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been authorized for use in Canada since 2011, and was previously considered contraindicated by NACI in individuals with HIV. (canada.ca)
  • [15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avian influenza (bird flu) refers to disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
  • Swabs were screened for influenza infection. (who.int)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Past, present, and possible future human infection with influenza virus A subtype H7. (blogspot.com)
  • Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)
  • A total of 10 high pathogenicity AI and 6 low pathogenicity AI virus subtypes were reported to the WOAH for the first time during 2013-2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
  • All influenza A subtypes have been isolated of escaping vaccines or producing novel viral strains from wild bird species ( 3 ). (who.int)
  • What is the evidence that influenza vaccines are effective? (lpmhealthcare.com)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • We aimed to assess the reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted investigational supra-seasonal universal influenza virus vaccines (SUIVs) in healthy young adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • Refer to NACI's Supplemental Statement - Mammalian Cell Culture-Based Influenza Vaccines for further details. (canada.ca)
  • These are the first detections of HPAI A(H5) viruses in the United States since 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • During this same time, HPAI A(H5N6) virus outbreaks were reported in Asia, particularly China and Vietnam, and Southeast China (Chinese Taipei) reported outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N2) virus in poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2021, Europe reported multiple outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N5) virus and reported the first outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N4) virus in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Domestic ducks in free range farm in wetland areas, like Tangua Haor, serve as a conduit for the introduction of LPAI and HPAI viruses into Bangladesh. (bvsalud.org)
  • The occurrence and spread of LPAI or HPAI were detected in backyard growers from Bekaa and viruses in poultry vary depending on the levels of South Lebanon Governorates respectively ( 19 ). (who.int)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Swine influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • The sporadic occurrence of human infections with swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) viruses and the continual emergence of novel A(H3N2) viruses in swine herds underscore the necessity for ongoing assessment of the pandemic risk posed by these viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we selected three recent novel swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses isolated between 2017 to 2020, bearing HAs from the 1990.1, 2010.1 or 2010.2 clades, and evaluated their ability to cause disease and transmit in a ferret model. (cdc.gov)
  • We conclude that despite considerable genetic variances, all three contemporary swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses displayed a capacity for robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract and were also capable of limited airborne transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Influenza virological surveillance was conducted in Bangladesh from January to December 2021 in live poultry markets (LPMs) and in Tanguar Haor, a wetland region where domestic ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)
  • There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)
  • Maximum clade credibility trees for co-circulating influenza A virus H7 subtype genetic lineages, eastern Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • This pattern suggests that the old genetic lineage of influenza A virus H7 subtypes that circulated in eastern Asia since 1999 (clade A) may have been progressively replaced by a more recent lineage (clade B). Clustering of clade B viruses with those isolated in Europe suggest that gene flow has recently occurred in Eurasia, probably as the result of waterfowl migrations and poultry trade. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic analyses of these LPAIs strongly suggested long-distance movement of viruses along the Central Asian migratory bird flyway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Her primary research interests include molecular mechanisms of genetic variability of influenza viruses and antiviral susceptibility. (blogspot.com)
  • Real-time RT-PCR assays for influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 subtypes were performed on all the samples to identify subtypes of influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
  • Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)
  • Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
  • H2N2 is a subtype of the type influenzavirus A. H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the Asian flu strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • most viruses isolated from wild birds were from Japan and South Korea. (cdc.gov)
  • This local perpetuation in wild birds has favored several independent introductions of viruses into poultry in Japan, South Korea, eastern China (Jiangxi and Zhejiang Provinces), and Thailand. (cdc.gov)
  • Bird flu viruses can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of birds and have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the world. (cdc.gov)
  • Most wild birds infected with bird flu viruses are asymptomatic (i.e., do not exhibit signs or symptoms of illness). (cdc.gov)
  • Both do- burden of influenza in middle eastern countries is now of mesticated and wild birds can be infected with AI virus considerable concern. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be categorized into lineages and strains. (zovon.com)
  • The currently circulating Influenza B virus lineages are: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (zovon.com)
  • The emergence of a new strain of influenza virus are responsible for a pandemic. (zovon.com)
  • Because the human immune system has difficulty recognizing the new influenza strain, it may be highly dangerous. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Wild waterbirds are natural hosts for influenza A viruses and are sources for introduction of virus into poultry, in which the viruses adapt and sometimes evolve toward increased virulence (H5 and H7 virus subtypes). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are a threat to poultry and human health. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • Influenza C viruses are less frequently detected and cause mild infections, which are not a threat to public health. (zovon.com)
  • Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Avian influenza A H7 viruses are a group of influenza viruses that normally circulate among birds. (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additional guidance on influenza vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic has been developed by PHAC and NACI. (canada.ca)
  • NACI recently reassessed the wording for the recommendation on the vaccination of health care workers (HCWs) and other care providers as a group for whom influenza vaccination is particularly recommended. (canada.ca)
  • The existing evidence on HCW influenza vaccination and the reduction of morbidity associated with influenza in patients being cared for by a HCW in health care settings was considered in the context of ethics and acceptability. (canada.ca)
  • NACI considers the receipt of influenza vaccination to be an essential component of the standard of care for all HCWs and other care providers for their own protection and that of their patients. (canada.ca)
  • This group should consider annual influenza vaccination as part of their responsibilities to provide the highest standard of care. (canada.ca)
  • Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • If you are infected with the virus or have flu like symptoms after travel history to epidemic region then isolate yourself so that you dont spread the virus to others and get properly diagnosed and treated. (atomictherapy.org)
  • See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
  • in Hong Kong the virus infected population of 5lacs and the epidemic density in the region was 500 infected people per acre, and had infected 15% of USA population. (atomictherapy.org)
  • In Japan, replacement of influenza A virus H7 subtypes that were circulating in wild ducks during 2008 (clade A) may have occurred because recent viruses isolated from ducks (2011-2012) all belong to clade B. The same pattern was observed in Thailand: influenza A virus H7 subtypes isolated in 2011 were genetically different from most viruses isolated in 2010. (cdc.gov)
  • Wild aquatic birds including gulls, terns, and shorebirds, and wild waterfowl such as ducks, geese and swans are considered reservoirs (natural hosts) for bird flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of AIVs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (PMA) of China, compare the AIVs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze the diversity of AIVs subtypes in environment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple subtypes of AIVs including nine hemagglutinin (HA) and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were isolated form the environmental samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The H5, H7, and H9 subtypes accounted for the majority of AIVs in environment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • The most recent global analysis of official reports of animal outbreaks and human infections with all reportable AI viruses was published almost a decade ago. (cdc.gov)
  • Between January 2013 and June 2022, 17/194 (8.8%) World Health Organization (WHO) Member States reported 2000 human AI virus infections of 10 virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonality patterns of animal outbreaks and human infections with AI viruses were very similar, occurred year-round, and peaked during November through May. (cdc.gov)
  • Continued monitoring for AI virus outbreaks in animals and human infections with AI viruses is crucial for pandemic preparedness. (cdc.gov)
  • It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The term antigenic shift is more often applied specifically (but is not limited) to the influenza literature, as it is the best known example (e.g. visna virus in sheep). (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Illustration of potential influenza antigenic shift. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • This antigenic shift could cause the formation of a highly virulent virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • A multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between variables of interest and reported AI virus animal outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • A genetically different virus H7 subtype lineage was detected in Europe and Asia during 2006-2012 (clade B) ( Figure 1 , panel B). These results suggest that ≥2 influenza A virus H7 subtypes co-circulated in eastern Asia during that period. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian Influenza - WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health and the WOAH-WAHIS . (cdc.gov)
  • RESULTS: From 2013 to 2022, 52.2% (95/182) of World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Member Countries identified 34 AI virus subtypes during 21,249 outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • This webpage summarizes the current avian influenza (bird flu) situation both domestically in the United States and globally. (cdc.gov)
  • Some bird flu viruses can infect domestic poultry and other domestic and backyard birds, and outbreaks of bird flu in domestic poultry occur worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Bird flu viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • In the past decade there have been increases in the reported number and geographic spread of bird flu infections in birds, increases in the number of subtypes of bird flu viruses that have infected birds, and increases in the numbers of bird species that bird flu viruses have infected. (cdc.gov)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. (biomedcentral.com)