Nerve tetrodotoxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Puffer fish contain the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin. (medscape.com)
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. (wikipedia.org)
Tetrodotoxin is an extremely potent poison (toxin) found mainly in the liver and sex organs (gonads) of some fish, such as puffer fish, globefish, and toadfish (order Tetraodontiformes) and in some amphibian, octopus, and shellfish species. (cdc.gov)
It can kill a wide diversity of species, from fish to mammals, because it's a potent paralytic that shuts down ion channels vital for nerve functioning. (discovermagazine.com)
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin found mainly in puffer fish and other marine and terrestrial animals. (mdpi.com)
It is highly dangerous because of a potent nerve poison (tetrodotoxin) in its ovaries and liver. (sabda.org)
It contains tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin that affects the nervous system. (govegan.recipes)
INTRODUCTION: Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent sodium channel blocker, with significant neurotoxicity, found in marine animals like pufferfish and blue-ringed octopus. (cdc.gov)

Poisoning with the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) occurs after ingestion of various species of puffer fish (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Tetrodotoxin, produced by the symbiotic bacteria in its salivary glands, is a neurotoxin that blocks the transmission of nerve impulses. (sciencesensei.com)

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is an extraordinarily powerful toxin that binds to sodium channels in the nerves of animals. (zooatlanta.org)
The paralyzing nerve toxin some of these fish contain is also under study by brain scientists hunting new ways to treat amblyopia. (hawaiipublicradio.org)
They injected an animal's good eye with tetrodotoxin , a paralyzing nerve toxin found in fugu, a type of puffer fish. (hawaiipublicradio.org)
Tetrodotoxin, abbreviated to TTX, was a nerve toxin extracted from a pufferfish or blue-ringed octopus. (sunnygovan.com)
The toxin works by stopping communication between nerve cells. (sciencesensei.com)
Tetrodotoxin poisoning is most common in Japan, due to eating the puffer fish (fugu), which naturally contains this toxin in certain organs. (msdmanuals.com)

The toxic dose is not clear because puffer fish have different concentrations of tetrodotoxin. (medscape.com)
The consumption of toxic amounts of tetrodotoxin found in seafood such as puffer fish and blue ring octopus results primarily in neurologic and gastroentestinal signs and symptoms. (cdc.gov)
Puffer fish (tetrodotoxin) poisoning: clinical record and suggested management. (cdc.gov)
Small amounts of tetrodotoxin on the surface of a larval puffer, in red (top, marked with small yellow arrows). (discovermagazine.com)
Studies of the deadly poison tetrodotoxin (TTX) from puffer fish, for instance, have revealed intricate details about the way nerve cells communicate. (mini-ielts.com)

CPEs may be useful in enhancing nerve blockade from site 1 sodium channel blockers. (anesthesiaexperts.com)

Experiments consisted of in vivo recording of maximal composite group I EPSPs evoked in intact rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons by stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (LG-S). We compared the maximal LG-S EPSP amplitude and the response to high-frequency stimulation (modulation) recorded in untreated rats, with the same measures recorded in rats that had the LG-S nerve axotomized 3 d before data collection. (jneurosci.org)
These nAChR antagonists did not affect relaxation elicited by transmural nerve stimulation (8 Hz) or that by sodium nitroprusside and NE. (aspetjournals.org)
Adaptive conductive electrotherapeutic scaffolds for enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration and stimulation. (harvard.edu)
Transmural stimulation elicited repeateable inhibitions unaffectd by pentolinium (93 mcM) but abolished by tetrodotoxin (0.63 mcM). (erowid.org)
To examine possible mechanisms of action of halothane at clinically relevant concentrations the authors studied the effect of halothane on increases in pulmonary resistance (R(L)) produced by either vagus nerve stimulation (VNS, which caused neurally mediated constriction) or the inhalation of nebulized acetylcholine (ACh, which directly stimulated the smooth muscle cell) in nine mongrel dogs. (elsevierpure.com)

BACKGROUND: Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) have the potential to improve nerve blockade by site 1 sodium channel blockers such as tetrodotoxin (TTX). (anesthesiaexperts.com)
Here, we investigated the efficacy and toxicity of CPE-enhanced nerve blockade across a range of TTX concentrations using 2 CPEs (sodium octyl sulfate and octyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). (anesthesiaexperts.com)
Sensory and motor nerve blockade were assessed using a modified hot plate test and a weight-bearing test, respectively. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
CONCLUSIONS: CPEs can prolong the duration of nerve blockade across a range of concentrations of TTX. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
Episodic blockade of cranial nerve VIII provokes asymmetric changes in lobule X of the rat. (iu.edu)
Distribution of Fos labeling in the inferior olive following transient blockade of the VIIIth cranial nerve. (iu.edu)
The mimics grab onto the drug and the system, once in place, slowly releases the anesthetic, providing prolonged nerve blockade with minimal toxicity. (childrenshospital.org)
These nanofibers allowed the specific binding and release of tetrodotoxin to achieve prolonged nerve blockade. (nature.com)

M 2 receptors expressed on smooth muscle are understood to be pro-contractile while pre-synaptic M 2 receptors modulate acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves. (justia.com)

Tetrodotoxin interferes with the transmission of signals from nerves to muscles and causes an increasing paralysis of the muscles of the body. (cdc.gov)
To meet the clinical description for tedrotoxin poisoning, rapid onset of the following signs and symptoms are needed: 1) oral paresthesias (may progress to include the arms and legs), 2) cranial nerve dysfunction, 3) weakness (may progress to paralysis), or 4) nausea or vomiting. (cdc.gov)
Tetrodotoxin blocks sodium channels, leading to paralysis and interfering with nerve signals. (govegan.recipes)
Their venom contains tetrodotoxin, which can cause muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure in humans. (govegan.recipes)

Those affected by tetrodotoxin poisoning may experience weakness, nausea and vomiting, cranial nerve dysfunction and death. (galaxyconcerns.com)

Korea's National Security Agency used a mixture of scopolamine and diluted tetrodotoxin. (sunnygovan.com)

METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected at the sciatic nerve with combinations of TTX and CPEs, with and without epinephrine. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
Finally, we show that, similar to Na v 1.3, contactin is upregulated in axotomized DRG neurons and accumulates within the neuroma of transected sciatic nerve. (jneurosci.org)
Sciatic Nerve" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Sciatic Nerve" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Sciatic Nerve" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Sciatic Nerve" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)

2014 Previous studies had noticed that pufferfish have particularly high levels of tetrodotoxin in their ovaries, and this new study sheds light on why. (discovermagazine.com)

As would be expected from previous studies, tetrodotoxin potently blocked the parasympathetic responses in the airways of each species. (johnshopkins.edu)

Furness, JB & Costa, M 1977, ' The participation of enteric inhibitory nerves in accommodation of the intestine to distension ', Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology , vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-41. (edu.au)

Their bright colouring serves as a warning to predators that they are toxic - Efts carry tetrodotoxin in their skin (the same nerve poison found in Pufferfish). (pei-untamed.com)

It is a heterocyclic, small, organic molecule that acts directly on the electrically active sodium channel in nerve tissue (see the image below). (medscape.com)
With this in mind, and zeroing in on one particular molecule, called tetrodotoxin, we can weave together a fascinating narrative of cultures, fads, ceremonies, word-choice, and basic natural history. (zooatlanta.org)
Site 1 sodium channel blockers such as tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin are small-molecule drugs with powerful local anesthetic properties. (childrenshospital.org)
Each set of peptides binds one tetrodotoxin molecule. (childrenshospital.org)

Tetrodotoxin acts on the central and the peripheral nervous systems (ie, autonomic, motor, sensory nerves). (medscape.com)
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. (harvard.edu)

Some go for the nervous system, paralyzing by blocking messages between nerves and muscle. (mini-ielts.com)

Pufferfish have a terrifying poison called tetrodotoxin. (listverse.com)
Pufferfish carry a poison called tetrodotoxin in their liver, gonads and skin. (galaxyconcerns.com)

Tetrodotoxin interferes with the transmission of signals from nerves to muscles by blocking sodium channels. (medscape.com)
They provide pain relief without toxic effects on local nerves and muscles, and are an attractive alternative to opioids. (childrenshospital.org)
This keeps you from stretching the nearby nerves, ligaments, and muscles that may cause discomfort.Numerous conditions that can affect the spine anywhere from the neck to the lower back. (crgconferences.com)

The tetrodotoxin inhibition of epibatidine-induced contractions in Decentralized and ObNT-Reinn suggests a relocation of nicotinic receptors from nerve terminals to more distant axonal sites, perhaps as a compensatory mechanism to recover bladder function. (jefferson.edu)
Inhibition of this sphincter by sacral nerves is atropine-resistant. (erowid.org)

Any predator that messes with these toxic fish learns the hard way that their tissues are loaded with tetrodotoxin, one of the most deadly poisons on the planet. (discovermagazine.com)
The packaged anesthetics stayed in place longer than free tetrodotoxin, with no toxic tissue reaction, and neurobehavioral tests in the animals showed that the nerve block lasted for as long as 16 hours. (childrenshospital.org)

Despite these precautions, many cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning are reported each year in patients ingesting fugu. (medscape.com)
Tetrodotoxin poisoning can be fatal. (cdc.gov)
There is no known cure for tetrodotoxin poisoning, though respiratory support or mechanical ventilation has been known to reduce the risk of death. (galaxyconcerns.com)
CASES REPORT: We report five patients who presented with tetrodotoxin poisoning after consuming fried internal organs of local pufferfish from the coast of Oman. (cdc.gov)

Pudendal motoneurons are located in the ventral horn of the caudal lumbar spinal cord and send their axon into the pudendal nerve. (unige.ch)
The spine consists of 26 bones referred to as vertebrae, that protects and support the spinal cord and nerves. (crgconferences.com)

The female puffers store tetrodotoxin to be released with their eggs, which sticks around on the skin of the larvae that hatch. (discovermagazine.com)

Synaptic efficacy at the rat Ia-motoneuron synapse has been reported to increase in vivo , within 3 d of sectioning a single muscle nerve ( Miyata and Yasuda, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
Muscle Nerve. (harvard.edu)

Detection of tetrodotoxins in European bivalve shellfish have been reported in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, France, Greece, and Italy, although concentrations were low in comparison to published minimum lethal doses for humans. (medscape.com)

Tetrodotoxin blocks diffusion of sodium through the sodium channel, thus preventing depolarization and propagation of action potentials in nerve cells. (medscape.com)
It inhibits the firing of action potentials in neurons by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes and blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Differentially, epibatidine responses in Decentralized and ObNT-Reinn bladder strips were lower than controls after tetrodotoxin (TTX, a sodium channel blocker that inhibits axonal action potentials). (jefferson.edu)

Exposure occurs due to ingestion of fish or other food containing tetrodotoxin. (cdc.gov)

In control bladder strips, since tetrodotoxin did not inhibit epibatidine contractions, nicotinic receptors are likely located on nerve terminals. (jefferson.edu)

Humans are not immune: tetrodotoxin killed 179 people and poisoned another 467 in Japan alone from 1974 to 1983 , where the flesh of these fish, fugu, is considered a delicacy perhaps because of the danger involved. (discovermagazine.com)

The toxicity becomes dose-limiting, and you can't get a long-lasting nerve block," says Daniel Kohane, MD, PhD , director of the Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery at Boston Children's Hospital and vice chair for research in the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine. (childrenshospital.org)
The Kohane lab has created many slow-release systems , including ones to deliver tetrodotoxin , but this one is the first to hijack nature's design. (childrenshospital.org)

It's more deadly than black mamba venom, VX nerve gas, or cyanide. (discovermagazine.com)

Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish and found in several other animals (e.g., in blue-ringed octopuses, rough-skinned newts, and moon snails), it is actually produced by certain infecting or symbiotic bacteria like Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio as well as other species found in animals. (wikipedia.org)
However, more than 100 other freshwater and saltwater species also contain tetrodotoxin. (msdmanuals.com)

The team then put the tetrodotoxin-bearing nanostructures to the test, injecting them near the sciatic nerves of live rats. (childrenshospital.org)

when tetrodotoxin is delivered to the nerve, it binds simultaneously to both peptides. (childrenshospital.org)
When this nanostructure is injected near the target nerve, the tetrodotoxin slowly releases by diffusion and other processes, and binds to P1 and P2 on the nerve itself. (childrenshospital.org)

RESULTS: Addition of increasing concentrations of TTX to fixed concentrations of CPEs produced a marked concentration-dependent improvement in the rate of successful nerve blocks and in nerve block duration. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
For unknown spot volumes, OPNA metabolite concentrations were normalized to total blood protein to improve interpretation of nerve agent exposures. (cdc.gov)

Food: Exposure to tetrodotoxin usually occurs through eating improperly prepared fish or possibly through contamination of other food products. (cdc.gov)

However, this decrease in synaptic efficacy is not immediate, and the initial response (1-5 d) to peripheral nerve axotomy is actually an increase in Ia EPSP amplitude measured in normal motoneurons ( Miyata and Yasuda, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
Large-gap peripheral nerve repair using xenogeneic transplants in rhesus macaques. (harvard.edu)
Super-resolved fluorescence imaging of peripheral nerve. (harvard.edu)
Multiphoton microscopy for label-free multicolor imaging of peripheral nerve. (harvard.edu)
Automated stain-free histomorphometry of peripheral nerve by contrast-enhancing techniques and artificial intelligence. (harvard.edu)

We further demonstrated in this artery that nicotine acted on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on presynaptic sympathetic nerve terminals to release norepinephrine (NE), which then acted on β 2 -adrenoceptors located on the neighboring NOergic nerve terminals to release NO, resulting in vasodilation. (aspetjournals.org)

No biologic marker for tetrodotoxin exposure is readily available. (cdc.gov)
A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for tetrodotoxin exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)

A schematic of tetrodotoxin delivery to nerve sodium channels via bioinspired nanofibers. (childrenshospital.org)
The nanofibers carry two peptides (shown as arrays of blue and violet dots) that are modified from peptides on tetrodotoxins' natural binding site on voltage-gated sodium channels. (childrenshospital.org)
These adapted peptides bind to tetrodotoxin (shown as gold hexagons) and release it when the nanofibers are injected near the nerve, providing prolonged local anesthesia. (childrenshospital.org)
We designed nanofibers that incorporate the tetrodotoxin binding peptide sequences from the voltage-gated sodium channel. (nature.com)

The team found that eggs contained roughly 1.604 ng of tetrodotoxin while larvae had anywhere from 0.015-0.107 ng in their tissues. (discovermagazine.com)

Tetrodotoxin simply blocks your nerves from talking to each other. (listverse.com)

Chemical structure of tetrodotoxin. (medscape.com)

Gene expression analysis showed that that NaV 1.7 was virtually the only tetrodotoxin-sensitive NaV1 gene expressed in guinea pig and human airway parasympathetic ganglia, where mouse ganglia expressed NaV1.1, 1.3, and 1.7. (johnshopkins.edu)

The LD5o of tetrodotoxin is only 8 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, making it 120,000 times as deadly as cocaine, 40,000 times as deadly as meth, and more than 50 million times as deadly as the active component in marijuana, THC. (discovermagazine.com)

3. It is concluded that a local reflex involving enteric inhibitory nerves causes an accommodation of the intestine to stretch. (edu.au)

Unlike the first hit, the pain shooting through Jeong Pil-su's body was akin to every nerve fiber snapping off in half. (sunnygovan.com)

Destruction of the sodium conductance inactivation by a specific protease in perfused nerve fibres from Loligo. (xenbase.org)
On the contrary, by adjusting the intensity and burning only a specific set of nerve sensors, the victim would suffer unimaginable pain and hallucinations. (sunnygovan.com)

Tetrodotoxin, a Potential Drug for Neuropathic and Cancer Pain Relief? (mdpi.com)

These results suggest the presence of functional α 7 -nAChRs on postganglionic sympathetic adrenergic nerve terminals of SCG origin, which mediate nicotine-induced neurogenic NOergic vasodilation. (aspetjournals.org)
These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that nicotine acts on nAChRs on presynaptic sympathetic nerve terminals to release NE, which then acts on presynaptic β 2 -adrenoceptors located on the neighboring NOergic nerve terminals, resulting in release of NO and dilation of porcine basilar arteries. (aspetjournals.org)

Indoor Air: Because the natural source of tetrodotoxin is from living organisms, and manufacturing tetrodotoxin artificially in appreciable quantities is extremely difficult, dissemination through indoor air is unlikely. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy83

Organisms21

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes19

Disciplines and Occupations2

Potent8

Neurotoxin2

Toxin6

Puffer5

Enhancing nerve blockade1

Stimulation5

Blockade8

Parasympathetic Nerves1

Paralysis4

Cranial1

Scopolamine1

Sciatic nerve6

Ovaries1

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Pharmacology1

Predators1

Molecule4

Sensory2

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Toxic2

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Spinal cord2

Puffers1

Muscle nerve2

Shellfish1

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Ingestion1

Nicotinic receptors1

Fugu1

Kohane2

Venom1

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Rats1

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Peripheral nerve5

Acetylcholine1

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Nanofibers4

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