Nerve retinal and choroidal disease choroid diseases. Medical search. Frequent questions

As the tumor enlarges, it may cause distortion of the pupil (iris melanoma), blurred vision (ciliary body melanoma), or markedly decreased visual acuity caused by secondary retinal detachment (choroidal melanoma). (cigna.com)
and serous retinal detachment (See Figure 1C) . (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Additionally, choroidal folds were now visible clinically and on OCT in both eyes (Figure 3A,B and D). An OCT through the new lesion in the right eye showed another bacillary layer detachment (Figure 3C). (westcoastretina.com)
B-scan ultrasonography identified no choroidal mass or sub-Tenons fluid, or a 'posterior T-sign', but found diffuse bilateral choroidal thickening, with a serous retinal detachment on the right (Figure 3H). (westcoastretina.com)
Further complications can include neovascular glaucoma, vitreous haemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment. (novartis.be)
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed serous retinal detachment (SRD) and choroidal thickening in both eyes (OU). (bvsalud.org)
As the tumour grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, double vision, eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumour can break past the retina causing retinal detachment Sometimes the tumour can be visible through the pupil. (wikidoc.org)
Exophytic retinoblastomas arise from the outer layers of the retina and cause retinal detachment. (entokey.com)
Macrophoto of enucleated eye with exophytic retinoblastoma shows encephaloid tumor in subretinal space and total bullous retinal detachment, which adheres to the back of the lens. (entokey.com)
Exophytic retinoblastomas arise from the outer layers of the retina and cause retinal detachment (Fig. 12-3B , C ). The detached retina is often highly elevated, and its vessels are visible behind the lens on clinical examination. (entokey.com)
Retinal Detachment Retinal detachment is separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. (msdmanuals.com)

However, vision loss may result from involvement of the retina, choroid and optic nerve. (bmj.com)
We scanned both eyes of 12 healthy subjects in a horizontal plane superior to the optic nerve head using an 18-MHz linear array. (arvojournals.org)
In addition, with increasing air travel and globalization, several emerging infectious diseases have been recognized as causing ocular disease, including retinitis, chorioretinitis, retinal vasculitis, and optic nerve involvement. (medscape.com)
It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. (lecturio.com)
The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then processes that image within the retina and sends nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the visual cortex to create visual perception . (wikipedia.org)
Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . (wikipedia.org)
Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
In the center of the retina is the optic nerve, a circular to oval white area measuring about 2 x 1.5 mm across. (org.es)
From the center of the optic nerve radiate the major blood vessels of the retina. (org.es)
The optic nerve contains the ganglion cell axons running to the brain and, additionally, incoming blood vessels that open into the retina to vascularize the retinal layers and neurons (Fig. 1.1). (org.es)
It is at the culmination of all this neural processing in the inner plexiform layer that the message concerning the visual image is transmitted to the brain along the optic nerve. (org.es)
Multicolour imaging is yet another tool in investigating diseases that affect the posterior aspect of the eye such as a retina, the choroid and the optic nerve. (eyeclinic-karachi.com)
The advantages of multicolour imaging in comparison to regular fundus photography include the ability to see in far greater detail retinal surface disease, retinal vascular disease as well as optic nerve disease. (eyeclinic-karachi.com)
A creamy lesion with underlying choroidal thickening and surrounding subretinal fluid was identified nasal to the optic nerve in the right eye (Figure 1A). (westcoastretina.com)
In the experiment, the pupils of anesthetized mouse eyes were dilated, and lesions were made around the optic nerve at 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
It is usually related to chronic or acute retinal ischemia or damage to the optic nerve due to secondary glaucoma. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)
Large deep orbital dermoid cysts can have cause pressure effects on the muscles and optic nerve, leading to diplopia and loss of vision. (wikidoc.org)

In this review, we describe some evidence, largely from rodent studies, that supports the possible role of a dysbiotic gut microbiota in the onset and exacerbation of ocular diseases, primarily diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, and uveitis. (springer.com)
The focus of this brief review is to describe the alterations in the gut microbiota that may exacerbate ocular phenotypes, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular edema, choroidal neovascularization, uveitis, and Sjögren's disease. (springer.com)
4 Myopic maculopathy, a consequence of high myopia, may involve Bruch membrane lacquer cracks, chorioretinal and macular atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. (optometryadvisor.com)
Choroidal neovascularization is a leading cause of impaired vision and blindness in eyes with uveitis, and SD-OCT is a useful way to detect it and monitor treatment (See Figure 2) . (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Punctate inner choroidopathy with choroidal neovascularization, left eye. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Lesion leakage and lesion diameter were both significantly reduced following administration of NPD1 in a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Concerning his recent work on inhibition of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse model, Dr. Bazan and his colleagues used a model in which potential technical artifacts, such as retinal neovascularization and nonspecific local inflammatory activity resulting from the laser injury, were well defined and controlled to minimize a biased assessment of CNV outcomes. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
The diameters of the choroidal lesions then were plotted to determine the degree of neovascularization. (ophthalmologytimes.com)

[ 1 ] The basis for this classification was that these disorders occurred primarily in young adult women, affected the outer retina and choroid, and were associated with inflammation, visual field loss, and in some instances, electroretinogram abnormalities. (medscape.com)
The carotid artery imaging helps to see if the retina and choroid blood vessels are getting adequate blood flow and establish a diagnosis of ocular ischemic syndrome. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)

Melanoma of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid), though rare, is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. (cigna.com)
Uveal melanomas can arise in the anterior (iris) or the posterior (ciliary body or choroid) uveal tract. (cigna.com)
While the central retinal artery provides the inner retina's blood supply, most of its oxygen demand is supplied by diffusion from the underlying choroid (which is the sole supply of the avascular fovea), which is in turn supplied by the ciliary arteries. (arvojournals.org)
These tumors can occur in the choroid , iris and ciliary body . (wikidoc.org)
Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumour until the ophthalmologist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). (wikidoc.org)

ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated the absence of perivascular nerves in PWS [ 14 , 17 ] favouring the hypothesis of an alteration of autonomic nerves surrounding blood vessels which causes deficits of vessel caliber modulation [ 14 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
The ophthalmologist or retinal specialist injects a fluorescent dye into the bloodstream that allows blood vessels to be photographed in the back of the eye. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)
Pan retinal photocoagulation, also known as PRP or scatter laser treatment, is a minimally invasive laser procedure used to seal or destroy leaking blood vessels on the retina. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)
Hyperglycaemia caused by uncontrolled diabetes can, over time, lead to serious damage to body systems, particularly nerves and blood vessels. (novartis.be)
12 PDR is characterised by the growth of new blood vessels from the retinal surface towards the vitreous cavity in response to chronic retinal hypoxia. (novartis.be)
Choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) occurs when abnormal blood vessels originating from the choroid grow into the retina through the Bruch's membrane. (novartis.be)

Research shows that 83% of adult patients with myopic maculopathy have signs of diffuse peripapillary choroidal atrophy as children. (optometryadvisor.com)

The typical choroidal melanoma is a brown, elevated, dome-shaped subretinal mass. (cigna.com)
Subretinal fluid in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Karakahya RH, Korkmaz M, Korkmaz H. Decreased retinal nerve fiber and choroidal thickness in chronic rhinosinusitis. (reviewofoptometry.com)
1 Compared with children who do not have myopia, children with myopia demonstrate decreased choroidal thickness with age that complements their axial elongation. (optometryadvisor.com)
DME shows small areas of hyporeflectivity and a spongy appearance to the retinal layers, thus resulting in increased macular thickness. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
One study that showed a 20-percent change in retinal thickness correlated well with a 10-letter change in visual acuity, suggesting that changes in SD-OCT could be a meaningful measure of treatment success in macular edema related to uveitis. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Central retinal thickness (CFT) in all eyes without CME, ellipsoid zone (EZ) on OCT in 71.4% of eyes, ERG response in 55% of eyes, and VF in 50% of eyes were stable or improved within 6 months after treatment. (bvsalud.org)

The choroid is a vascular network providing the bulk of the oxygen and nutrient supply to the retina and may play a pivotal role in retinal disease pathogenesis. (arvojournals.org)
Newer treatment modalities uncovered in this review include the use of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factors in the treatment of sight-threatening complications such as choroidal neovascularisation. (phmj.org)
The diagnosis procedure provides a differential diagnosis to determine if it may not be OIS but conditions with similar signs or symptoms with other retinal vascular diseases. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy. (novartis.be)

Spectral-domain showing choroidal neovascular membrane. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Fort Lauderdale, FL -The neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) molecule swiftly reduced leakage from choroidal neovascular lesions as well as lesion diameter in a study conducted in an animal model. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
These results suggest that NPD1, a mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid found in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, could have therapeutic application in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), according to Nicolas G. Bazan, MD, PhD, who reported the findings at the annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. (ophthalmologytimes.com)

Lastly, serous retinal detachments are characterized by a separation between the neurosensory retina and RPE. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Horizontal and vertical scans show serous fluid, and choroidal folds. (westcoastretina.com)

Within weeks, this line is replaced by an orange zone, which eventually becomes a larger sector of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) depigmentation and retinal vasculature attenuation. (medscape.com)
While optical coherence tomography angiography provides an en face depiction of the choroidal vasculature, it does not reveal flow dynamics. (arvojournals.org)
Breaks in Bruch's membrane are required for new vessels to pass from the choroidal vasculature to the retina. (novartis.be)

6 Sandwiched between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the sclera, the choroid is approximately 0.22- to 0.3-mm thick at the posterior pole, thinning anteriorly. (arvojournals.org)
Because the choroid is sandwiched between the light-absorbing RPE and the optically opaque sclera, it is more difficult to image than the optically accessible retina. (arvojournals.org)
Structural changes resulting from pathological myopia may create deformities in the sclera, choroid, and retina. (optometryadvisor.com)

Cystoid macular edema (CME) in 2 eyes and significant retinal inflammation in 4 eyes were markedly resolved after single injection. (bvsalud.org)
For this reason, careful ophthalmoscopy should be performed on all children with strabismus to exclude retinoblastoma or some other significant retinal pathology. (entokey.com)

While choroidal changes are associated with retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration 3 and diabetic retinopathy, 4 , 5 the limited ability to characterize choroidal flow leaves its role in pathogenesis and progression unclear. (arvojournals.org)
Conditions such as diabetic retinopathy or central retinal vein occlusion may be the correct diagnosis and require different treatment. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)
In OIS, intra-retinal hemorrhages are fewer than diabetic retinopathy, for example. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)
Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is a complication of diabetes that occurs when there is damage to the blood-retinal barrier, leading to the accumulation of fluid within the intraretinal layers of the macular. (novartis.be)
It can occur at any stage of diabetic retinopathy, although it is more likely to occur the longer the disease goes on. (novartis.be)
Diabetic eye disease is a leading cause for blindness registration among working age adults. (novartis.be)

Some retinal detachments can be progressive and worsen over time, so it can be a progressive disease. (vin.com)
The syndrome has no cure, although there are some treatments for some of the eye problems, such as surgery for progressive retinal detachments if they worsen over time. (vin.com)
Generally speaking, most dogs with CEA have abnormal vision and their vision is affected by choroidal hypoplasia and colobomas (see below) in addition to the retinal detachments. (vin.com)

The incidence of lymphoproliferative ocular diseases, especially malignant lymphoma, has increased over the years. (medscape.com)
Aberrations in the gut microbiota have been shown to be associated with ocular diseases in both human and animal studies. (springer.com)
Future studies of the gut microbiota and its relationship with ocular disease will increase our understanding of the gut-eye axis and lead to innovative therapeutic approaches to treating ocular diseases. (springer.com)
1 Congenital myopia, while often non progressive, can be vision threatening and present with other ocular diseases, including retinopathy of prematurity and inherited retinal disorders. (optometryadvisor.com)

SD-OCT can identify hyperreflectivity, thinning, loss of or edema of retinal and chorioretinal interface layers in white dot syndromes, which may provide more accurate case definitions of these disorders and better prognostic clues. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Repeat OCT through the lesion showed mildly thickened choroid with chorioretinal folds without intraretinal fluid (Figure 2B). (westcoastretina.com)

Ocular symptoms are correlated to systemic disease activity and can present as an initial manifestation of SLE. (bmj.com)
2 Ocular involvement may correlate with systemic disease activity and precede other systemic symptoms stressing the important role the ophthalmologist may play. (bmj.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] Lymphoproliferative disease of the orbit usually presents later in life and causes symptoms due to gradually increasing mass effect. (medscape.com)
Symptoms of CEA, such as retinal folds, can appear after birth at a certain age and then disappear as the dog ages. (vin.com)
Your best defense is to have regular checkups , because eye diseases do not always have symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)

Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor and the second most common type of primary malignant melanoma in the body. (medscape.com)
Color photograph of a dome-shaped choroidal melanoma. (medscape.com)
Liver enzyme levels are indicated in any patient with uveal melanoma, because the liver is the most common site of choroidal melanoma metastasis. (medscape.com)

Characteristic to the disease is the profound atrophy of the brain accompanied by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the presence of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). (frontiersin.org)

however, the patient's best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) recovered only to 0.7 OD and 0.6 OS, and the impairment of the outer retinal layer was broadly detected as hyperautofluorescent lesions on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) examination and as irregularity in or disappearance of the ellipsoid and interdigitation zones on OCT, which were quite atypical for the findings of APMPPE. (bvsalud.org)

Peripheral retinal findings, which include lattice degeneration and retinal holes, are common findings in children with high myopia, becoming more prevalent as axial length increases. (optometryadvisor.com)

Capillaries of the choroid arteries from the pia mater project into the ventricular cavity, forming the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (see the image below). (medscape.com)

[ 1 ] describes the acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR complex) spectrum of diseases. (medscape.com)

Other features linked to the port-wine stain and typical to all of the three conditions are glaucoma and choroidal alterations. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, glaucoma and thickened choroid, linked to the port-wine stain, are recurrent ocular findings in all three conditions. (hindawi.com)

Myopia onset at a younger age not only increases the risk of further progression, it elevates the risk of ocular disease during a patient's lifetime. (optometryadvisor.com)
The intellectual exercise of naming each parameter allows the clinician to focus upon those diagnoses most likely attributed to each patient's disease. (medscape.com)
We relayed our concern for possible cancer recurrence with new choroidal metastasis to the patient's oncologist, who undertook pan-body imaging and held nivolumab until the work up for metastases could be completed. (westcoastretina.com)
Two-and-a-half weeks later, follow-up evaluation showed that the patient's posterior segment abnormalities had largely resolved, leaving behind only an area of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disruption (Figure 2A). (westcoastretina.com)
Five days later, the hyperfluorescence on FAF had disappeared, and the outer retinal layer improved on OCT. Moreover, the patient's BCVA recovered to 1.0 OU. (bvsalud.org)

[ 3 ] suggested an ischemic choroidopathy, which resulted from primary inflammation of the choriocapillaris, as the unifying pathogenesis of these diseases. (medscape.com)
Under states of aberrant microbial composition or function (dysbiosis), the gut microbiota induces systemic inflammation that can lead to the onset of many diseases. (springer.com)

D. Retinal vessels are visible behind lens in eyes with exophytic retinoblastoma. (entokey.com)

A radial section of a portion of the retina reveals that the ganglion cells (the output neurons of the retina) lie innermost in the retina closest to the lens and front of the eye, and the photosensors (the rods and cones) lie outermost in the retina against the pigment epithelium and choroid. (org.es)
The retinal message concerning the photic input and some preliminary organization of the visual image into several forms of sensation are transmitted to the brain from the spiking discharge pattern of the ganglion cells. (org.es)
The second neuropil of the retina, is the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and it functions as a relay station for the vertical-information-carrying nerve cells, the bipolar cells, to connect to ganglion cells (Figs. 7 and 8). (org.es)

Based on findings in neurological diseases ( 20-23 ) and pharmacological interactions ( 24-27 ), it appears that a malfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)2 receptors may have a major role in the pathogenesis of bruxism. (spandidos-publications.com)
Following shifts in gut bacterial composition, the immune system surpasses microbial tolerance and progresses to an inflammatory state, which can induce tissue damage throughout the body and promote disease pathogenesis. (springer.com)
Pre-formed fibrils are an invaluable preclinical model for exploring pathogenesis of neurological diseases through aggregation of misfolded proteins. (acrobiosystems.com)

The investigative team from Turkey found chronic rhinosinusitis appears to cause thinning of the choroid and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), especially in the superior and inferior quadrants and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL). (reviewofoptometry.com)
Ocular manifestations of chronic rhinosinusitis should be taken in consideration during the management of this disease, the researchers noted. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to severe cognitive loss and eventual death. (frontiersin.org)
Chronic Granulomatous Disease can affect the fetus in utero and present as congenital abnormalities Congenital Abnormalities Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero. (lecturio.com)

Ocular manifestations of SLE are common and may lead to permanent blindness from the underlying disease or therapeutic side effects. (bmj.com)
Furthermore, we examine several potential therapeutic measures that show promise in restoring the gut microbiota to a eubiotic state, preventing the aforementioned disease pathologies. (springer.com)
Here, we investigate interactions between the gut microbiota and ocular pathology and their implications for progression of disease, and propose several potential therapeutic approaches aimed at promoting gut microbial homeostasis and reducing adverse ocular outcomes. (springer.com)
Given its high degree of reproducibility, SD-OCT is an invaluable technique for characterizing pathologic features of the retina, including the retinal pigment epithelium, and in assessing disease activity and therapeutic response. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

The phakomatoses have been traditionally defined as a group of hereditary diseases with variable expressivity characterized by multisystem tumors with possible malignant transformation. (hindawi.com)

6 ] Most uveal tract melanomas originate in the choroid. (cigna.com)

1 Isolated anterior uveitis usually causes non-cystic retinal thickening that correlates well with disease activity. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

1 In individuals with more refractive error than −8.00 D, foveoschisis becomes more of a threat as abnormal vitreous traction on the inner retina causes splitting of the macular retinal region. (optometryadvisor.com)

The problem in CEA is that an area of the retina (the nerve layer of the eye with rods and cones) and/or the choroid (the choroid is the blood vessel layer under the retina) does not develop the way it should because of DNA mutations. (vin.com)

The white dot syndromes or inflammatory chorioretinopathies are a heterogenous group of diseases of unknown aetiology, characterized by the appearance of white dots on the fundus. (phmj.org)
In patients with a sudden visual loss, a cherry-red spot is usually observed at the fundus related to the central retinal artery's blood flow stoppage. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)

Systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease that causes noncaseating granulomas. (lecturio.com)
The White Dot Syndromes (WDS) or inflammatory chorioretinopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of unknown aetiology. (phmj.org)
This review summarizes the applications for SD-OCT imaging in various ocular inflammatory diseases. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

The anterior part of the body of the fornix, the choroid plexus, lateral dorsal surface of the thalamus, stria terminalis, and caudate nucleus, form the floor of the lateral ventricle. (medscape.com)

Multifocal choroidopathy syndromes are rare disorders involving a primary pathologic process occurring at or near the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with or without photoreceptor outer segment and choriocapillaris involvement. (medscape.com)
This group of rare disorders involves a primary pathologic process occurring at or near the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with or without photoreceptor outer segment and choriocapillaris involvement. (medscape.com)

[ 7 , 8 ] Acute macular neuroretinopathy, a bilateral condition affecting otherwise healthy young adults, appears to involve a pathologic process occurring more in the middle and outer retinal layers rather than in the RPE and choriocapillaris. (medscape.com)
Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. (lecturio.com)

Various genetic, epigenetic, immunoregulatory, environmental and infectious factors contribute to the susceptibility, onset, progression and prognosis of the clinical disease in a given patient. (bmj.com)

3 Immunohistochemical studies of an animal model with retinal vasculitis disclosed immune complex deposition within the vessel walls, which ultimately caused vaso-occlusion in the eye. (bmj.com)

For example, restoration of retinal architecture at the IS/OS junction following systemic immunomodulatory treatment has been reported in birdshot chorioretinopathy. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in dementia and eventual death. (frontiersin.org)

Some choroidal thickening is noted as well as choroidal folds. (westcoastretina.com)

The pulses produced a retinal bubble as Bruch's membrane was breached. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
The pathophysiology involves alterations in the normal transport of metabolites, ions and water across Bruch's membrane which alters the nutrition and stability of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and alters the transport of waste out of the retina. (novartis.be)

Occlusion can lead to rapid death of retinal cells resulting in severe loss of vision. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)
Occlusion of a retinal vein causes haemorrhage and macular oedema, which can lead to a painless reduction in vision. (novartis.be)

Furthermore, choroidal melanocytosis in the phakomatosis pigmentovascularis can lead to malignant transformation. (hindawi.com)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its corresponding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported as a cluster of pneumonia cases in. (annals.edu.sg)

The choroid plexus extends from the lateral ventricle into the inferior horn. (medscape.com)

[ 10 ] Accordingly, discussion of the various multifocal choroidopathy syndromes in this article addresses each disease as a separate entity. (medscape.com)

5 A younger age at onset allows this stretching to occur for a longer period of time, increasing the risk of disease severity later in life. (optometryadvisor.com)
Dividing these nerve cell layers are two neuropils where synaptic contacts occur (Fig. 4). (org.es)

OIS is more common in men than women due to the higher incidence of atherosclerosis and carotid artery disease in male patients. (arizonaretinalspecialists.com)

The most common cause is a retinal break (a tear or, less commonly, a hole-rhegmatogenous. (msdmanuals.com)

CME appears as low reflective intraretinal spaces that are separated by thin retinal tissue with high reflectivity. (reviewofophthalmology.com)

Anatomy48

Organisms1

Diseases27

Chemicals and Drugs8

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes6

Detachment11

Optic18

Neovascularization8

Retina and Choroid2

Ciliary5

Blood vessels6

Diffuse1

Subretinal2

Thickness5

Vascular4

Neovascular3

Serous2

Vasculature3

Sclera3

Significant retinal2

Diabetic6

Detachments3

Ocular diseases4

Chorioretinal2

Symptoms5

Melanoma3

Atrophy1

Lesions1

High Myopia1

Cavity1

Retinopathy1

Glaucoma2

Patient's5

Inflammation2

Vessels1

Ganglion cells3

Pathogenesis3

Chronic4

Therapeutic4

Tumors1

Uveal1

Uveitis1

Abnormal1

Rods and c1

Fundus2

Inflammatory3

Anterior1

Photoreceptor2

Outer2

Progression1

Vasculitis1

Systemic1

Disorder1

Folds1

Bruch's2

Occlusion2

Malignant1

Acute1

Lateral1

Choroidopathy1

Occur2

Artery1

Tear1

Intraretinal1