AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Olfactory Receptor NeuronsOdorsReceptors, OdorantSmellOlfactory BulbOlfactory MucosaOlfactory NerveOlfactory PathwaysArthropod AntennaeOlfactory Marker ProteinSensillaSensory Receptor CellsNeuronsSense OrgansNephropidaeIctaluridaePalinuridaeSex AttractantsMonoterpenesPentanolsPheromonesNeurons, AfferentSantalumOlfaction DisordersMothsAction PotentialsOlfactory PerceptionElectrophysiologyManducaStimulation, ChemicalNucleotides, CyclicAxonsReceptors, PheromoneSalamandraCalciumAnisolesDEETVomeronasal OrganPatch-Clamp TechniquesMembrane PotentialsDendritesInsect RepellentsAlkadienesIon ChannelsNecturusCyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation ChannelsCiliaVolatilizationSciatic NerveElectric StimulationNasal MucosaMotor NeuronsDrosophila melanogasterImmunohistochemistryAldehydesNerve Tissue ProteinsCyclohexenesMushroom BodiesDrosophilaPupaTerpenesElectric ConductivitySignal TransductionSolute Carrier Family 12, Member 2Peripheral NervesAnimal StructuresElectrophysiological PhenomenaSensory ThresholdsDrosophila ProteinsLarvaNerve FibersCyclohexanolsNeural InhibitionAnimals, Genetically ModifiedModels, NeurologicalPseudogenesAdaptation, PhysiologicalOptic NerveCells, CulturedEvoked PotentialsTime FactorsChemoreceptor CellsNerve RegenerationIon Channel GatingSynaptic TransmissionSynapsesMechanoreceptorsCyclic AMPPresynaptic TerminalsBehavior, AnimalTetrodotoxinIn Situ HybridizationChloride ChannelsCyclic GMPRats, Sprague-DawleyMolecular Sequence DataDose-Response Relationship, DrugBeetlesBrainPOU Domain Factors
EpitheliumBulbOdorsNasalCiliaOlfactionSynapsesMucosaNeuronalCranial NervesOdorCortexProteinsGlomeruliStimuliSense of smOdorantsUnique to the olfactoryVertebratesFibersCellsAxons of the olfactoryNoseReach the olfactoryHumansKnown as the olfactoryDetectBRAINTrigeminal nerveMammalsBipolar neuronsDysfunctionSmellsBehaviorSignalsAfferentPeripheralStimulationGenesProcessesLigand-receptorPyramidal neuronsPhysiologicalOdorant receptorsTissuesTransientIMPULSESDepolarizationCRIBRIFORM PLATESystemResearchersDendritesProteinNeuralPathway
Epithelium23
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins ( RECEPTORS, ODORANT ) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia . (lookformedical.com)
  • It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB . (lookformedical.com)
  • The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium , and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. (wikidoc.org)
  • It receives axonal input from the vomeronasal organ , a distinct sensory epithelium from the main olfactory epithelium that detects pheremones, among other chemical stimuli. (wikidoc.org)
  • As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). (wikidoc.org)
  • Various types of receptor cells are present, either segregated in different compartments (e.g. in rodents) or mingled in one epithelium (e.g. fish). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Information about their olfactory epithelium is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since alligators seem to detect both volatile and water-soluble odour cues, I tested whether different sensory cell types are present in the olfactory epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Almost the entire nasal cavity is lined with olfactory (sensory) epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In many mammals these neurons are segregated in two compartments: ciliated OSNs are housed in the main olfactory epithelium detecting chemicals related mostly to food and microvillous OSNs in the so-called vomeronasal organ (VNO) detecting mostly (but not limited to) social cues [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fish olfactory epithelium also contains ciliated and microvillous OSNs [ 2 ], but here both cell types are intermingled in one olfactory epithelium since fish do not have a VNO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Turtles employ the main olfactory epithelium and the VNO to detect air-borne and/or water-soluble chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OSNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nose, where its cell bodies are distributed among all three of its stratified layers. (psychologic.science)
  • The olfactory epithelium has a thin layer of mucus covering its surface. (psychologic.science)
  • In this activation process, an odorant molecule will dissolve into the mucous membrane of the olfactory epithelium and subsequently bind to an olfactory receptor. (psychologic.science)
  • These neurons are found in the olfactory epithelium at the bottom of the nasal cavity (inside the nose). (fondsperfumum.org)
  • Olfaction requires orthonasal or retronasal airflow to transport odor-bearing particles up to the olfactory epithelium located at the apex of the nasal cavity. (nih.gov)
  • In the olfactory epithelium, odour molecules bind to olfactory receptors which are expressed in olfactory sensory neurons in the nose [3]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Within the nasal cavity, the turbinates or nasal conchae serve to direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • As previously mentioned, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) sends fibers to the olfactory epithelium to detect caustic chemicals, such as ammonia. (medscape.com)
Bulb52
Odors11
  • Odors enter the nose (or olfactory rosette in fishes) and interact with the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability to detect scents or odors , such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS . (lookformedical.com)
  • Presynaptic terminals of incipient synaptic contacts generate calcium transients in response to odors, triggering long lasting depolarization of olfactory glomeruli. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • These species' brains have threeor more times more functional olfactory receptor neurons - nerve cells thatrespond to odors - than species with less keen smelling abilities, includinghumans and other primates. (gemepet.com)
  • 2004). Olfactory receptors on different OSNs can detect new odors from background environmental odors. (psychologic.science)
  • That being said, there are many separate OSNs that express olfactory receptors, which bind to the same set of odors. (psychologic.science)
  • Individual odors are characterized by patterns of activated neurons in an olfactory region. (psychologic.science)
  • In addition, it is important to know that odors can reach the olfactory sensory neurons through two distinct pathways: the nostrils (external pathway) and a canal connecting the palate to the nose (internal pathway). (fondsperfumum.org)
  • These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. (medscape.com)
  • The team built an olfactory map that identifies exactly which receptor pairs detect and process specific odors. (icr.org)
  • Published online February 2 in the journal Cell , the new study found that infection with the pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2, indirectly dials down the action of olfactory receptors (OR), proteins on the surfaces of nerve cells in the nose that detect the molecules associated with odors. (kingwoodconnection.com)
Nasal14
Cilia5
Olfaction4
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
  • An olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is a component within the olfactory system used to detect airborne chemicals that are inhaled, which gives rise to the sense of olfaction or smell. (psychologic.science)
  • Thanks to our partnership with the Pasteur Institute in Paris, we were able to learn a lot about olfaction and how our brain is connected to our olfactory organ, the visible part of which is the nose. (fondsperfumum.org)
  • Olfaction - Human olfactory system. (academic.ru)
Synapses3
  • Using Xenopus tadpoles as an experimental system to investigate rewiring of glomerular connectivity, we show that novel OSN synapses can transfer information immediately after formation, mediating olfactory-guided behavior. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Star-shaped, their many processes envelop synapses made by neurons. (atozwiki.com)
  • Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic arbor. (wikidoc.org)
Mucosa2
  • Our stimulations were majorly at the middle concha where olfactory local field potentials are easily acquired [9], while few were at the superior and inferior conchae, based on the results from epithelial biopsies on spread of olfactory mucosa [10,11]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • We conclude from our study that the CNS can be targeted by airborne solid ultrafine particles and that the most likely mechanism is from deposits on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopha- ryngeal region of the respiratory tract and subsequent translocation via the olfactory nerve. (cdc.gov)
Neuronal5
  • Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. (lookformedical.com)
  • Factors including inflammation, oxidation, and aggregates of proteins in the neurons can be the source of neuronal signal disruption that leads to chronic neurological disorders. (japsonline.com)
  • File:Complete neuron cell diagram.svg Despite the critical role that dendrites play in the computational tendencies of neurons, very little is known about the process by which dendrites orient themselves in vivo and are compelled to create the intricate branching pattern unique to each specific neuronal class. (wikidoc.org)
  • In both hamster and human olfactory neuronal tissue, the research team detected persistent and widespread downregulation of olfactory receptor building. (kingwoodconnection.com)
  • Brain infection is thought to occur by means of direct neuronal transmission of the virus from a peripheral site to the brain via the trigeminal or olfactory nerve and indirect immune-mediated processes inducing neuroinflammation. (medscape.com)
Cranial Nerves5
  • Cranial Nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. (lookformedical.com)
  • Connections between the vestibular system and the cranial nerves controlling eye movement keep the eyes centered on a visual stimulus, even though the head is moving. (usk.ac.id)
  • The cranial nerves originate in the brain stem. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For the 3rd (ocolomotor), 4th (trochlear), and 6th (abducens) cranial nerves, eyes are observed for symmetry of movement, globe position, asymmetry or droop of the eyelids (ptosis), and twitches or flutters of globes or lids. (msdmanuals.com)
Odor5
  • Smell is the only sensory system with a back up, which throughout most of adult life forms new sensory neurons that express specific odor receptors. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The team found, for instance, that the 1,200 different types of odor receptors do more than just detect smells in the environment, but they also act as a sort of molecular glue, expressed late in maturation, that locks axons into proper targets in the brain. (scitechdaily.com)
  • It is not clear what the functional role of lateral inhibition would be, though it may be involved in boosting the signal-to-noise ratio of odor signals by silencing the basal firing rate of surrounding non-activated neurons. (wikidoc.org)
  • The messages gosimultaneously to the olfactory cortex, which is responsible for identifying,localizing and remembering odor, and to other brain regions responsible fordecision-making and emotion. (gemepet.com)
  • Odor molecules in the air stimulate and inhibit the receptors, writes Cory Binns in Live Science. (benomara.com)
Cortex8
  • also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
  • Glomeruli are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells , which in turn output to the olfactory cortex . (wikidoc.org)
  • Mitral cells innervate the following brain areas: the medial amygdala, anterior olfactory nucleus, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and piriform cortex. (psychologic.science)
  • It advances when there is a signal elevated point between the olfactory receptors and the olfactory cortex. (starhealth.in)
  • Dysfunction of the sense of smell could be a result of issues with the receptors, the nerve or the cerebral cortex regions (the insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampal region) that integrate those signals. (starhealth.in)
  • The smell receptors detect odorants and send information on to parts of the cerebral cortex. (lu.se)
  • Images that appear on the retina are registered as nerve signals and it sends the impulses on via the optic nerve to the visual cortex, in the cerebral cortex's occipital lobe, which then gives rise to a sensory impression. (lu.se)
Proteins5
  • The experiment shows that it is possible by inserting photo activated proteins into neurons photo stimulation can produce an olfactory behavior in these larvae , whereas genetically unchanged larvae generally avoid light. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The researchers now plan to use the same principle to undertake further studies on adult Drosophila, equipping them with photo-activated proteins to cause targeted isolated cerebral neurons to react. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Each of them has tiny hair-like structures that use receptor proteins to bind aroma compounds. (careforyoo.com)
  • Such cells release proteins called cytokines that changed the genetic activity of olfactory nerve cells, even though the virus cannot infect them, say the study authors. (kingwoodconnection.com)
  • The proteins in the cell membrane function as pumps, receptors and transporters and regulate which substances find their way into and out of the cell. (lu.se)
Glomeruli2
  • The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor . (wikidoc.org)
  • The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)
Stimuli2
  • Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • Neurons are interconnected to each other in complex arrangements, and have the property of conducting, using electrochemical signals, a great variety of stimuli both within the nervous tissue as well as from and towards most of the other tissues. (wikidoc.org)
Sense of sm10
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell . (lookformedical.com)
  • Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. (lookformedical.com)
  • adjectival form: olfactory ) is the sense of smell. (academic.ru)
  • Humans have multifaceted olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortices, which provide them with more sensitive and dynamic abilities for the sense of smell. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Humans have multifaceted olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortices, which provide them with more sensitive and dynamic abilities for the sense of smell [1], and as such humans could detect at least 1 trillion different smells [2]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • The odorants that give rise to the sense of smell are found by olfactory receptors, which are conveyed in the cell membranes of neurons. (starhealth.in)
  • The relaxing effects of scents can be traced in the organs involved in the olfactory system, which is responsible for our sense of smell. (careforyoo.com)
  • Experiments in hamsters recorded over time revealed that downregulation of olfactory neuron receptors persisted after short-term changes that might affect the sense of smell had naturally recovered. (kingwoodconnection.com)
  • If olfactory gene expression ceases every time the immune system responds in certain ways that disrupts inter-chromosomal contacts, then the lost sense of smell may act as the "canary in the coalmine," providing any early signals that the COVID-19 virus is damaging brain tissue before other symptoms present, and suggesting new ways to treat it. (kingwoodconnection.com)
Odorants3
  • Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)
  • Each receptor can bind to a variety of odorants with differing affinities. (psychologic.science)
  • 2004). Olfactory receptor neuron profiling using sandalwood odorants. (psychologic.science)
Unique to the olfactory1
  • The continuous turnover and new supply of these neurons are unique to the olfactory system. (medscape.com)
Vertebrates1
Fibers7
  • Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, separated at the midline by the crista galli, contains multiple small foramina through which the olfactory nerve fibers, or fila olfactoria, traverse. (medscape.com)
  • Fracture of the cribriform plate in traumatic settings can disrupt these fine fibers and lead to olfactory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
  • The only part of the body where nerve fibers continue to grow in adults is in the olfactory system. (ortocanis.com)
  • The researchers claim that the transplanted cells regenerated nerve fibers throughout the damaged region of the spinal cord. (ortocanis.com)
Cells38
  • The AON is composed of two separate structures: a) a thin ring of cells encircling the rostral end of the olfactory peduncle known as "pars externa", b) the large "pars principalis", seen in coronal sections of most mammalian brains as a two-layered structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor play a role in the development of a group of nerve cells that are specialized to process smells (olfactory neurons). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are also involved in the migration of nerve cells that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, solitary chemosensory cells innervated by trigeminal nerve fibres, are intermingled with olfactory sensory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Olfactory sensory neurons are transduction cells that total about six million in humans (Moran et al. (psychologic.science)
  • The microscopic molecules released by what surrounds us stimulate olfactory receptors located on the surface of specialized sensory cells called olfactory sensory neurons. (fondsperfumum.org)
  • Once an odorant binds to the receptor, the olfactory receptors trigger a series of signals to the cells interiors that ultimately results in the opening and closing of ion channels. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • The opening of the ion channels increases the concentration of positive ions inside olfactory cells. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • This depolarization causes the olfactory cells to release tiny packets of chemical signals called neurotransmitters, which initiate a nerve impulse. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Electrical stimulation can create depolarization in the nerve cells, which can then induce action potentials with sufficient depolarization magnitude [5]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • In the brain of adult mammals neural stem cells ensure that new nerve cells, i.e. neurons, are constantly formed. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • At first, we thought that they could be astrocytes, helper cells that ensure that the neurons are able to do their work. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • A receptor of the same name plays a vital role, controlling the speed at which the cells multiply and monitoring the cell differentiation process. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • microclots in the brain may explain cognitive disturbance (possibly by killing small fibre nerve cells), or microclots in the feet explaining Covid Toe. (mactireapothecary.ie)
  • The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
  • This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • These specialized epithelial cells give rise to the olfactory vesicles containing kinocilia, which serve as sites of stimulus transduction. (medscape.com)
  • Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
  • In no other location in the mature nervous system do less differentiated stem cells replace neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)
  • Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. (medscape.com)
  • 2 They ran a series of tests on the cells, each called an olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). (icr.org)
  • An unbiased view clears the way to attribute the "marvel" of these "simple yet elegant" dual-function fruit fly nerve cells to the work of a Person with the power to choose. (icr.org)
  • Foreign scientists of the lining of the nose of animals are called olfactory enveloping glia (OEC) cells. (ortocanis.com)
  • Nerve cells need to be constantly replaced and this is promoted by the OCs. (ortocanis.com)
  • The animals received a transplant of olfactory cells. (ortocanis.com)
  • Professor Goeffrey Raisman, Chair of Neural Regeneration at the University of London, who discovered olfactory enveloping glia cells in 1985, says: "This is not a cure for spinal cord injuries in humans, which may still be a long way off. (ortocanis.com)
  • The pathology involved in these diseases is similar, which involves abnormal aggregates of amyloid protein that can cause selective damage in the neuron cells. (japsonline.com)
  • The strategies used to manage NDDs are implicated in stopping or slowing the further degeneration of neuron cells using antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-amyloid drugs ( Maiti and Dunbar 2018 ). (japsonline.com)
  • The large majority of what are commonly called nerves (which are actually axonal processes of nerve cells) are considered to be PNS. (wikidoc.org)
  • Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons . (wikidoc.org)
  • The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. (wikidoc.org)
  • [4] Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the brain. (atozwiki.com)
  • Dendrites (from Greek dendron , "tree") are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma , of the neuron from which the dendrites project. (wikidoc.org)
  • Experiments showed that the presence of the virus near nerve cells (neurons) in olfactory tissue brought an inrushing of immune cells, microglia and T cells, that sense and counter infection. (kingwoodconnection.com)
  • MC-neuron bidirectional communication uniquely positions these cells as potential initiators and/or perpetuators of pain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nerve cells and sensory organs are very parasympathetic nervous system is activated by sensitive to changes in blood flow. (bvsalud.org)
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Other Motor Neuron Diseases (MNDs) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases are characterized by steady, relentless, progressive degeneration of corticospinal tracts, anterior horn cells, bulbar motor nuclei. (msdmanuals.com)
Axons of the olfactory1
  • bulbs are consistent with earlier studies in nonhuman primates and rodents that demonstrated that intranasally instilled solid UFP translocate along axons of the olfactory nerve into the CNS. (cdc.gov)
Nose3
  • Nerves of septum of nose. (wikidoc.org)
  • From the rest of the limbic system and olfactory (your nose) system, it receives information that tells it your level of sexual arousal and whether you need to eat or not. (jeejeebhoy.ca)
  • The nose is full of nerve endings, so it's very sensitive to pain and pressure . (yourawesomepets.com)
Reach the olfactory1
Humans2
Known as the olfactory1
  • Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. (medscape.com)
Detect3
BRAIN23
  • The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. (lookformedical.com)
  • The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. (lookformedical.com)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are produced in many organs and tissues, including the small intestine, certain regions of the brain, and several hormone-producing (endocrine) tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Prokineticin 2 and its receptor are active in a region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which acts as an internal clock that controls circadian rhythms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies suggest that a loss of this signaling disrupts the migration and survival of olfactory neurons and GnRH-producing neurons in the developing brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Any molecule can stimulate a combination of receptors, creating a unique representation in the brain. (fondsperfumum.org)
  • After detecting molecules through their receptors, the neurons send a message to the brain, which identifies the smell. (fondsperfumum.org)
  • The transmission of the nerve signal can be followed all the way into the brain, thus enabling non-invasive observation of neural networks. (sciencedaily.com)
  • July 13, 2023 Averting our eyes from things that scare us may be due to a specific cluster of neurons in a visual region of the brain, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They were long considered to be the only stem cell population in the adult mouse brain as well as the main driver of nerve cell formation," explains Dr Ciccolini. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Our discovery that another stem cell type exists in the mouse brain of adult animals throws new light on the processes of neuron formation," emphasises Dr Ciccolini. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • Without these elegantly paired neurons, the fruit fly brain would take more time to process what the fly is smelling. (icr.org)
  • But no new long-distance nerve connections like those required to connect the brain to the spinal cord were developed. (ortocanis.com)
  • Neurons from brain-stem nuclei, or from the lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord, project to terminal ganglia near or within the various organs of the body. (usk.ac.id)
  • From certain neurons in the spaces in your brain called "ventricles", it finds out whether toxins are present, toxins that can lead to throwing up. (jeejeebhoy.ca)
  • Neurons are sensors that send electric messages to the Central Nervous System which send the electric messages back to the neurons telling them how to react, where the messages are finally sent back directly to the brain. (wikidoc.org)
  • In the human brain , glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1. (wikidoc.org)
  • Where immune cell activity would dissipate quickly in other scenarios, in the brain, according to the team's theory, immune signaling persists in a way that reduces the activity of genes needed for the building of olfactory receptors. (kingwoodconnection.com)
  • The molecular underpinnings common to and connecting these disorders are not known, but may include shared genetic risk factors ( 1 , 8 ), regulation of brain cations ( 9 , 10 ), or common receptor signaling events that activate pain ( 11 ), inflammation ( 12 ), or oxidative ( 13 ) pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the presence of an abnormal cranial nerve sign strongly suggests that the observed weakness results from a problem in the brain stem. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Introduction to the Neurologic Examination The purpose of the neurologic examination is to establish whether the patient's brain, special senses, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscle and skin receptors are functioning normally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The room offers opportunities to touch, listen, see and experience the complexity and function of the brain and neurons. (lu.se)
  • Climb into the brain and explore the nerve signals' impressions at the control panel. (lu.se)
Trigeminal nerve1
Mammals2
Bipolar neurons1
Dysfunction4
  • It may result in various olfactory dysfunction including a complete loss of smell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although TBI is amongst the most common causes of olfactory dysfunction the relationship between injury severity and olfactory problems has not yet been investigated with validated and standardized methods in the first days following the TBI. (crnacs.com)
  • As Covid causes damage to these tissues (ACE2 receptors are abundant in the circulatory endothelium) it can lead to endothelial dysfunction and therefore dysfunction of some of these anticoagulant processes. (mactireapothecary.ie)
  • In most cases, the smell loss lasts only a few weeks, but for more than 12 percent of COVID-19 patients, olfactory dysfunction persists in the form of ongoing reduction in the ability to smell (hyposmia) or changes in how a person perceives the same smell (parosmia). (kingwoodconnection.com)
Smells1
  • The varying strength of these intermolecular interactions gives rise to variability in activating neurons and results in the detection of unique smells (Bieri et al. (psychologic.science)
Behavior2
  • As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. (medscape.com)
  • Their results showed that one neuron in the set stimulates a particular behavior, while its partner neuron inhibits that same behavior. (icr.org)
Signals5
  • Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact. (lookformedical.com)
  • These mutations disrupt the protein's activity, affecting its ability to bind to its receptor to send signals normally. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These neurons are responsible for detecting and identifying volatile olfactorycompounds that send meaningful signals, like smoke from a fire or the aroma offresh meat. (gemepet.com)
  • From the optic nerve, which sends signals from the back of your eyeball, it finds out how light or dark it is where you are. (jeejeebhoy.ca)
  • Antic S, Zecevic D (1995) Optical signals from neurons with internally applied voltage-sensitive dyes. (yale.edu)
Afferent3
Peripheral1
  • 2022. Valence opponency in peripheral olfactory processing. (icr.org)
Stimulation3
  • Electrical stimulation, Virtual olfactory perceptions, Olfactory measurements. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • It can be argued that electrical stimulation of the olfactory receptors may reproduce smell sensations, as electric stimulation produces taste sensations [6] in a practice known as electrogustometry [7]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes propagate intercellular Ca 2+ waves over long distances in response to stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gliotransmitters ) in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner. (atozwiki.com)
Genes2
  • It is estimated that there are 1,000 different genes that code for olfactory receptors. (psychologic.science)
  • However, TWPs could affect the expression of genes enriched in immune-related pathways, while the leachate regulated the enrichment of some other signaling pathways including FoxO signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. (bvsalud.org)
Processes3
  • Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). (lookformedical.com)
  • Myriad processes converted light, sound, touch and smell instantly into your nerve impulses. (eemoticons.net)
  • Grinvald A, Salzberg BM, Lev-Ram V, Hildesheim R (1987) Optical recording of synaptic potentials from processes of single neurons using intracellular potentiometric dyes. (yale.edu)
Ligand-receptor1
Pyramidal neurons4
  • Antic S, Major G, Zecevic D (1999) Fast optical recordings of membrane potential changes from dendrites of pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
  • Colbert CM, Pan E (2002) Ion channel properties underlying axonal action potential initiation in pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
  • Connors BW, Prince DA (1982) Effects of local anesthetic QX-314 on the membrane properties of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (yale.edu)
  • Sema3A may act as a dendritic chemoattractant that aids cortical pyramidal neurons in orienting their apical dendrites to the pial surface. (wikidoc.org)
Physiological1
Odorant receptors2
  • The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement. (lookformedical.com)
  • Reference: "Odorant receptors regulate the final glomerular coalescence of olfactory sensory neuron axons" by Diego J. Rodriguez-Gil, Dianna L. Bartel, Austin W. Jaspers, Arie S. Mobley, Fumiaki Imamura and Charles A. Greer, 20 April 2015, PNAS . (scitechdaily.com)
Tissues1
  • In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
Transient2
  • Andreasen M, Hablitz JJ (1993) Local anesthetics block transient outward potassium currents in rat neocortical neurons. (yale.edu)
  • MCs can secrete nociceptor sensitizing and activating agents, such as serotonin, prostaglandins, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes that can also activate the pain-mediating transient receptor potential vanilloid channels. (frontiersin.org)
IMPULSES2
  • Relay system by relay neurons (also called interneurons ), which transmit impulses between the sensory and motor neurones. (wikidoc.org)
  • There, the olfactory impulses are analysed and put together into an olfactory impression. (lu.se)
Depolarization2
  • Molecules of cAMP cause ion channels within the cell membrane to open, which ultimately results in depolarization of the neuron and the generation of an action potential, due to an influx of sodium and calcium and an efflux of chloride ions. (psychologic.science)
  • The olfactory sensory neuron is equipped with a rapid negative feedback mechanism upon depolarization. (psychologic.science)
CRIBRIFORM PLATE1
System7
  • It is the second processing stage of the accessory olfactory system . (wikidoc.org)
  • The olfactory system contains two morphological distinct types of ciliated olfactory receptor neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The olfactory system of Triturus pyrrhogaster , changes morphologically and physiologically when the animals are kept either in a terrestrial or an aquatic environment [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is due to an alteration in the entire olfactory (smelling) system and not just a decline in function. (starhealth.in)
  • The system, with over a hundred billion neurons, processed the information from input to output in just half a second. (eemoticons.net)
  • The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons . (wikidoc.org)
  • The nervous system is, on a small scale, primarily made up of neurons . (wikidoc.org)
Researchers1
  • In vivo calcium imaging of the flies' brains stimulated with citrus enabled the researchers to identify the corresponding odorant receptor. (mpg.de)
Dendrites3
  • Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites . (lookformedical.com)
  • Dendrites play a critical role in integrating these synaptic inputs and in determining the extent to which action potentials are produced by the neuron. (wikidoc.org)
  • The structure and branching of a neuron's dendrites, as well as the availability and variation in voltage-gated ion conductances , strongly influences how it integrates the input from other neurons, particularly those that input only weakly. (wikidoc.org)
Protein5
  • This protein interacts with another protein called prokineticin receptor 2 (produced from the PROKR2 gene). (medlineplus.gov)
  • These olfactory receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor, which means the receptors are inherently metabotropic. (psychologic.science)
  • This means the receptor is indirectly activated when ions enter an ion channel, which is done by the secondary messenger, G protein molecules. (psychologic.science)
  • Activated olfactory receptors then activate intracellular G protein, guanine nucleotide-binding protein (GNAL), adenylate cyclase, and the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (psychologic.science)
  • The olfactory neurons of the only one millimeter sized genetically modified Drosophila larvae are all capable of producing the protein that is activated by light. (sciencedaily.com)
Neural1
  • Professor Franklin says the procedure could be used in conjunction with pharmacological treatments to promote nerve fibre regeneration and bioengineering to replace damaged neural networks. (ortocanis.com)
Pathway1