AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
NeuronsNeurons, AfferentSciatic NerveMotor NeuronsPeripheral NervesNerve FibersOptic NerveNerve RegenerationAction PotentialsNerve EndingsFacial NerveNerve BlockPeripheral Nerve InjuriesNerve Growth FactorsAxonsSural NerveMedian NerveElectric StimulationTibial NerveNerve CrushSpinal NervesUlnar NerveNerve Growth FactorNerve Tissue ProteinsTrigeminal NerveDopaminergic NeuronsGanglia, SpinalFemoral NerveElectrophysiologySensory Receptor CellsPhrenic NerveSynaptic TransmissionSynapsesCranial NervesSpinal CordGABAergic NeuronsPatch-Clamp TechniquesSpinal Nerve RootsCells, CulturedHippocampusRadial NerveNerve DegenerationNeural ConductionDendritesCatsMembrane PotentialsNerve Compression SyndromesNerve TissueOlfactory Receptor NeuronsCerebral CortexImmunohistochemistryNeural InhibitionCochlear Nervegamma-Aminobutyric AcidCholinergic NeuronsAnimals, NewbornOphthalmic NerveMandibular NerveMotor Neuron DiseaseModels, NeurologicalGlossopharyngeal NerveRats, WistarMedulla OblongataSympathetic Nervous SystemSplanchnic NervesNeurons, EfferentAfferent PathwaysNeuropeptidesBrainNerve Fibers, MyelinatedPyramidal CellsThoracic NervesRats, Sprague-DawleyExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsDopamineTetrodotoxinInterneuronsMesencephalonOculomotor NerveOlfactory NerveAbducens NerveBrain StemGangliaOptic Nerve InjuriesEvoked PotentialsPhysical StimulationReceptors, Nerve Growth FactorGlutamic AcidSerotonergic NeuronsHypoglossal NerveTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseOptic Nerve DiseasesGanglia, SympatheticNerve NetDenervationMice, Inbred C57BLCell CountAccessory NerveNeurogliaNociceptors
FibersEfferentAxonGangliaNociceptorsMotor neuronsNeuropathic painCranial nervesPathwayAxonsImpulsesStimuliVitroCell bodiesReceptorsConductionCapsaicin-sensitiveGlialCentral neuronsPeripheral neuronsSomatosensory neuronsDorsal rootInhibitoryPathwaysOlfactorySensory nervesLateralVisceralCellsNociceptiveHyperexcitabilityVivoRegenerationReflexesRelaysDendritesSpinal nerveSciatic nerveTrigeminal nerveFunctionalNeurotrophicVentralEndingsChronicDistalTranscriptionalPrimaryOriginatesFibresResponsesUpregulationExcitatoryMechanoreceptorsCharacterizationSodium currentsAbstractStimulationAutonomic
Fibers17
  • Through the center of the SN runs the solitary tract, a white bundle of nerve fibers, including fibers from the cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. Cell bodies of the SN are roughly somatotopically arranged along its length according to function: for instance, cells involved in taste are located in the rostral part, while those receiving information from cardio-respiratory and gastrointestinal processes are found in the caudal part. (wikipedia.org)
  • These peripheral cold receptors, both Aδ- and C-fibers, have thermal thresholds (i.e., the temperature at which nerve impulses are generated) for cold activation between 30-20°C, temperatures considered to be innocuously cool [ 4 , 6 ]. (nih.gov)
  • In order to do this, you would need to find a way to control the cohort of nerve fibers that transmit the specific type of pain you would like to block. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • This spider's massive fangs deliver a poison that causes excruciating pain in part by triggering a specific kind of sodium channel within A-delta nerve fibers, according to the new research. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In the periphery, CGRP is mainly detected in sensory afferents projecting to the spinal cord, in motor neurons at the neuromuscular junctions and in nerve fibers associated with the vasculature. (bachem.com)
  • Li Y, Dorsi MJ, Meyer RA, Belzberg AJ (2000) Mechanical hyperalgesia after an L5 spinal nerve lesion in the rat is not dependent on input from injured nerve fibers. (yale.edu)
  • Lisney SJ, Devor M (1987) Afterdischarge and interactions among fibers in damaged peripheral nerve in the rat. (yale.edu)
  • But once they started to look at the material, they realized that they were seeing nerve cells and fibers stained with a sharpness and readability not seen before, what one would call a technical breakthrough. (dnahelix.com)
  • Nociceptors behave as high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMR) and respond to harmful stimuli through Aβ, Aδ, and C nerve fibers 3 . (nature.com)
  • Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • The eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) or vestibulocochlear nerve is composed of 2 different sets of fibers: (1) the cochlear nerve and (2) the vestibular nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from an aggregation of nerve cell bodies in the spiral ganglion, located in the modiolus of the cochlea. (medscape.com)
  • The longer central fibers, also called the primary auditory fibers, form the cochlear nerve, and the shorter, peripheral fibers extend to the bases of the inner and outer hair cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 , 5 ] The greater occipital nerve (GON) originates in the dorsal ramus of the C 2 as well as the C 3 segments of the spinal cord and comprises sensory fibers alone. (medscape.com)
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
Efferent3
Axon7
  • By using a combination of optogenetics, in vivo electrophysiology, and machine learning analysis, we find that a subset of neurons in the ACC receives S1 inputs, and activation of the S1 axon terminals increases the response to noxious stimuli in ACC neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
  • There seems to be little doubt, notwithstanding, that one of the chief functions of the nerve cell is that of the propagation of a trophicj influence along its axon. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Thus, in the periphery after an acute mechanical injury of the peripheral afferent axon, there will be an initial dying back (retrograde chromatolysis) that proceeds for some interval at which time the axon begins to sprout sending growth cones forward. (asra.com)
  • Single unit recording from the afferent axon has indicated that the origin of the spontaneous activity in the afferent arises from the neuroma and from the dorsal root ganglia of the injured axon. (asra.com)
  • Following peripheral nerve injury there is a very significant upregulation in the expression of a wide variety of proteins in the dorsal root ganglion and thus the axon and terminals of the injured primary afferent. (asra.com)
  • One of the main features of biological tactile afferents is that their distal axon branches in the skin, creating complex receptive fields. (nature.com)
  • Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)
Ganglia17
  • However, in the mid- to late 1990s, a number of laboratories interested in cold transduction began to use primary cultures of either dorsal root (DRG) or trigeminal (TG) ganglia neurons as in vitro models of sensory afferents. (nih.gov)
  • Approximately 10-20 percent of ganglia neurons respond to cold temperatures, with thresholds for activation below 30°C [ 2 , 14-16 ]. (nih.gov)
  • Neuron.2011:70.482-494), is activated by hypoosmolarity and is expressed in somatosensory neurons from dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. (ersjournals.com)
  • Single cell PCR demonstrated that TRPM3 was expressed in airway specific neurons from guinea pig (GP) nodose and jugular ganglia. (ersjournals.com)
  • To reveal the neurobiological mechanism that P2X 3 receptor of colonic primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of the lumbosacral segment is involved in the alleviation of visceral hypersensitivity by EA in an IBS rat model. (hindawi.com)
  • Especially, P2X 3 receptors play an important role in mediating the occurrence and maintenance of pain in neurons of the intestinal myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex in a rat model of IBS with visceral hypersensitivity [ 14 ], and acupuncture can achieve visceral pain relief through purinergic receptors at different levels of the brain-gut axis. (hindawi.com)
  • The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, made up of nerves and ganglia. (khanacademy.org)
  • So are nerves bundles of axons, and ganglia bundles of somas? (khanacademy.org)
  • Ganglia (a collection of neuron cell bodies) are not myelinated by the myelin sheath. (khanacademy.org)
  • While the exact mechanisms for vitamin B complex efficacy in the treatment of low back pain are still largely unknown, the prevailing hypothesis involves increasing afferent inhibitory control of nociceptive neurons at the spinal cord, improving sensory nerve conduction velocity and reducing neuronal hyperexcitability by altering sodium currents in injured dorsal root ganglia. (dsm.com)
  • On the whole the ganglia are strongly individualized in the Pectinibranchia, nerve-cell tissue being concentrated in the ganglia and absent from the cords. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Allen DT, Kiernan JA (1994) Permeation of proteins from the blood into peripheral nerves and ganglia. (yale.edu)
  • Amir R, Devor M (2000) Functional cross-excitation between afferent A- and C-neurons in dorsal root ganglia. (yale.edu)
  • Devor M, Wall PD (1990) Cross-excitation in dorsal root ganglia of nerve-injured and intact rats. (yale.edu)
  • Kirk EJ (1974) Impulses in dorsal spinal nerve rootlets in cats and rabbits arising from dorsal root ganglia isolated from the periphery. (yale.edu)
  • However, supporting Schwann and satellite cells, as in all cranial ganglia, are entirely of neural crest origin, apparently arising from the ganglion of the facial nerve (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Illustration showing that almost all neurons in the vestibular and acoustic ganglia are derived from the otocyst as placodal neurons. (medscape.com)
Nociceptors5
  • In the present study, we propose a bio-inspired tactile system with a population of 23 digital afferents: 12 RA-I, 6 SA-I, and 5 nociceptors. (nature.com)
  • In this way, the impact of the innervation mechanism and collaboration of afferents and nociceptors on sharpness recognition are investigated. (nature.com)
  • Our findings suggest that the synergy between sensory afferents and nociceptors conveys more information about tactile stimuli which in turn leads to the robustness of the proposed neuromorphic system against damage to the taxels or afferents. (nature.com)
  • Free nerve endings (nociceptors) are placed in the exterior layer of the skin (epidermal layer) and are widely distributed over the body. (nature.com)
  • Nociceptors for pain also appear to be "free nerve" endings in skin and muscle. (cdc.gov)
Motor neurons2
Neuropathic pain10
  • We have recently reported that chronic pain is associated with amplified activity of PB neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Contribution of DNMT1 to neuropathic pain genesis partially through epigenetically repressing in primary afferent neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Expressional changes of pain-associated genes in primary sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are critical for neuropathic pain genesis. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Given that is a key player in neuropathic pain, our findings suggest that DRG DNMT1 may be a potential target for neuropathic pain management.In the present study, we reported that DNMT1, a canonical DNA maintenance methyltransferase, is upregulated via the activation of the transcription factor CREB in the injured DRG after peripheral nerve injury. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Since pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockdown of DRG DNMT1 alleviated nerve injury-induced pain hypersensitivities, DRG DNMT1 contributes to neuropathic pain genesis partially through repression of DRG gene expression. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Neuropathic pain resulting from nerve injury can become persistent and difficult to treat but the molecular signaling responsible for its development remains poorly described. (elifesciences.org)
  • We find that DLK acts as a 'master regulator' of transcriptional changes responsible for the establishment of neuropathic pain phenotypes caused by nerve injury. (elifesciences.org)
  • During pathological pain conditions, such as neuropathic pain, upregulation of some TTX-sensitive VGSCs, including the massive re-expression of the embryonic VGSC subtype Na V 1.3 in adult primary sensory neurons, contribute to painful hypersensitization. (mdpi.com)
  • Amir R, Michaelis M, Devor M (1999) Membrane potential oscillations in dorsal root ganglion neurons: role in normal electrogenesis and neuropathic pain. (yale.edu)
  • Liu CN, Michaelis M, Amir R, Devor M (2000) Spinal nerve injury enhances subthreshold membrane potential oscillations in DRG neurons: relation to neuropathic pain. (yale.edu)
Cranial nerves3
Pathway12
  • Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) from the carotid body and carotid sinus via (the carotid sinus nerve of) the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and from aortic bodies and sinoatrial node via the vagus nerve (CN X). Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional pathway that links higher cortical centers with visceral afferent sensation and intestinal motor function. (medscape.com)
  • We describe a novel pathway, consisting of inhibition by dynorphin, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the parabrachial nucleus (PB). (iasp-pain.org)
  • We show that this pathway regulates the activity of pain-related neurons in PB, and that, in chronic pain, this inhibitory pathway is suppressed, and that this suppression is causally related to pain perception. (iasp-pain.org)
  • These mechanoreceptors are innervated by the first-order neurons of the tactile pathway. (nature.com)
  • Indeed, activation of tactile afferents spatially encodes the contact stimuli and sends the tactile information to the upper layers of the somatosensory pathway. (nature.com)
  • Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) from the carotid body and carotid sinus via (the carotid sinus nerve of) the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and from aortic bodies and sinoatrial node via the vagus nerve (CN X). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our findings complement functional studies in the rabbit, identifying A1 neurons as part of the central pathway by which afferent abdominal vagal stimulation increases plasma vasopressin, and C1 neurons as part of the central pathway, whereby afferent abdominal vagal stimulation increases arterial pressure. (edu.au)
  • Since PACAP signals through G-protein receptors, this pathway provides an interesting therapeutic target for human sensory nerve regeneration. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Illustration of the afferent auditory reflex pathway. (medscape.com)
  • The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a potent protective anti-inflammatory response activated by vagus nerve-dependent α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signaling using splenic CD4+ T cells as an intermediate. (bvsalud.org)
Axons7
Impulses2
  • In the early to mid-twentieth century, a number of laboratories began to observe cold-induced electrical impulses when recording from mammalian sensory nerves. (nih.gov)
  • He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
Stimuli2
  • At the level of the primary afferent nerve, the site at which thermal stimuli are converted into neuronal activity, temperature-sensitive members of the TRP channel family are found. (nih.gov)
  • The tooth has an unusual sensory system that converts external stimuli predominantly into pain, yet its sensory afferents in teeth demonstrate cytochemical properties of non-nociceptive neurons. (mdpi.com)
Vitro2
  • Functional experiments using selective pharmacological tools indicated that the TRPM3 agonist CIM0216 evoked [Ca 2+ ] i flux in isolated airway neurons, and also depolarisation of mouse, GP and human vagus nerves in an in vitro preparation. (ersjournals.com)
  • Condic ML, Lefcort F, Bentley D. ( 1989 ) Selective recognition between embryonic afferent neurons of grasshopper appendages in vitro. (neurotree.org)
Cell bodies3
  • The solitary nucleus (also called nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus solitarius, or nucleus tractus solitarii (SN or NTS)) is a series of sensory nuclei (clusters of nerve cell bodies) forming a vertical column of grey matter in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuron cell bodies of the SN are roughly somatotopically arranged along its length according to function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Think about clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS. (brainscape.com)
Receptors10
  • However, a third of sensory neurons do not express receptors for the neurotrophins. (jneurosci.org)
  • The trk receptors in general are expressed in a nonoverlapping manner by sensory neurons in combination with the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 ( Wright and Snider, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • It is a nerve cell that takes and moves messages from sense receptors and moves them towards the the central nervous system. (quizlet.com)
  • Sensory neurons carry information from sense receptors toward the central nervous system. (quizlet.com)
  • Electroacupuncture (EA) has been confirmed effectiveness in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and P2X 3 receptors in the peripheral and central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
  • Our previous clinical and animal studies have also confirmed the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of IBS [ 11 - 13 ] and initially revealed that the P2X 2 , P2X 3 , and P2Y 1 receptors in the peripheral neurons of the colon and in central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
  • However, there is still no electrophysiological evidence supporting the participation of P2X 3 receptors in the primary afferent sensory nerve of the colon in the EA-mediated inhibition of peripheral sensitization. (hindawi.com)
  • The psychophysics of this state clearly emphasize that the pain is evoked by the activation of low threshold mechano-receptors (Aß afferents). (asra.com)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. (lookformedical.com)
Conduction1
  • HODGKIN AL, HUXLEY AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. (yale.edu)
Capsaicin-sensitive1
Glial4
  • Here we show that these neurons express the receptor components for glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling (RET, GFRα-1, and GFRα-2). (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast, laminin alone is not sufficient to stimulate significant neurite growth from lectin Griffonia simplicifolia 1B4 positive neurons (IB4+ve), although it is still required to elicit a growth response from these cells in the presence of Glial Cell Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) (e.g., neurite growth occurred only when cells were plated on laminin in the presence of GDNF). (mun.ca)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] The length of the vestibulocochlear nerve, from the glial-Schwann junction to the brainstem, is 10-13 mm in the human male and 7-10 mm in females. (medscape.com)
  • The VIIth and VIIIth nerves are encased in glial tissue throughout their intracranial course. (medscape.com)
Central neurons1
  • The first central neurons within the SN can participate in simple autonomic reflexes. (wikipedia.org)
Peripheral neurons1
  • GDNF therefore may be useful in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies and may protect peripheral neurons that are refractory to neurotrophin treatment. (jneurosci.org)
Somatosensory neurons1
  • These striking phenotypes result from the control by DLK of a transcriptional program in somatosensory neurons regulating the expression of numerous genes implicated in pain pathogenesis, including the immune gene Csf1 . (elifesciences.org)
Dorsal root7
  • Activity in sensory afferents originates after an interval of days to weeks from the lesioned site (neuroma) and from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the injured nerve. (asra.com)
  • The dorsal root of a spinal nerve is the site for __________ neurons, whereas the ventral root is the site of __________ neurons. (brainscape.com)
  • Amir R, Devor M (1997) Spike-evoked suppression and burst patterning in dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat. (yale.edu)
  • Caffrey JM, Eng DL, Black JA, Waxman SG, Kocsis JD (1992) Three types of sodium channels in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. (yale.edu)
  • Delio DA, Reuhl KR, Lowndes HE (1992) Ectopic impulse generation in dorsal root ganglion neurons during methylmercury intoxication: an electrophysiological and morphological study. (yale.edu)
  • Devor M, Jänig W, Michaelis M (1994) Modulation of activity in dorsal root ganglion neurons by sympathetic activation in nerve-injured rats. (yale.edu)
  • Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons plated on surfaces coated with a thin film of laminin exhibited increased neurite outgrowth, this growth was correlated with increased expression of laminin binding integrin subunits. (mun.ca)
Inhibitory3
  • PB neurons in CCI-Pain animals showed a reduction in inhibitory, GABAergic inputs. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In contrast, while some neurons had decreased inhibitory inputs after either ipsilateral or contralateral lesions, there were no systematic changes across the population of recorded neurons. (eneuro.org)
  • We conclude that imbalance sensed by the utricular otolith shapes the responses of larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons through both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. (eneuro.org)
Pathways4
  • The Togo starburst tarantula's venom struck them as being particularly interesting because it appeared to activate a particular type of sodium channel within sensory nerves that was not a part of known pain pathways. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Thus, activation of DLK is an early event, or even the master regulator, controlling a wide variety of pathways downstream of nerve injury that ultimately lead to chronic pain. (elifesciences.org)
  • Characterization of signaling pathways immediately downstream of nerve injury could thus help understand the molecular and cellular changes that are critical for its development and uncover new targets for the treatment of chronic pain. (elifesciences.org)
  • Overall, the brain receives input via afferent pathways that ascend from the bladder and provide feedback on how full the bladder is. (medscape.com)
Olfactory17
Sensory nerves2
  • In chronic lung diseases, activation of airway sensory nerves initiate respiratory reflexes including cough for which there is currently no safe and effective treatment. (ersjournals.com)
  • They found two peptide molecules that specifically and powerfully activated these sensory nerves, and experiments with lab-synthesized versions of the same molecules confirmed that these chemicals could activate pain-sensing neurons on their own. (neurosciencenews.com)
Lateral2
  • Vestibulospinal neurons, first identified by Deiters ( Voogd, 2016 ), are descending projection neurons found in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the hindbrain. (eneuro.org)
  • The peripheral segments of the cochlear and vestibular nerves join at the lateral part of the internal auditory canal (IAC) to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. (medscape.com)
Visceral1
  • EA can regulate the P2X 3 receptor protein and mRNA expression levels in the colon and related DRG of IBS rats with visceral pain and then regulate the excitatory properties of DRG neurons. (hindawi.com)
Cells6
  • A neuron receives information, processes it, and then sends it off to other cells in the body. (quizlet.com)
  • K�lliker When last we discussed K�lliker (Chapter 5), he had finished the fifth edition of his textbook, in 1867, during which he was forced to admit that the available evidence made potential, even likely, the presence of anastomoses between nerve cells. (dnahelix.com)
  • According to specialists, ashwagandha may increase manufacturing of dopamine, a mind chemical used to bring messages between nerve cells. (kokudzu.com)
  • Condic ML, Bentley D. ( 1989 ) Pioneer growth cone adhesion in vivo to boundary cells and neurons after enzymatic removal of basal lamina in grasshopper embryos Journal of Neuroscience . (neurotree.org)
  • In contrast, all the supporting and Schwann cells are derived from neural crest cells, possibly from the VIIth nerve ganglion to which the vestibulocochlear ganglion is initially attached. (medscape.com)
  • These nerves are surrounded by Schwann cells beginning in the IAC close to the porus acusticus. (medscape.com)
Nociceptive1
  • Chronic pain enhances this cortico-cortical connection, as manifested by an increased number of ACC neurons that respond to S1 inputs and the magnified contribution of these neurons to the nociceptive response in the ACC. (iasp-pain.org)
Hyperexcitability4
  • The development of chronic hyperalgesia within the GI tract can be explained by the development of hyperexcitability of neurons in the dorsal horn in response to peripheral tissue irritation or to descending influences from the brain stem. (medscape.com)
  • Blocking this upregulation prevented nerve injury-induced DNA methylation within the promoter and 5'-untranslated region of gene, rescued expression and total Kv current, attenuated hyperexcitability in the injured DRG neurons, and alleviated nerve injury-induced pain hypersensitivities. (iasp-pain.org)
  • [ 6 ] GON block decreases afferent input to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, resulting in central pain modulation and reducing neuronal hyperexcitability at the level of second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Literature review: One of the proposed etiologies for this condition is a localcircumscribed demyelination of the trigeminal nerve resulting in neuronal hyperexcitability and generation of ephaptic coupling, which would be responsible for the pain paroxysms. (bvsalud.org)
Vivo1
  • Targeted expression of synapto-pHluorin in mouse will permit the analysis of previously inaccessible neuronal populations and chronic imaging from genetically identified neurons in vivo. (nih.gov)
Regeneration3
  • Additionally, CGRP might be important in processes such as control of fetoplacental vascular tone, regulation of calcium metabolism and insulin secretion, acetylcholine receptor synthesis, peripheral nerve regeneration, and neurogenic inflammation. (bachem.com)
  • Abstract We only have a rudimentary understanding of the molecular and cellular determinants of human nerve regeneration. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Transcriptional profiling of the skin revealed 23 differentially expressed genes following decompression, with ADCYAP1 (encoding PACAP) being the most strongly upregulated and showing an association with regeneration of intraepidermal nerve fibres. (ox.ac.uk)
Reflexes3
  • Afferents of the SN mediate the gag reflex, the carotid sinus reflex, the aortic reflex, the cough reflex, the baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, several respiratory reflexes and reflexes within the gastrointestinal system regulating motility and secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ion channels on sensory afferents can activate these reflexes and as such are attractive therapeutic targets. (ersjournals.com)
  • Vestibulospinal neurons integrate sensed imbalance to regulate postural reflexes. (eneuro.org)
Relays1
  • The pons relays afferent information from the bladder to higher brain centers, which in turn communicate with the periaqueductal gray matter, a relay station that collects higher brain center intput and processes this in order to signal the PMC to trigger or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
Dendrites1
  • Dendrites collect messages from direct stimulus or other nearby neuron activity. (quizlet.com)
Spinal nerve2
  • Here, after research involving Sprague Dawley rats, we reported that spinal nerve ligation (SNL), in addition to causing allodynia, enhances the Rab3-interactive molecule-1α (RIM1α), a major active zone protein presumed to regulate neural plasticity, specifically in the synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
  • Blenk KH, Häbler HJ, Jänig W (1997) Neomycin and gadolinium applied to an L5 spinal nerve lesion prevent mechanical allodynia-like behaviour in rats. (yale.edu)
Sciatic nerve1
Trigeminal nerve5
  • It is thought that sensory input from the GON and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve converges into the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, which is hypothesized to be the reason why occipital neuralgia is sometimes associated with migraine headache symptomatology. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is defined as sudden, usually unilateral, severe and brief pain episodes within the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. (bvsalud.org)
  • The pathophysiology is unclear, but trigeminal neuralgia seems to be the consequence of vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve near the brain stem. (bvsalud.org)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is def ined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as a "sudden, usually unilateral, severe and brief pain episodes occurring in one the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve" 32,46 and characterized by severe, acute, electric shock-like piercing pain, followed by refractory period 3,24 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Pain episodes are normally triggered by stimulation of specific areas, so-called trigger points or zones, localized in the area innervated by trigeminal nerve 26 . (bvsalud.org)
Functional1
  • Together, our work establishes functional consensus and evolutionary context for zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons, a key step toward understanding vertebrate postural stabilization. (eneuro.org)
Neurotrophic1
  • In this thesis, I initially investigated whether attachment to permissive culture substrates is sufficient to promote neurite outgrowth from DRG neurons, and whether this interaction is able to enhance the response of neurons to added neurotrophic factors, such as NGF. (mun.ca)
Ventral1
  • Some neuronal subpopulations in the SN, such as the noradrenergic cell group A2 and the aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons project as far ventral as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. (wikipedia.org)
Endings1
Chronic3
  • Animals with pain after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-Pain) displayed higher spontaneous and evoked activity in PB neurons, and a dramatic increase in after-discharges-responses that far outlast the stimulus-compared to controls. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Additional experiments also implicated heightened touch sensitivity of Nav1.1-expressing nerves in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome, suggesting these nerves, and this channel, may play a role in the chronic discomfort such patients experience. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • the spared nerve injury (SNI) rodent model reliably replicates this type of chronic pain. (elifesciences.org)
Distal1
  • Nerve injury leads to degeneration of distal terminal and dying back (retrograde chromatolysis). (asra.com)
Transcriptional1
  • Peripheral nerve injury upregulated DNMT1 expression in the injured DRG through the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein-triggered transcriptional activation of gene. (iasp-pain.org)
Primary5
  • These include the upregulation of immune gene Csf1 (colony stimulating factor 1) in primary sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Under normal conditions, primary afferents show little if any spontaneous activity. (asra.com)
  • VGSCs play a key role in pain signaling and some TTX-sensitive VGSCs are highly expressed by adult primary sensory neurons. (mdpi.com)
  • Amir R, Michaelis M, Devor M (2002) Burst discharge in primary sensory neurons: triggered by subthreshold oscillations, maintained by depolarizing afterpotentials. (yale.edu)
  • Through these meetings, Cajal obtained instant private acquaintance with the primary figures who were to share with him the ultimate fashioning of the doctrines of the nerve cell. (dnahelix.com)
Originates1
  • A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. (lookformedical.com)
Fibres1
  • Aδ fibres are myelinated afferent sensory nerve fibres which conduct pain, cold temperature and touch sensation, and C fibres are nonmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibres which conduct pain, warm temperature and touch sensation. (ispub.com)
Responses2
  • Spike responses of the biomimetic afferents are then collected for analysis by rate and temporal coding algorithms. (nature.com)
  • Vagal afferents originating in abdominal viscera initiate numerous centrally-mediated responses, including behavioural, cardiovascular and hormonal changes associated with satiety, and nausea and vomiting. (edu.au)
Upregulation1
  • This upregulation was responsible for nerve injury-induced DNA methylation within the promoter and 5'-untranslated region of the gene, reductions in expression and Kv current and increases in neuronal excitability in the injured DRG. (iasp-pain.org)
Excitatory1
  • We observed systematic loss of high-amplitude excitatory inputs after utricular lesions ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to the recorded vestibulospinal neuron. (eneuro.org)
Mechanoreceptors1
  • Given these physiological observations, the bio-inspired afferents are randomly connected to the several neighboring mechanoreceptors with different weights to form their own receptive field. (nature.com)
Characterization1
  • Motivated by recent work, we set out to verify and extend the characterization of vestibulospinal neurons in the larval zebrafish. (eneuro.org)
Sodium currents1
  • Honmou O, Utzschneider DA, Rizzo MA, Bowe CM, Waxman SG, Kocsis JD (1994) Delayed depolarization and slow sodium currents in cutaneous afferents. (yale.edu)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "Purpose: In Hunner-type interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), it is unclear whether suburothelial afferents underlying normal-appearing background areas contribute to symptom development. (ewha.ac.kr)
Stimulation4
  • Brain blood-flow alterations induced by therapeutic vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy: II. (crossref.org)
  • Frequent components of this evolving syndrome are i) ongoing incidences of sharp-shooting sensations referred to the peripheral distribution of the injured nerve and ii) abnormal painful sensations in response to light tactile stimulation of the peripheral body surface. (asra.com)
  • The present work was undertaken to map the pontomedullary distribution of neurons expressing Fos immunoreactivity following unilateral electrical stimulation of abdominal vagal afferents in conscious unanaesthetized rabbits. (edu.au)
  • Using current-clamp recordings together with stimulation, we observed that larval zebrafish vestibulospinal neurons are silent at rest, yet capable of sustained spiking following depolarization. (eneuro.org)
Autonomic3