Natural selection suggests specialization. Medical search. Frequent questions

However, it is not clear to what extent patterns of lineage-specific ecological specialisation (including phenotypic convergence) are correlated with shared signatures of molecular evolution. (nsf.gov)

The Darwin exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History makes it abundantly clear that evolutionary theory addresses biological diversity ONLY. (uncommondescent.com)
To these data we applied the evolutionary theory of task specialisation (ParetoTI) to identify and characterise distinct archetypes, i.e. molecular subtypes, of LNETs. (who.int)

Over time, specializations often become essential to the species' continued survival. (wikipedia.org)
These specializations are considered to be critical to the survival of the species, even though there are successful individuals who lack certain specializations, including those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder or who lack language abilities. (wikipedia.org)
Cognitive specialization is also believed to underlie adaptive behaviors such as self-awareness, navigation, and problem solving skills in several animal species such as chimpanzees and bottlenose dolphins. (wikipedia.org)
The level of host specialization of parasites is a key issue in infectious disease research because patterns of cross-species transmission affect parasite dispersal and can facilitate epidemics. (cdc.gov)
Given the pronounced strain structure of this bacterial species, natural selection possibly has driven B. burgdorferi towards host specialization, and different spirochete strains exploit different sets of vertebrate hosts ( 4 , 13 ). (cdc.gov)
That ancestor went on to form a range of species, from ones with no soldiers at all to others with different levels of specialization. (futurity.org)
All animal species other than mankind are prisoners of the limits which biological specialization has set. (worldsocialism.org)
Our model suggests that microbial communities can grow faster when species are unable to produce essential resources that are obtained through trade, thereby promoting metabolic specialization and increased intercellular exchange. (columbia.edu)
Furthermore, we find that species engaged in trade exhibit a fundamental tradeoff between growth rate and relative population abundance, and that different environments that put greater pressure on group selection versus individual selection will promote varying strategies along this growth-abundance spectrum. (columbia.edu)
However, this specialisation does not provide a complete explanation, as coexisting bee species often overlap in their choice of flowers. (lightsources.org)
In a natural ecosystem, multiple species coexist. (lightsources.org)
In the case of bees, niche partitioning would suggest that multiple bee species living in the same area would forage from different flowers. (lightsources.org)
Abstract Adaptive radiations are characterised by the diversification and ecological differentiation of species, and replicated cases of this process provide natural experiments for understanding the repeatability and pace of molecular evolution. (nsf.gov)
Despite striking convergent evolution of skull morphology and dentition in two distantly related worm-eating specialists, we did not detect more genes with shared signatures of positive or relaxed selection than in a non-convergent species comparison. (nsf.gov)
Both studies suggest that host ecology and species-specific adaptations must be taken into consideration to determine the risk that a bat species poses in transmitting viruses. (naturetoday.com)
The two specialist species widely co-occur but are reproductively isolated solely due to their high specialization to a particular host plant. (researcher.life)
These results suggest that these three species had a complex origin, which could be obscured by current gene flow, and that ecological divergence can be maintained with only a small fraction of the genome is related to different host use even when there is a certain degree of gene flow between sympatric species pairs. (researcher.life)

Cognitive specialization suggests that certain behaviors, often in the domain of social communication, are passed on to offspring and refined to be maximally beneficial by the process of natural selection. (wikipedia.org)
Cognitive specialization in humans has been thought to underlie the acquisition, development, and evolution of language, theory of mind, and specific social skills such as trust and reciprocity. (wikipedia.org)
First studied as an adaptive mechanism specific to humans, cognitive specialization has since evolved to encompass many behaviors in the social realm. (wikipedia.org)
Not to be confused with functional specialization, which examines the specific parts of the brain that are engaged during specific behaviors or processes, cognitive specialization is focused on characteristics of the mind (an internal entity), which in turn affects external behaviors. (wikipedia.org)
The most significant cognitive specializations among humans include theory of mind and language acquisition and production, while non-human animals may specialize in foraging behavior, self-awareness, or other adaptive abilities. (wikipedia.org)
If social behavior is to be considered a cognitive specialization unique to human neural architecture, it should be present in every human society. (wikipedia.org)
Theory of mind, or the ability to attribute mental states to other people, is thought to be a cognitive specialization unique to humans, with a few possible exceptions discussed below. (wikipedia.org)
We found that birds from the harsh northern population, where selection for cognitive abilities is expected to be high, significantly outperformed conspecifics from the mild southern population. (researchgate.net)
How does natural selection and evolution act on underlying, general cognitive processes such as learning, memory or executive control, which shape specific behaviours in wild-living animals? (exeter.ac.uk)
To progress the field, we need to determine three things: First, do individuals differ in their cognitive performance (CP) such that selection has variation on which to act? (exeter.ac.uk)

Theory predicts that natural selection favors host specialization if hosts are abundant and predictable, whereas generalist strategies evolve if hosts are erratic ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
If evolution was a one-way path, the first turtle ants that appeared some 45 million years ago should have lacked soldiers altogether, then gradually evolved toward specialization-starting with the generalist, square-headed soldiers, all the way to those with highly-tailored dish heads. (futurity.org)

We also found a significant correlation between genome-wide positive selection and dietary specialisation, with a higher proportion of positively selected codon sites in derived dietary forms (i.e. carnivores and herbivores) than in ancestral forms (i.e. omnivores). (nsf.gov)
We tested for positive selection on focal lineages, including those inferred to have undergone dietary shifts. (nsf.gov)
Intriguingly, patterns of selection in metabolism genes were mirrored by those in loci implicated in craniofacial remodeling, a trait previously linked to phyllostomid dietary specialization. (nsf.gov)
Our findings point to a complex picture of adaptive radiation, in which the evolution of new dietary specializations has been facilitated by early adaptations combined with the generation of new genetic variation. (nsf.gov)
Dietary specialisation may therefore require evolutionary changes in both the genome and the microbiome, which in turn have an influence on digestion, kidney function and the immune system. (naturetoday.com)

Evolutionary psychologists Leda Cosmides and John Tooby argue that the human mind contains "specialized mechanisms" that were designed by natural selection to facilitate social communication and exchange. (wikipedia.org)
Information on the level of host specialization of this multihost pathogen is required to understand the patterns and mechanisms of the current spread of LB. (cdc.gov)
Suggestions of complementary or alternative partitioning mechanisms include the selection of microhabitats based on temperature, light and wind conditions. (lightsources.org)
Evolutionary change at the macroscopic level can be driven by various mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. (microbiologynote.com)
Furthermore, chromatophore-localized biosynthetic pathways as well as multiprotein complexes include proteins of dual genetic origin, suggesting that mechanisms evolved that coordinate gene expression levels between chromatophore and nucleus. (frontiersin.org)

There is also evidence of post-flood specialization within a kind (a biblical biological classification) of fish. (blogspot.com)
It is this unique combination of biological attributes (the nature of man) which has enabled mankind to leave the animal kingdom as far as the continued determination of evolution by natural selection is concerned. (worldsocialism.org)
There is no evidence to suggest that there have been any significant changes in the biological make-up of Homo Sapiens during the last 40,000 years, but there is overwhelming evidence of great changes in human culture and behaviour and, therefore, in man himself. (worldsocialism.org)

To assess the influence of differential selection pressures on variation in aspects of cognition, we used a common garden approach to examine the response to novelty and problem-solving abilities of two populations of black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). (researchgate.net)
The same pattern of parallel divergence was found in all three lakes, suggesting similar natural selection pressures driving and/or maintaining the divergence. (springer.com)

Natural populations often vary in their degree of ecological, morphological and genetic divergence. (springer.com)
During adaptive radiation, genes related to ecological specialisation may be subject to recurrent positive directional selection. (nsf.gov)
Our results suggest a link between positive selection and derived ecological phenotypes, and highlight specific genes and general functional categories that may have played an integral role in the extensive and rapid diversification of murine rodents. (nsf.gov)
Adaptation to different environments can promote population divergence via natural selection even in the presence of gene flow - a phenomenon that typically occurs during ecological speciation. (researcher.life)
We develop mathematical and graphical models of diet selection incorporating recent advances in digestive physiology - that is, the adaptive modulation of active nutrient transport and gut retention time in response to changes in diet composition - into an explicitly ecological context based on consumer-resource dynamics and optimal foraging theory. (evolutionary-ecology.com)
We conclude that forging tighter links between gut physiology and foraging ecology will lead to greater understanding and predictability of diet selection and its ecological consequences. (evolutionary-ecology.com)

Certified centers for stroke care have proven to have better outcomes in terms of morbidity, mortality, and eventual functional outcome relative to those without such specialization. (medscape.com)

To elucidate how natural selection promotes and maintains population divergence during speciation, we investigated the population genetic structure, degree of gene flow and heterogeneous genomic divergence in three closely related Japanese phytophagous ladybird beetles: Henosepilachna pustulosa, H.niponica and H.yasutomii. (researcher.life)

Specializations serve an adaptive purpose for an organism by allowing the organism to be better suited for its habitat. (wikipedia.org)

Natural rubber is far superior to other materials because of its ability to conform to sidewall distortion and its resistance to deterioration due to many heat cycles. (mickeythompsontires.com)

Previous studies have suggested that the ability to inhabit harsh environments may be linked to advanced learning traits. (researchgate.net)

In reference to the literature of bet-hedging and portfolio theory, it is shown that the higher the degree of specialization of different population types to different environmental states, the larger the complementary variety among them, and therefore the larger the potential payoff. (ccs2016.org)
One of the tactics that creationists use to cast doubt on evolution is to suggest that Darwin undeservedly received the credit for the theory of natural selection and misappropriated the idea from the work of other scientists (see for example http://www.uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/was-blyth-the-true-scientist-and-darwin-merely-a-plagiarist-and-charlatan/ ). (ncse.ngo)

2002) put forth evidence for more specific specializations including "cheater detection" and "precautionary reasoning," both of which appear to serve strong adaptive purposes by allowing humans to share resources with only those who are likely to share with them in the future, and avoid sharing resources with untrustworthy individuals. (wikipedia.org)

Darwin, as we've seen, didn't underestimate the power of selection or the severity of the struggle for existence. (scienceblogs.com)
Contrary to Looy's claim, natural selection was first described not by Blyth (or Darwin for that matter), but by the ancient Greek philosophers Empedocles and Aristotle in the third and fourth centuries BCE. (ncse.ngo)

We examined the degree of host specialization of different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi , the tickborne pathogen that causes Lyme borreliosis in the northeastern United States. (cdc.gov)
College campuses and corporate offices require a degree of specialization that continue to kill him. (goodreads.com)

Several loci of B. burgdorferi are polymorphic ( 19 ), and balancing selection seems to maintain the bacterium's diversity ( 20 ). (cdc.gov)
Branches corresponding to blood- and nectar-based diets showed selection in loci underpinning nitrogenous waste excretion and glycolysis, respectively. (nsf.gov)

Man has multiplied so rapidly, that he has necessarily been exposed to struggle for existence, and consequently to natural selection. (literature.org)

Intra-specific competition is one source of such divergent selection, and small-scale differences between individuals in resource use have been recognized as an important initial step towards further population divergence (Bolnick et al. (springer.com)
In order to understand the difference we decompose population fitness and represent the strength of evolutionary selection with the information theoretic metric of relative entropy (Kullback-Leibler divergence). (ccs2016.org)

Like all organisms, parasites have evolved to different levels of ecologic specialization ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
It is a multivariate metric that allows us to analyze selection pressure over multiple taxonomic levels in one single equation. (ccs2016.org)

Most of these specializations are thought to have developed in areas of the neocortex unique to humans. (wikipedia.org)
Specialisation to a unique food source often requires specific adaptations in a genomic context. (naturetoday.com)

It is what biologists call "kin selection," which is the way individuals can help propagate their own genes by helping biologically related kin who share those genes. (thenewatlantis.com)
We found that genes associated with immunity, reproduction, diet, digestion and taste have been subject to pervasive positive selection during the diversification of murine rodents. (nsf.gov)
Unexpectedly, we found a broad signature of positive selection in the ancestral phyllostomid branch, spanning genes implicated in the metabolism of all major macronutrients, yet few positively selected genes at the inferred switch to plantivory. (nsf.gov)

Eyes adapted for high resolution have a low eye parameter, while a high value suggests improved light sensitivity and better vision in low light conditions. (lightsources.org)

My PhD thesis "Sex, costs and bowerbird tastes" originated as classical study of behavioural ecology, testing a series of models of sexual selection, but introduced me to the range of influences, usually studied under the guise of Psychology, that determine and shape individual's behaviour. (exeter.ac.uk)

An evidence map of global biodiversity loss research over the past decade suggests foci do not match predicted severity and impact, and that research and policy need to be realigned. (nature.com)

Sexual Selection. (nationalacademies.org)

It is at least as beneficial to simply let natural selection act as a blind watchmaker. (ccs2016.org)

The issue of vertebrate host specialization of B. burgdorferi is of substantial public health importance. (cdc.gov)
We examined the level of host specialization of B. burgdorferi in the northeastern United States by using a comparative approach. (cdc.gov)

But, as Hempel suggests, that is not all they require-they require imagination. (umn.edu)

Here, the authors show that natural selection favours extreme specialization, suggesting that division of labour may drive major evolutionary transitions. (nature.com)

Frankly, there are very few indications for no therapy and evidence does suggest that earlier mobilization translates to better long-term patient outcome. (medscape.com)

But while kin selection can account for some aspects of the cooperation in human societies - most obviously when people cooperate to raise their relatives' children - it does not explain the larger-scale projects created by unrelated or distantly related individuals that set humans apart from other animals. (thenewatlantis.com)
Over time, natural selection favored individuals with beak structures that were well-suited to exploit available food resources on each island. (microbiologynote.com)
The study also focuses on a selection of organisations and individuals based on the criterion that they are relevant to compare to their counterparts in the other country, or that they can contribute to the understanding of feminist activity today within their own territory. (lu.se)

This suggests that the ability to tolerate large changes in salinity was present in most fish at the time of the flood. (blogspot.com)
These suggest a relatively simple origin much closer to home - one in which time, itself, presents the only real space separating this ' alien ' civilization from our own. (bibliotecapleyades.net)

The concept of hologenomic evolution argues that both an animal and its microbiome are subject to natural selection and experience changes because of the specific environmental circumstances of the animal. (naturetoday.com)
Results obtained through self-rated health studies may assist in the selection of treatment, in monitoring patients, in identifying health determinants and risk factors, in the selection of specific services for the population, in the establishment of health services and priorities, and in allocating financial and other resources 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)

Finally, we show that the null model of the widely-used branch-site test is likely to be misspecified, with the implication that the test is too conservative and probably under-reports true cases of positive selection. (nsf.gov)

Considering technology s relationship with human s current wide lack of natural selection, traits which would go sorely missed may fall prey to an almost iatrogenic genetic atrophy. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Kin selection alone cannot explain the vast scale of human cooperation. (thenewatlantis.com)

The challenge in finding evolutionary explanations for cooperation is to identify behaviors that provide a benefit to another individual and that would likely have been favored by natural selection because of this positive effect on the recipient or the group. (thenewatlantis.com)

Evolutionary reasoning first articulated by G. Williams suggests that multiple, redundant clocks might influence organismal aging. (karger.com)

The relationship between turtle-ant heads and tunnels can hence offer a uniquely clear insight into natural selection. (futurity.org)

This suggests developing classification systems of population types and environmental states that contain complementary variety. (ccs2016.org)

The more type fitness is skewed to opposing directions in different environmental states, the proportionally larger the potential benefit of strategic intervention over natural selection. (ccs2016.org)

Ergo, it must be subject to natural selection. (scienceblogs.com)

I TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 5 Research needs 34 - Clients' needs and preferences 35 Introduction 6 Health and family planning delivery systems 35 Summary of suggested actions 8 - Fertility regulation methods 36 Who should do the research Setting the stage for dialogue 10 and how 36 - Different perspectives, different language 10 Collaboration between scientists and - Who speaks for women? (rhsupplies.org)

Although our data suggest an effect independent of experience, we cannot rule out maternal effects or experiences within the nest prior to day 10 with our design. (researchgate.net)
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the occurrence of joint construction of communication through the description and analysis of play episodes among 6-36 month-old children, and to suggest some thoughts about the implications of these data for our understanding of the nature and possible functions of this sort of social mediation. (bvsalud.org)

This framework provides a foundation to study natural and engineered microbial communities through a new lens based on economic theories developed over the past century. (columbia.edu)

The studies suggest the propensity is more likely if women don't view their partners as sexy. (uncommondescent.com)

Below you'll find an overview of how these two phones compare for every key spec, from their screens to their cameras and beyond, as well as how they compare for price. (techradar.com)

The models also suggest that modulation ultimately leads to more efficient use of resources, although it incurs an initial cost. (evolutionary-ecology.com)

A suggested further reading list is provided at the conclusion of each of the 16 chapters. (tempsite.ws)

Anatomy19

Organisms48

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Psychiatry and Psychology15

Phenomena and Processes108

Disciplines and Occupations13

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities3

Information Science9

Named Groups1

Health Care29

Geographicals6

Phenotypic1

Evolutionary theory2

Species17

Cognitive10

Generalist2

Dietary5

Mechanisms5

Biological3

Pressures2

Ecological6

Functional1

Gene flow1

Organism1

Resistance1

Environments1

Theory2

Adaptive1

Darwin2

Degree2

Loci2

Struggle for existence1

Divergence2

Levels2

Unique2

Genes3

High1

Ecology1

Severity1

Sexual Selection1

Beneficial1

Host2

Require1

Extreme1

Evidence1

Individuals3

Time2

Specific2

Show1

Human2

Provide1

Multiple1

Clear1

Population1

Environmental1

Subject1

Research1

Data2

Lens1

Studies suggest1

Compare1

Resources1

List1