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Occupied by Spain until 1975, Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand. (wikipedia.org)
In 1975, Spain relinquished administrative control of the territory to a joint administration by Morocco, which had formally claimed the territory since 1957, and Mauritania. (wikipedia.org)
While the 1975 annexation and the resulting conflict forced tens of thousands of Sahrawi people into refugee camps in the desert, European countries and Morocco have remained fixed on exploiting the occupied territory's resources, such as fertile fishing grounds off the coast. (left.eu)
In October 1975, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rejected claims from Morocco and Mauritania regarding their alleged sovereignty over the territory. (regjeringen.no)
Morocco has since 1975 repeatedly refused to comply with the peace plans under the auspices of the UN, the African Union, and more than one hundred Security Council resolutions. (vest-sahara.no)
Ms. Finér explained that while the occupation of Western Sahara has been ongoing since 1975, it receives very little international attention. (utblick.org)
8 On 16 October 1975, the International Court of Justice handed down the Advisory Opinion requested (Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1975, p. 12). (wsrw.org)
The North African neighbours have been locked in a bitter rivalry for decades over the disputed territory of Western Sahara, which was a Spanish colony until 1975. (mailerlite.com)

All involved companies have teamed up with the Moroccan government's state owned oil company ONHYM outside of Morocco's internationally recognized borders - in Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
The oil companies' activities in Western Sahara through a deal with the Moroccan government will give Morocco even less incentive to engage in peace talks and fulfill its duties under international law. (wsrw.org)
Since a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire agreement in 1991, two-thirds of the territory, including most of the Atlantic coastline, has been administered by the Moroccan government, with tacit support from France and the United States. (wikipedia.org)
The only part of the coast in the SADR territory (and therefore outside of the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall) is the extreme south, including the Ras Nouadhibou peninsula. (wikipedia.org)
Until 2020[update], no other member state of the United Nations had ever officially recognized Moroccan sovereignty over parts of Western Sahara. (wikipedia.org)
In 2020, the United States recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara in exchange for Moroccan normalization of relations with Israel. (wikipedia.org)
Systematic human rights abuses, police brutality, violations of international law and fundamental rights, the Sahrawi people of Africa's last colony, Western Sahara, have endured decades of repression at the hands of Moroccan occupying forces. (left.eu)
Moroccan authorities also continued to block journalists and human-rights organisations from entering the territory and investigating abuses. (left.eu)
What followed was a sham effort at 'consultation' by the Commission, involving a strange assortment of groups such as Morocco's largest mining firm, officials elected illegally under Moroccan occupation, Moroccan state-owned companies and private corporate interests. (left.eu)
MEP Patricia Lalonde, was a board member at a secretive Morocco-based foundation, EuroMedA, alongside former Moroccan government ministers and state officials. (left.eu)
The company Kerr-McGee Corporation 3 Through its subsidiary Kerr-McGee du Maroc Ltd. entered in 2001 into a contract with the governmental Moroccan oil company ONAREP regarding geological and geophysical studies off shore Western Sahara. (regjeringen.no)
Moroccan authorities describe Western Sahara as "Moroccan Saharan Provinces", and claim sovereignty over the area. (regjeringen.no)
According to the UN, however, Western Sahara is still a Non-Self-Governing Territory, and, as such, not subject to Moroccan sovereignty. (regjeringen.no)
We express our strongest condemnation of the new aggression perpetrated by the Moroccan army against the Saharawi population, as well as our total rejection of the unacceptable behaviour of the Spanish Government in the face of the worrying events in Western Sahara. (pressenza.com)
We urge the Spanish Government to fulfil its obligations as the administering power of the Saharawi territory pending decolonisation so that the Saharawi population can gain access to their freedom and independence and, in turn, we demand that the Spanish Government immediately cease the sale and donation of arms to the Moroccan army. (pressenza.com)
We denounce the crimes against humanity committed by Morocco in the Occupied Territories of Western Sahara and the ongoing harassment and brutality with which the Moroccan apparatus of repression treats the Saharawi civilian population, activists and journalists. (pressenza.com)
Emmaus' focus was to present their project for increased visibility of the Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara. (utblick.org)
Also, as part of the overall Moroccan reform process that started in the late 90s, the people of the Sahara fully participate in local and national elections, have their own representatives locally and in Parliament, and are included in national development programs such as the National Initiative for Human Development (INDH) and the Millennium Development Goals' social, economic, and human development programs. (africa2trust.com)

No government in the world recognizes Morocco's self-proclaimed sovereignty over Western Sahara, and the International Court of Justice has stated that Morocco's claims to the territory are unfounded. (wsrw.org)
In 2016, the European Court of Justice reaffirmed that Morocco had no sovereignty over Western Sahara, meaning that the EU's agreements with Morocco cannot cover the territory. (left.eu)
However, this deceptive narrative overlooks questions of ownership and sovereignty and masks ongoing global relations of hegemony and domination that facilitate the plunder of resources, the privatization of commons and the dispossession of communities, thus consolidating undemocratic and exclusionary ways of governing the energy transition. (tni.org)

The state of Western Sahara or Sahrawi Republic lies along the coast of West Africa between Mauritania to its south and east, and Morocco on its northern border, and forms part of the West African region. (mbendi.co.za)
From all the regions and countries, South Africa is the one that maintains sustainable economic development thanks to the diamonds, oil and other natural resources. (mbendi.co.za)
Western Sahara is located on the northwest coast in West Africa and on the cusp of North Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the northwest, Morocco proper to the north-northeast, Algeria to the east-northeast, and Mauritania to the east and south. (wikipedia.org)
Just this week, Britain's Guardian newspaper has reported that an Israeli company has developed and sold Pegasus spyware to a number of governments, including some in Africa, and that at least fourteen world leaders (among many activists, journalists and human rights campaigners), including South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, have been targeted by the technology . (latheeffarook.com)
AfrOil has always been at the forefront of news and analysis on political change in Africa. (researchandmarkets.com)
AfrOil highlights company activity throughout Africa, from planning and investment to production and results. (researchandmarkets.com)
1 Western Sahara is a territory in north-west Africa bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the north-east, Mauritania to the east and south, while its west coast faces the Atlantic. (wsrw.org)

In November 1984, the Polisario Front's SADR was recognised by the Organisation for African Unity leading to the withdrawal of Morocco from the OAU in protest. (mbendi.co.za)
In 1984, the African Union's predecessor, the Organization of African Unity, recognized the SADR as one of its full members, with the same status as Morocco, and Morocco protested by suspending its membership of the OAU. (wikipedia.org)
Until 2002, the colonial state was an observer member of the Organisation of African Unity, until the latter was dissolved and replaced by the African Union. (latheeffarook.com)

But Morocco maintains an untenable hold over large parts of the territory and subjects the Saharawi people under its control to grave and serious human rights violations, while half the Saharawi people is living as refugees in one of the most inhospitable parts of the Algerian desert. (wsrw.org)
Neither Morocco, nor the oil companies involved in the exploration work in Western Sahara, have the right to override the Saharawi people's right to self-determination. (wsrw.org)
The background for this request was that the Minister of Finance had received letters from the Western Sahara Support Committee and the Government of the SADR (Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic), asking him to disinvest from the Fund's investments in the company Kerr-McGee Corporation. (regjeringen.no)
Occupied territories, in which the Alaouite monarchy systematically violates human rights while plundering the natural resources that belong to the Saharawi people. (pressenza.com)
In the same vein, we request the mediation of the Spanish government so that the Saharawi prisoners, many of whom are unjustly sentenced to sentences of between 10 and 30 years, and even life imprisonment, are released as soon as possible. (pressenza.com)
We also urge Spanish companies to stop their plundering activity in Western Sahara, not only because it contravenes international law, but also because the only legitimate owner of these resources and their legal representative is the Saharawi population, whose fundamental rights are being trampled upon. (pressenza.com)
For all these reasons, we demand from the Spanish Government coherence and firmness in its defence of International Law and the support and respect for the legitimate right to freedom of the Saharawi people, as well as the formal recognition of the diplomatic status of the Polisario Front, as the sole and legitimate representative of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. (pressenza.com)
Through this manifesto, we ask civil society and its organisations to join this march for the freedom of the Saharawi people, for dignity, political and historical debts and, above all, for solidarity between peoples. (pressenza.com)
Effectively, human rights violations continue unhindered and the UN presence is useless for the Saharawi (Western Saharan) population. (utblick.org)

This has turned Israeli cyber into a world leader, so much so that over 40% of investments in the sector globally in 2020 went to Israeli companies and entrepreneurs. (business-humanrights.org)
It began in October 2017 and has escalated sharply since March 2020, drawing increased international news coverage and debate. (africafocus.org)

Burkina Faso has banned a third media organisation within eight months, at a time when there's also severe censorship of journalists in the face of the growing influence of jihadist movements. (africacenter.org)

The final future of the state of Western Sahara will be settled when the forthcoming UN-supervised referendum is held in which the country's inhabitants must choose between independence or integration with Morocco. (mbendi.co.za)
We, the undersigned organizations, urge the UN Security Council to immediately condemn Morocco's current oil development program in Western Sahara, and to call on Morocco to follow through on its commitment under the 1988 settlement plan to allow the organization of a referendum in Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
However, Morocco has persistently worked to defer the referendum, which has still not taken place. (left.eu)
The Sahrawi people are entitled to a referendum to decide the country's future, but Morocco refuses to give them that possibility. (vest-sahara.no)
6 On 20 August 1974, the Kingdom of Spain informed the UN that it proposed to organise a referendum in Western Sahara under UN auspices. (wsrw.org)
Furthermore, the UN General Assembly called upon the Kingdom of Spain, which it treated as the administering power, to postpone the referendum that it was planning to organise in Western Sahara until the General Assembly had decided on the policy to be pursued in order to accelerate the decolonisation process in the territory. (wsrw.org)

Many companies thrive off war and conflict by supplying weapons that kill and maim, by financing war efforts, or by running mercenary armies. (waronwant.org)
The Norwegian government has recently changed its rhetoric with regard to the conflict and no longer wants to call Western Sahara occupied. (vest-sahara.no)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs now calls the conflict an "unresolved legal situation", even though the UN treats the country like a decolonizing project and defines Western Sahara as occupied. (vest-sahara.no)
The KrFU's national board agrees with Jan Egeland, the UN's special adviser for conflict resolution, who has declared that the conflict in Western Sahara is the conflict in the world which most urgently needs to be resolved. (vest-sahara.no)
The Nepalese implementation is commendable as it provides ample opportunity for making a real difference, for example through providing various resources (monetary, judicial and medical) for women wounded in armed conflict. (utblick.org)
No fishing in Western Sahara should take place until the conflict is solved. (fishelsewhere.eu)

It formed a government-in-exile in 1976 and declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). (mbendi.co.za)
A war erupted between those countries and a Sahrawi nationalist movement, the Polisario Front, which proclaimed itself the rightful leadership of the SADR with a government in exile in Tindouf, Algeria. (wikipedia.org)
Meanwhile, the African Union has not issued any formal statement about the border separating the sovereign territories of Morocco and the SADR in Western Sahara. (wikipedia.org)

Western Sahara is Africa's last colony! (vest-sahara.no)

3 In 1963, following the transmission of information by the Kingdom of Spain pursuant to Article 73(e) of the Charter of the United Nations, the UN added Western Sahara to its list of non-self-governing territories. (wsrw.org)

Formerly the Spanish colony of Rio de Oro, Western Sahara was annexed by both Morocco and Mauritania when Spain withdrew in February 1976. (mbendi.co.za)
After Mauritania withdrew from the territory in August 1979, it was incorporated into and administered by Morocco. (mbendi.co.za)
Mauritania withdrew its claims in 1979, and Morocco eventually secured de facto control of most of the territory, including all major cities and most natural resources. (wikipedia.org)
Later that year, Spain entered into an agreement with Morocco and Mauritania concerning the transfer of power over Western Sahara. (regjeringen.no)
In the Agreement, Spain confirmed her intentions of contributing to the decolonisation of Western Sahara, and to transfer the duties as Administrative Power to Morocco and Mauritania. (regjeringen.no)

The EU considers to pay Morocco to fish in occupied Western Sahara. (fishelsewhere.eu)

In May 1991, the Polisario Front and Morocco ended many years of fighting following a UN sponsored peace settlement. (mbendi.co.za)
Both Morocco and Polisario have sought to boost their claims by accumulating formal recognition, especially from African, Asian, and Latin American states in the developing world. (wikipedia.org)

Siemens Gamesa are profiting from Morocco's plunder of illegally occupied land & violent repression of the people of Western Sahara. (waronwant.org)

2- The Mediterranean Committee of United Cities and Local Governments is organising an international conference on 23 and 24 November 2009, in Lyon (France). (semide.net)

According to Ms. Theorin, the most recent include seminars arranged in Sudan and a project with Libyan women's organisations due to start shortly. (utblick.org)

During the week-end of 7-9 December the National Board of the Christian Democrat Youth in Norway passed a resolution demanding recognition of the Western Saharan Republic. (vest-sahara.no)
Christian Democrat Youth (KrFU) of Norway supports the Sahrawi people's right to self-determination and independence and demand that Norway recognize the Western Saharan republic. (vest-sahara.no)

General Diendere and his accomplices will answer for all the offences of which they are accused," the country's interim government said in a statement, adding that a "commission of inquiry" was already "hard at work" investigating the coup. (africacenter.org)

A UN Legal Opinion of January 2002, delivered at the request of the Security Council, concluded that oil exploration or exploitation in the Non-Self Governing Territory of Western Sahara is in violation of international law if not in accordance with the wishes and the interests of the people of the territory. (wsrw.org)
In a letter from the Ministry of Finance dated 12 December 2004, the Petroleum Fund's Council on Ethics was asked to assess whether the investments by the Fund in the company Kerr-McGee could constitute a violation of the Ethical Guidelines for the Government Petroleum Fund. (regjeringen.no)
An EU-Morocco Fisheries Agreement from 2013 would be both politically controversial and in violation of international law. (fishelsewhere.eu)

The regime is set to receive millions of EU funds every year in return for allowing the exploitation of resources that do not belong to it. (left.eu)
that Norwegian companies involved in the unlawful exploitation of Western Sahara s natural resources withdraw from the country. (vest-sahara.no)
The answer is from countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Bolivia, Chile and Morocco, where environmental destruction and workers' exploitation will continue and even intensify. (tni.org)

Western Sahara is the last African colonial state yet to achieve its independence. (wikipedia.org)
Since replacing Spain as coloniser, Morocco has attempted to control a territory about the size of the UK using military force to suppress free speech and pro-independence protests. (left.eu)
Its aim was to achieve independence for Western Sahara. (regjeringen.no)
After its independence in 1956, the Kingdom of Morocco demanded the 'liberation' of Western Sahara, considering that that territory belonged to it. (wsrw.org)
2 On 14 December 1960, the General Assembly of the United Nations Organisation ('the UN') adopted Resolution 1514 (XV) on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. (wsrw.org)

In blatant disrespect for the UN's crystal clear Legal Opinion, Morocco has to date awarded seven oil and gas licenses in the territory. (wsrw.org)
the remaining 80% of the territory is occupied and administered by neighboring Morocco. (wikipedia.org)
In 1965, the United Nations General Assembly adopted its first resolution on Western Sahara, asking Spain to decolonize the territory. (wikipedia.org)
Western Sahara, a Spanish protectorate since 1884, was, according to the provisions of the UN Charter, established as a Non-Self-Governing Territory in 1963. (regjeringen.no)
The agreement did not alter the status of Western Sahara as Non-Self-Governing Territory under the UN. (regjeringen.no)
7 By Resolution 3292 (XXIX) on the Question of the Spanish Sahara, adopted on 13 December 1974, the UN General Assembly decided to request the International Court of Justice for an Advisory Opinion on whether Western Sahara (Rio de Oro and Sakiet El Hamra) was, at the time of its colonisation by the Kingdom of Spain, a territory belonging to no one (terra nullius). (wsrw.org)

We pressure the UK government to stop approving billions of pounds worth of arms exports to human rights abusing regimes. (waronwant.org)
We stand with our partners and all human rights defenders in the Global South in the fight for their land and livelihoods, and we hold UK-based mining companies to account for the violence they inflict on communities. (waronwant.org)
Israel has banned and raided six leading Palestinian human rights organisations, in an escalation of its targeted suppression of Palestinian civil society. (waronwant.org)
Pressure the government to end its trade in arms with human rights abusing regimes. (waronwant.org)
that Morocco open its borders to Western Sahara so that the international community can gain insight into the human rights situation in the occupied areas. (vest-sahara.no)
Alongside its core work providing a platform for Human Rights advocates, the Resource Centre runs several focused programme areas and regularly releases briefings and reports on areas of particular interest. (business-humanrights.org)
Western Sahara human rights activist Aminatou Haidar hopes for increased attention to the EU plundering of occupied Western Sahara. (fishelsewhere.eu)
While the armed forces and the government justify its need in order to combat militancy and insurgency, critics have pointed out cases of possible human rights violations linked to the act. (legacyias.com)

Morocco has been illegally occupying Western Sahara for nearly 50 years. (waronwant.org)

Forum participants assessed how companies are implementing the OECD Due Diligence Guidance to enable responsible sourcing in both the Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten (3Ts) and Gold supply chains. (oecd.org)
It is hoped that the increased pace of exploration for gas and oil will encourage more companies-if outcomes are successful-to look at supply chains and value-added industries and services as viable prospects for doing business in the Western Sahara. (africa2trust.com)

However, things are a-changing - in 2011 the EU voted against a treaty with Morocco on fish trade with occupied territories, for the first time opposing French opinion. (utblick.org)

3- The next meeting of the water monitoring working group of the Joint Process between the EU WFD and Med-EUWI will take place in Beirut on 6 October 2009 afternoon, in the framework of an international seminar on river basin management in the Euro-Mediterranean area and the General Assembly of the Mediterranean Network of Basin Organisations . (semide.net)

Algerian president says relations with Morocco reach point of no return. (mailerlite.com)

Furthermore, Emmaus is arranging a trip to Western Sahara, where participants will be guided around the area and visit refugee camps in Algeria. (utblick.org)

Western Sahara (Sahrawi Rep. (mbendi.co.za)
The Sahrawi Republic has potential deposits of oil, natural gas, uranium, iron and phosphates. (mbendi.co.za)
However, while the Court's judgment meant the European Commission would first need to obtain the consent of the Sahrawi people before finalising agreements with Rabat, the Commission went on to relaunch a new trade deal, the EU-Morocco Association Agreement. (left.eu)

Multinational mining companies are buying up land across the planet to extract natural resources, contracting state forces, private mercenary companies, and even illegal paramilitary groups to protect their interests and repress local opposition. (waronwant.org)
Sadly, it is likely to be a protracted repetition of such mistakes, with the added complexity of the interests of multinational natural gas companies. (africafocus.org)

What is the incentive for Morocco to engage in peace talks when it has Europe's consent to carry on ignoring international law? (left.eu)

But the reports from recent days regarding offensive-cyber company NSO, which joins a long list of exposes in Calcalist over recent years, must push the responsible authorities, both inside and outside of the industry, to reassess the situation. (business-humanrights.org)

Morocco has won support for its position from several African governments and from most of the Muslim world and Arab League. (wikipedia.org)

The Council on Ethics has decided to make the following recommendation to the Ministry of Finance, which, according to point 4.5 of the Ethical Guidelines, shall be submitted to the company for comments. (regjeringen.no)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) set a target of 90% for the number of large companies that would implement the OECD MNE Guidelines. (oecd.org)
MAJOR reforms executed by the Ministry of Tourism and Natural Resources have seen an increase in the number of tour operators in the country. (allafrica.com)

They are also supporting the publication of a new book, "Tyst Territorium" - a compilation of reports from Western Sahara by noted investigative journalists Fredrik Laurin and Lars Schmidt. (utblick.org)

Western Sahara, a former Spanish province, has been in exile, repression and occupation for 45 years, without having been given a solution in accordance with international law. (pressenza.com)
Operation 1325 is an umbrella organisation working for full international implementation of Resolution 1325 , adopted by the United Nations' Security Council in 2000. (utblick.org)
As importantly, Morocco knows what it has to do to reassure the international business community on issues of transparency. (africa2trust.com)
If the answer to the first question was in the negative, it also requested the International Court of Justice to rule on the issue of the legal ties between Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco and the Mauritanian entity. (wsrw.org)

The most challenging decision facing companies interested in doing business the Western Sahara is gaining sufficient awareness of how external realities and internal facts on the ground affect the business environment in which they will be working. (africa2trust.com)

AllAfrica publishes around 500 reports a day from more than 100 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals , representing a diversity of positions on every topic. (allafrica.com)

that Morocco release all political prisoners. (vest-sahara.no)

These were with Belgium (natural stone) and Germany (garments and textiles). (oecd.org)

With regard to the Western Sahara, business opportunities have been limited to date, despite claims by some of its extensive on and off shore resources. (africa2trust.com)

It should be said that most Israeli cybersecurity companies develop decent and kosher products. (business-humanrights.org)

The government's long-term target of 90% of large companies applying due diligence standards was not reached. (oecd.org)

Detailing the milestones registered by her docket 60 years in the past, Deputy Minister for Tourism and Natural Resources, Mary Masanja, said there are now around 1,687 tour operators in Tanzania, from the initially 643 registered companies. (allafrica.com)
Tanzania boasts of about 48.1 million hectares of natural forest and woodland resources. (allafrica.com)

The joint declaration of principles concerning hydrocarbon exploration and production, proposed revision to labor statutes, overall judicial reforms, environmental codes, and related regulations, all demonstrate that Morocco is committed to best practices in terms of local consultation, empowering beneficiaries equitably, and protecting investments. (africa2trust.com)

Companies do not always have sufficient capacity to assess and address risks and worry that costs for better practice will weaken their position vis-à-vis competitors. (oecd.org)

Subsequently Morocco invaded parts of Western Sahara, which led to strong reactions from the Security Council. (regjeringen.no)
This limited role is attributed to France exercising its veto power within the Security Council in lieu of both its long term alliance with Morocco as well as its historical role as colonsier - hindering any intervention in the area. (utblick.org)

We provide the latest business news from South, East, Central and Francophonic West. (mbendi.co.za)
The Blockchain Research Institute BRI is an independent, global think tank, dedicated to exploring and sharing knowledge about the strategic implications of blockchain on business, government, and society. (aryawadwalkar.com)
Their knowledge of global and local markets, the competition, and the costs of doing business affect everything from labor/employment/training priorities to what is needed from governments in terms of infrastructure and investment incentives. (africa2trust.com)
The agreements bring together government, business, trade unions, and civil society stakeholders (the agreement parties). (oecd.org)
For each sector, the agreements articulate specific business practices, which participating companies commit to respect. (oecd.org)

But amid all of this - negotiations, votes, rulings, resolutions - the fate of the people of the Western Sahara is at issue. (left.eu)
Each description means on the AF and agriculture of a Limit due in her Part number, annoying things with proofs into the New and when-and-if-available people that died to their resources in gamble. (team-tinak.de)
They are the people who allow imperialists and Zionists to have access to our continent's natural resources in exchange for spyware technology and weapons to enable their continuing grip on power. (latheeffarook.com)
sense be tantric people government! (readyops.com)
guidance cues: We remain directly even be people about party beyond the prehistory on this Web mode, and we are So double follow paths about the Government of reconciliation releases. (tassenkuchenblog.de)

To ask the Secretary of State for Transport, on what dates the Strategic Risk Group that is chaired by Ministers and attended by the CEOs of airline, airport and ground handler companies has met. (theyworkforyou.com)
Tunisian troops stopped two bomb-laden cars crossing from Libya and seized arms and documents bearing the symbol of Islamic State, as security tightened following two major attacks this year, the government said on Thursday. (africacenter.org)

Cheap work force and natural resources are tempting for many businessmen. (mbendi.co.za)
The previous Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) compact in Morocco addressed some issues for ramping up the fishing industry but did not extend its work to the Sahara. (africa2trust.com)

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