AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Spinal Cord IschemiaSpinal CordParaplegiaSpinal Cord InjuriesIschemiaSpinal Cord DiseasesSpinal Cord CompressionAortic Aneurysm, ThoracicParaparesisCervical VertebraeCerebrospinal Fluid PressureConstrictionReperfusion InjurySpinal OsteophytosisAorta, ThoracicParaparesis, SpasticReperfusionBlood Vessel Prosthesis ImplantationInfarctionAortographyEvoked Potentials, SomatosensoryRabbitsInjections, SpinalSubclavian ArteryLaminectomyMonitoring, IntraoperativeParaparesis, Tropical SpasticSpinal Cord NeoplasmsMyocardial IschemiaBrain IschemiaSpondylosisThoracic ArteriesTime FactorsAortic Aneurysm, AbdominalEvoked Potentials, MotorNeurologic ExaminationDrainageMotor NeuronsIschemic PreconditioningAorta, AbdominalDisease Models, AnimalAortic DiseasesPostoperative ComplicationsNeuroprotective AgentsCerebrospinal FluidEndovascular ProceduresMyelographySpinal CanalHindlimbDecompression, SurgicalHypothermia, InducedBlood Vessel ProsthesisTreatment OutcomeOssification of Posterior Longitudinal LigamentRats, Sprague-DawleyMyelitisVascular Surgical ProceduresAortic AneurysmSpinal Nerve RootsSpinal FusionTomography, X-Ray ComputedRegional Blood FlowThoracic VertebraeLigamentum FlavumQuadriplegiaSpinal StenosisThoracotomyEmbolismRandom AllocationAngioplastyAneurysm, DissectingSpinal NervesIntraoperative ComplicationsSpinal NeoplasmsNeuronsRetrospective StudiesHTLV-I InfectionsIliac ArterySpinal DiseasesStentsRecovery of FunctionSpinal Cord RegenerationMalondialdehydeIn Situ Nick-End LabelingHuman T-lymphotropic virus 1Magnetic Resonance ImagingAortic RuptureAnastomosis, SurgicalRadiculopathyImmunohistochemistryMyelitis, TransverseAnesthesia, SpinalProsthesis DesignLumbosacral RegionUmbilical CordEpidural SpaceParalysisOssification, HeterotopicPosterior Horn CellsFollow-Up Studies
Spondylotic myelopathyMultiple sclerosisCompressionSpineTransverse myelitisTumorsCanalPosterior spinal aNeurologicalIntramedullaryHemorrhageArteryINFARCTIONTraumaThoracicLumbarStenosisTraumaticEpiduralNeckDiagnosisIschemicIntrinsicPerfusionFindingsSymptomsDisordersClinicalBlood flow to the spinal cordDeficitsAcute spinal cord i2021InflammatoryExperimental spinal cord iSide of the spinal cordPressure on the spinal cordDiseasesSpasticityDecompressionNeurologicHematomaNerveTractsAnterior and posteriorMalformationAorticArteriovenous malformationsAnatomyDemyelinationInflammationSudden onsetSpinothalamic tract
Spondylotic myelopathy8
  • These include neck and shoulder pain, suboccipital pain and headache, radicular symptoms, and cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). (medscape.com)
  • Surgical indications for cervical spondylotic myelopathy remain somewhat controversial, but most clinicians recommend operative therapy over conservative therapy for moderate-to-severe myelopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Cervical spondylotic myelopathy occurs as a result of several important pathophysiological factors. (medscape.com)
  • thus, patients with congenitally narrowed spinal canals (10-13 mm) are predisposed to developing cervical spondylotic myelopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Reply to the letter to the editor regarding "a clinical prediction model to assess surgical outcome in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: Internal and external validation using the prospective multicenter AOSpine North American and International datasets of 743 patients. (illinois.edu)
  • In the past this has also been known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy [3]. (myelopathy.org)
  • Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is not greatly relieved surgically. (applecountrychiropractic.com)
  • Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy occurs if cervical canal diameter falls from 17 mm to below 13 mm as the cord itself, is 8-11.5 mm in diameter. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Multiple sclerosis1
  • Cervical myelopathy is mostly caused due to several factors like degeneration or rupture of a cervical disc, slipped disc, neck dislocation or fracture, traumatic cervical spine injury, compression and tumors in the spinal cord and other auto immune diseases that include multiple sclerosis, myelitis and neuromyelitisoptica. (apollohospitals.com)
Compression23
  • This condition can be an additional contributing source of severe anterior cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 , 9 ] Dynamic factors relate to the fact that normal flexion and extension of the cord may aggravate spinal cord damage initiated by static compression of the cord. (medscape.com)
  • More common causes are aneurysms of the aorta or ischemia after aortic surgery, compression of vascular structures by tumors, thrombosis or embolism and arterio-venous malformations. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Lumbar spinal stenosis is narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal causing compression of the nerve rootlets and nerve roots in the cauda equina before their exit from the foramina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Myelopathy can be the result of primary intrinsic disorders of the spinal cord or from secondary conditions, which result in extrinsic compression of the spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cervical myelopathy occurs due to compression of the cervical spinal cord in the neck. (apollohospitals.com)
  • These include acute transverse myelitis, spinal cord compression, and various demyelinating disorders. (medicinelearners.com)
  • In all dogs, MRI revealed spinal cord compression caused by L3-4 disk herniation. (avma.org)
  • To exclude other causes, such as compression or hemorrhage, MRI was repeated and revealed hyperintensity of the spinal cord gray matter on T2-weighted images, which microscopically corresponded with ischemic neurons and neuronal loss. (avma.org)
  • In a recent meta-analysis, including 3,786 healthy volunteers, 24.6% had evidence of cervical spinal cord compression, with a significantly higher prevalence in older populations compared to younger populations. (myelopathy.org)
  • One MRI study found that 59% of randomly recruited individuals between 40 and 80 years had cervical spinal cord compression but were asymptomatic, and 1% had symptomatic cord compression i.e. (myelopathy.org)
  • The longstanding view has been that chronic tissue compression secondary to spinal canal narrowing, from degenerative (e.g. osteophytes, disc prolapse, ligament hypertrophy or calcification) and/or congenital changes, is the direct cause of the spinal cord injury in DCM [1]. (myelopathy.org)
  • This concept is reflected in current surgical practice, where decisions are often based on the extent of cord compression visualised by MRI [2], and less, as current clinical guidelines recommend [3], on the severity of symptoms. (myelopathy.org)
  • 1. Spinal cord compression is common and most frequently incidental and asymptomatic, with approximately 10% of individuals developing symptoms [5]. (myelopathy.org)
  • 2. The extent of static spinal cord compression does not correlate well with the severity of symptoms, clinical phenotype, or disease trajectory [6-12]. (myelopathy.org)
  • 4. Microstructural MRI has demonstrated that cord damage precedes the loss of spinal cord function and is not restricted to the area of compression [16-23]. (myelopathy.org)
  • Figure 1: Spinal cord compression defined on MRI is not specific for DCM, and only weakly correlated with disease severity [4]. (myelopathy.org)
  • Serious cord compression is termed myelopathy and can cause serious nerve damage. (applecountrychiropractic.com)
  • Myelopathy is due to post and lat column compression, ischemia and neuron loss in gray matter. (applecountrychiropractic.com)
  • It is critical to rule out residual extrinsic cord compression where secondary surgery may improve/resolve neurological deficits. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • In the present experiments, the therapeutic value of an applied DC field was studied in 40 rats with clip compression injuries of the cord at C7-T1. (thejns.org)
  • Thirty rats received a 53-gm clip compression injury on the cord at T-1 and were then randomly and blindly allocated to one of six treatment groups (five rats in each). (thejns.org)
  • Rare, they are sometimes responsible for hematomyelia or spinal cord compression. (medical-actu.com)
Spine23
  • Injuries of the spine or the spinal chord were not apparent. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Spinal ischemia in traumatized patients is rarely described, and when it occurs, it is usually associated with direct trauma to the spine and consecutive vascular injury. (fortunejournals.com)
  • The aim of this study was to characterize cervical cord, root, and bony spine claims in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims database to formulate hypotheses regarding mechanisms of injury. (silverchair.com)
  • Cord injury occurred with cervical spine (65%) and noncervical spine (35%) procedures. (silverchair.com)
  • Perioperative cervical spinal cord injury is perceived by many anesthesiologists to be associated with airway management in the setting of trauma and/or cervical spine instability. (silverchair.com)
  • In a review of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims database, the great majority of cervical spinal cord injuries occurred in the absence of trauma, cervical spine instability, or airway management problems. (silverchair.com)
  • How can we do some prevention of the degenerescence of the spine in myelopathy (pharmacological, neurosurgical. (aofoundation.org)
  • Many different spinal problems (slipped disc, fractured spine, spinal infection, spinal tumour, ischaemic myelopathy) can cause similar signs. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • That neck pain you've experienced for far too long is no longer a mystery - the cervical spinal stenosis diagnosis you received from your primary care physician or spine specialist has finally given the condition a name. (painneck.com)
  • Chances are, that is the very question you asked your doctor (or some variation) once you found out that the spinal cord or other neural openings in the cervical (neck) region of your spine were being restricted by some sort of anatomical abnormality. (painneck.com)
  • The other factors that increase the risk of cervical myelopathy include ischemia, over stretching of spine, medical history of back and bone injuries, vascular disease, having narrow spinal canal since birth and so on. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Note that the spinal cord level doesn't line up precisely with the corresponding vertebrae, especially caudal to the thoracic spine. (emcrit.org)
  • Lhermitte's sign (an electric-shock sensation elicited by neck flexion that runs down the spine and sometimes into the limbs) suggests involvement of the posterior columns of the cervical spinal cord. (emcrit.org)
  • Examples include stretch, due to deformity of the spine, and shear (frictional injury), due to movement of the spinal cord. (myelopathy.org)
  • For the purpose of clinical practice and research, DCM is therefore better represented as a progressive spinal cord injury brought about by mechanical stress from arthritic changes to the cervical spine [4]. (myelopathy.org)
  • The cause of arm pain (aka cervical spine radiculopathy) is most commonly a herniated cervical disc, degenerative disc disease resulting in spinal stenosis, or a combination of the two problems. (applecountrychiropractic.com)
  • Arm pain radiculopathy follows the course of a spinal nerve in the cervical spine / neck that is compressed or chemically inflamed. (applecountrychiropractic.com)
  • Surgery does not consistently alter the natural history of cervical spine myelopathy. (applecountrychiropractic.com)
  • Patients with acute postoperative neurological deficits following cervical spine surgery must undergo MR studies to rule out extrinsic cord pathology before being diagnosed with RPI/WCS. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • RPI/WCS is typically defined as an acute spinal cord injury that follows cervical spine surgery where postoperative MR studies document intrinsic cord edema/ischemia, swelling, and/or hemorrhage in the absence of significant new/residual extrinsic pathology. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 1 - 8 ] In theory, such acute cord decompression, and re-expansion disrupts the blood-spine barrier allowing for "rush-in reperfusion", a "…triggered cascade of reperfusion injuries…", and potentially, "…oxygen-derived free radical damage" [ Table 1 ]. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Postoperative reperfusion injury (RPI)/white cord syndrome (WCS) causing acute deficits following cervical spine surgery. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Dr. Rowe also noted the need to look for other spinal conditions, such as instability of the cervical spine and instability of the craniocervical junction. (biobans.com)
Transverse myelitis1
Tumors4
  • Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are (at least eventually) very dangerous and life-threatening (astrocytoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem tumors are among the many examples of these). (wikipedia.org)
  • A spinal cord infarction occurs much more frequently as a result of blockages in the arteries caused by tumors, aortic aneurysms or aortic dissections. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Various pathological conditions, including surgical treatments, traumatic injuries, embolism, malformations and tumors, result in severe changes in the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • Intramedullary spinal cord tumors, both primary CNS and metastatic (especially renal cell carcinoma), can also bleed and lead to hematomyelia. (medscape.com)
Canal8
Posterior spinal a5
  • Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. (harvard.edu)
  • For perfusion, three longitudinal vessels form an anastomotic network that supplies the spinal cord: two posterior spinal arteries, and the anterior spinal artery. (medscape.com)
  • The blood flow to the posterior spinal arteries originates from intradural vertebral arteries, which are from medullary segments of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and segmental radiculopial arteries. (medscape.com)
  • The posterior spinal arteries give rise to the "vasocorona," which eventually branches into peripheral arteries and mainly supplies the white matter of the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Most often at high flow rates, they are multi-pediculated, almost always fed by ASA and one or more posterior spinal arteries. (medical-actu.com)
Neurological7
  • Whereas arterial occlusion in the spinal region quickly becomes symptomatic by neurological deficits, venous outflow obstruction may be clinically unnoticed for much longer and usually manifests as a slowly progressive neurological deficit. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Myelopathy is a clinical diagnosis with localization of the neurological findings to the spinal cord, rather than the brain or the peripheral nervous system, and then to a particular segment of the spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diabetics are also often affected by neurological deficits caused by an infarction in the spinal cord. (medicinelearners.com)
  • To confirm RPI/WCS, MR studies must exclude extrinsic cord pathology (e.g. extramedullary hematomas, new/residual compressive disease, new graft/vertebral fracture etc.) that may warrant additional cervical surgery to avoid permanent neurological sequelae. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • For 7 patients, new acute postoperative neurological deficits were appropriately attributed to MR-documented RPI/WCS syndromes (i.e. hyperintense cord signals). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • These data strongly indicate that an applied DC field can produce functional neurological and anatomical improvement in rats with acute spinal cord injuries. (thejns.org)
  • Neurological aspects of spinal cord injury. (eexot-journal.com)
Intramedullary4
  • Spinal cord MRI: T2 FLAIR weighted sequences in axial (A) and sagittal (B) sections and diffusion sequence (C) shows Intramedullary signal abnormalities at the cervical level opposite C2 in T2 Flair hyper signal (A, B) with diffusion restriction giving the "Owl's eye" appearance(C) ( Figure 1 ). (imagejournals.org)
  • Summary of intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhage etiologies, with history and associated clues, common imaging findings, and representative management. (medscape.com)
  • Intramedullary schwannoma of the spinal cord. (minervamedica.it)
  • On emergent postoperative MR scans, the classical findings for RPI/ WCS include new or expanded, and focal or diffuse intramedullary hyperintense cord signals consistent with edema/ischemia, swelling, and/or intrinsic hematoma. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Hemorrhage7
  • Hemorrhage affecting the spinal cord is rare. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord hemorrhage can be divided based on etiology, into two types: (1) traumatic and (2) non-traumatic. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Spinal cord hemorrhage is most commonly caused by trauma, vascular malformations, or bleeding diatheses. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord hemorrhage usually presents as sudden, painful myelopathy, which may reflect the anatomic level of the hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • The most common cause of spinal cord hemorrhage is traumatic injury. (medscape.com)
  • With trauma, shear forces acting upon the spinal cord and surrounding structures may lead to hemorrhage and vascular damage. (medscape.com)
  • Hematomyelia is defined as the presence of a well-defined focus of hemorrhage within the spinal cord itself. (medscape.com)
Artery12
  • The myelopathy could be caused by impaired arterial perfusion due to hypovolaemia and disrupted arterial flow on the Adamkiewicz artery. (fortunejournals.com)
  • In the recently published case report by Haynes et al, intraarticular thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in combination with verapamil and an antiplatelet agent (Eptifibatide) was performed for acute occlusion of the anterior spinal artery in a 52-year-old patient. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Spinal Cord Infarction Spinal cord infarction usually results from ischemia originating in an extravertebral artery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are many theories, but no-one really knows how or why this fragment of intervertebral disc suddenly gets into the spinal cord artery. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • It should be borne in mind that certain segments of the spinal cord are particularly susceptible to ischemia due to the sometimes low collateral supply to the anterior spinal artery. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Damage to an extravertebral, i.e. supplying, artery or the aorta leads to a spinal cord infarction more frequently than due to intrinsic disorders of the spinal arteries. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Arteriosclerosis or an embolism can restrict the blood supply to the anterior (belly) located anterior spinal artery and the posterior (back) located spinal artery. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Blood flows from the anterior spinal artery into medullary branches of the intradural vertebral arteries, and subsequently into segmental radiculomedullary arteries. (medscape.com)
  • Blood flow to the lower portion of the spinal cord (T8-L3) is supplied by a large radicular artery with somewhat variable positioning, termed the Artery of Adamkiewicz. (medscape.com)
  • The central perfusion region receives blood supply from the anterior spinal artery, which forms the central sulcus artery and courses into the ventral median sulcus and supplies the grey matter of spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • small artery or anterior spinal artery occlusion, "…microthrombi, and altered perfusion due to internal recoil of the spinal architecture following decompression", "… direct trauma from blood flow itself or by the oxygen free radicals…", or "…lipid peroxidation of the neuronal membrane…as a main cause in the secondary injury-induced degenerative cascade. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Its resolution must be sufficient to detect a dorsal anterior spinal artery (ASA) of 300 μm caliber. (medical-actu.com)
INFARCTION13
Trauma4
  • Yet, we couldn´t find any reported case of a trauma patient, that describes a late onset complete paraplegia of the lower limbs caused by spinal chord ischaemia without a spinal (chord) injury. (fortunejournals.com)
  • To date, no case has been described in the literature in which traumatized patients developed vascular myelopathy with a time delay without the presence of direct spinal trauma or direct vertebral vascular injury. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Slipped disc" (intervertebral disc herniation) is considered rare in cats and often seen as a result of spinal trauma. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • Autopsy studies demonstrate the hemorrhagic necrosis of the spinal cord that is caused by trauma. (medscape.com)
Thoracic4
  • Preoperative Spinal Drain Placement is Associated with Reduced Risk of Spinal Cord Ischemia in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Aortic Dissection. (harvard.edu)
  • Hyperactive reflexes in the legs with less active arm reflexes suggest thoracic myelopathy (although a cervical lesion is also possible). (emcrit.org)
  • Hematomyelia more commonly involves the cervical rather than thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Open thoracic spinal surgery is also traditionally associated with a variety of complications. (jmisst.org)
Lumbar6
  • The spinal cord extends caudally from the medulla at the foramen magnum and terminates at the upper lumbar vertebrae, usually between L1 and L2, where it forms the conus medullaris. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neurologic findings consisted of myelopathy affecting the lumbar intumescence (1 dog) and T3-L3 myelopathy (2 dogs). (avma.org)
  • Within 24 hours after surgery, repeated MRI in all dogs revealed hyperintensity in the spinal cord gray matter of the lumbar intumescence on T2-weighted images. (avma.org)
  • Postmortem microscopic examination of each dog's spinal cord at the lumbar intumescence revealed necrosis of the gray matter with relative white matter preservation suggestive of an ischemic injury. (avma.org)
  • Under local anesthesia and light sedation, it determines the anterior and posterior spinal feeder arteries by selective catheterization of the cervical, intercostal, lumbar and sacral arteries, knowing that an initial global study by aortic opacification (or bilateral retrograde humeral for the cervical region) can simplify exploration. (medical-actu.com)
  • Excluding pathology, the anterior spinal vein and the veins of the ponytail are never visible, the posterior spinal vein is visible in the lower and lumbar dorsal regions, but never above T4 and over 8 storeys. (medical-actu.com)
Stenosis3
Traumatic6
Epidural1
  • Is there a role for interventional injections eg epidural in managing some of the symptoms of cervical myelopathy? (aofoundation.org)
Neck4
  • If your cat has a spinal problem they may have neck or back pain or show a variety of signs including difficulty walking, jumping, using one or more legs or even complete paralysis. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • Other diseases that cause sudden paralysis and may be mistaken for ischaemic myelopathy include spinal fracture or dislocation ("broken neck" or "broken back"), spinal cord bruising (spinal cord contusion) caused by a road traffic accident or a bad fall. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • Although classically DCM refers to any spinal cord disease (myelopathy) in the neck (cervical), it has become synonymous with this form of myelopathy, a progressive spinal cord injury caused by arthritis. (myelopathy.org)
  • The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK. (lookformedical.com)
Diagnosis5
  • While the causes of myelopathy may be multiple, the acuity of presentation and symptom onset frame a practical approach to the differential diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • A diagnosis of ischaemic myelopathy is often made by ruling out other causes of acute paralysis (see above). (maynevets.co.uk)
  • Since your vet is relying on absence of findings on X-ray or MRI scan to make a diagnosis it is essential that the correct portion of the spinal cord is checked. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • A definite diagnosis of ischaemic myelopathy and identification of its exact cause can only be made by examining the spinal cord after death. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • The first step towards diagnosis and therapy is recognizing that the patient has some sort of spinal cord pathology. (emcrit.org)
Ischemic3
  • What are the signs of ischemic myelopathy? (maynevets.co.uk)
  • Pathophysiologically, this occurs due to the immediate restoration of normal blood flow to previously markedly compressed, and under-perfused/ischemic cord tissues. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Pathophysiologically, this occurs because spinal cord decompression due to cervical surgery acutely restores normal blood flow to previously under-perfused/ischemic cervical spinal cord tissues. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Intrinsic1
Perfusion2
Findings1
Symptoms4
  • Hawaiian physician Cherylee Chang, MD, describes symptoms of acute myelopathy in surfers likely due to ischaemia of the spinal cord. (painneck.com)
  • The doctor will carry out a physical examination to diagnose cervical myelopathy based on the symptoms and medical history. (apollohospitals.com)
  • These symptoms are based on a lack of or insufficient blood flow, which means that the spinal cord can no longer transmit signals from the brain. (medicinelearners.com)
  • The degree and type of present symptoms depend on the affected part of the spinal cord. (intechopen.com)
Disorders2
  • Spinal cord disorders can cause permanent severe neurologic disability. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques. (illinois.edu)
Clinical4
  • All can contribute to impingement on pain-sensitive structures (eg, nerves, spinal cord), thus creating various clinical syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • Brown-Séquard syndrome is an incomplete spinal cord lesion characterized by a clinical picture reflecting hemisection injury of the spinal cord, often in the cervical cord region. (medscape.com)
  • As an incomplete spinal cord syndrome, the clinical presentation of Brown-Séquard syndrome may range from mild to severe neurologic deficit. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord anatomy accounts for the clinical presentation of Brown-Séquard syndrome. (medscape.com)
Blood flow to the spinal cord1
Deficits1
Acute spinal cord i2
20211
Inflammatory1
  • The present narrative literature review aims to present recent research data in relation to the therapeutic effect of acupuncture on patients with SCI, and more specifically on the reduction of the inflammatory response and the spasticity after an injury of the spinal cord. (eexot-journal.com)
Experimental spinal cord i1
  • This chapter compares the arterial spinal cord blood supply of the frequently used species (pig, dog, cat, rabbit and rat) in experimental spinal cord injury and in human. (intechopen.com)
Side of the spinal cord2
Pressure on the spinal cord2
  • It is important to rule out other conditions causing pressure on the spinal cord (slipped disc or spinal fracture/dislocation) where an operation might be needed. (maynevets.co.uk)
  • In severe cases, if there is more pressure on the spinal cord, the doctor may also recommend cervical myelopathy surgery which includes vertebrae fusion, discectomy and laminectomy. (apollohospitals.com)
Diseases1
Spasticity4
Decompression1
Neurologic3
  • The prognosis of spinal ischemia depends on the severity of the neurologic deficit that presents at the beginning [5]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Immediately after surgery, all dogs were paraplegic with pelvic limb neurologic dysfunction consistent with myelopathy affecting the L4 through caudal spinal cord segments. (avma.org)
  • Dramatic neurologic deterioration following decompressive surgery for intervertebral disk herniation in dogs may be associated with the development of poliomyelomalacia secondary to ischemia. (avma.org)
Hematoma1
  • Spinal cord ischemia, nerve root injury, dural tear, and hematoma formation are also possible with both the anterior and posterior approaches [ 7 ]. (jmisst.org)
Nerve7
  • In the lumbosacral region, nerve roots from lower cord segments descend within the spinal column in a nearly vertical sheaf, forming the cauda equina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The gray matter also contains many internuncial neurons that carry motor, sensory, or reflex impulses from dorsal to ventral nerve roots, from one side of the cord to the other, or from one level of the cord to another. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The cord is divided into functional segments (levels) corresponding approximately to the attachments of the 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Positive anterior cauda sign: characteristic of thoracolumbar spinal cord ischemia, it translates into an asymmetric enhancement of the anterior nerve roots of the cauda equina [ 2 ]. (imagejournals.org)
  • At the site of spinal cord injury (SCI), nerve roots and/or anterior horn cells also may be affected. (medscape.com)
  • This therapeutic effect is multifactorial, including the regulation of the activity of various endogenic biological mediators, the regeneration of nerve fibres and stem cells and the inhibition of inflammation, neural apoptosis and oxidative stress in the injured spinal cord. (eexot-journal.com)
  • This loose bundle of spinal nerve roots of varying length emerging from the lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris form the cauda equina. (biobans.com)
Tracts4
  • Therefore, a sensory level to light touch may be absent unless both of these are involved (e.g., a complete injury that involves all spinal cord tracts). (emcrit.org)
  • Three major tracts run through the spinal cord, as shown below. (emcrit.org)
  • Interruption of the lateral corticospinal tracts, the lateral spinal thalamic tract, and at times the posterior columns produces a picture of a spastic, weak leg with brisk reflexes and a strong leg with loss of pain and temperature sensation. (medscape.com)
  • The motor fibers of the corticospinal tracts cross at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. (medscape.com)
Anterior and posterior1
  • Anterior and posterior median spinal veins drain the anterior and posterior regions of the spinal cord, respectively. (medscape.com)
Malformation2
  • Chiari I Malformation and Spinal Cord Ischemia in a Cadaver. (providence.org)
  • Heffetz reported that muscular fatigue worsened by exertion is a well-described symptom of cervical myelopathy, and that chronic fatigue was common (but by no means universal 57%) in Chiari I malformation. (biobans.com)
Aortic1
  • Predictors and outcomes of spinal cord injury following complex branched/fenestrated endovascular aortic repair in the US Aortic Research Consortium. (harvard.edu)
Arteriovenous malformations1
  • Three groups of vascular malformations dominate: medullary arteriovenous malformations (AVM), peri-arterial arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and spinal meningeal FAF. (medical-actu.com)
Anatomy1
  • A complete understanding of the anatomy of the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord is critical for the anatomists and clinicians to determinate the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model for next studies. (intechopen.com)
Demyelination1
  • There may well be changes such as gliosis and ischaemia and demyelination. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Inflammation2
Sudden onset1
  • Fibrocartilaginous emboli are described in up to 5.5% of cases for unexplained and sudden onset spinal ischemia [2]. (fortunejournals.com)
Spinothalamic tract1
  • Evaluating for a sensory level using a pin to detect pain sensation is more sensitive to detect a spinal level originating from a lesion in the spinothalamic tract. (emcrit.org)