AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
LymphocytesCell DifferentiationLymphocyte ActivationAntigensT-LymphocytesGastric MucosaAntigens, SurfaceCells, CulturedAntigens, NeoplasmIntestinal MucosaReceptors, Antigen, T-CellReceptors, Antigen, B-CellAntigens, BacterialB-LymphocytesAntigens, CDT-Lymphocytes, CytotoxicCell LineMice, Inbred C57BLAntigens, ViralAntigens, CD3Mouth MucosaFlow CytometrySignal TransductionCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesAntibodies, MonoclonalCell DivisionMolecular Sequence DataSpleenLymphocyte SubsetsMice, Inbred BALB CCytotoxicity, ImmunologicCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesLymphocyte CountRNA, MessengerInterleukin-2T-Lymphocyte SubsetsAntigens, DifferentiationEpitopesHLA AntigensAmino Acid SequenceClone CellsH-2 AntigensApoptosisBase SequenceThymus GlandAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteCell ProliferationMice, TransgenicCell SeparationAntigens, CD8Intestine, SmallImmunohistochemistryTime FactorsGene Expression RegulationInterferon-gammaMucous MembraneAntigens, CD45Histocompatibility Antigens Class IIJejunumHistocompatibility AntigensLymphocyte Culture Test, MixedReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-betaAntigens, CD4Jurkat CellsMice, KnockoutPhytohemagglutininsTumor Cells, CulturedHLA-DR AntigensMembrane GlycoproteinsPhenotypeAntigens, ProtozoanFluorescent Antibody TechniqueTranscription FactorsStem CellsHLA-A2 AntigenImmunity, CellularImmunophenotypingAntigens, Polyomavirus TransformingDendritic CellsImmunoglobulin GTransfectionEpithelial CellsIntestinal AbsorptionMice, Inbred StrainsHistocompatibility Antigens Class ILymph NodesCell LineageCytokinesDNACell SurvivalGene ExpressionLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingEpitheliumDNA-Binding ProteinsCytotoxicity Tests, ImmunologicAntigens, FungalReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionMonocytesColonMembrane Proteins
ImmunityCytotoxicPathogensHoming receptorDendritic CellsReceptorsNeutrophilsMechanismsEpithelial cellsIntraepithelial lymphocytesLymphImmunologySystemicMacrophagesResponsesCytokinesProliferationPathwaysSubsetsDifferent antigensCytokineImmunolRecognitionSpecific antigensAPCsInnate-immuneMoleculeTissuesHelperLineageTumorMonocytesActivationLamina propriaVitroImmune responseSpleenEndothelial cellsHumansColitisFlow CytometryMigrateMoleculesSubpopulationsSubsetRegulationPopulationsInfiltrationImmunoglobulinColonicRepertoirePhenotypicEpitopesLymphoid cellsIntegrinInflammatoryStromal cellsPhagocytesMiceDifferentiate
Immunity22
  • T cell immunity is at the center of the disease contributing to the inflammatory process through the loss of tolerance to gluten and the differentiation of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8-restricted anti-gluten inflammatory CD4 + T cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the killing of intestinal epithelial cells by cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8 + lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The S protein generates neutralizing -antibodies, protective immunity, and T-cell responses. (openaccesspub.org)
  • Resident memory (T RM ) cells are a distinct tissue-localized T cell lineage that is crucial for protective immunity in peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • While a great deal of effort has focused on defining their role in immunity to infections, studies now reveal T RM cells as a vital component of the host immune response to cancer. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review will recount the path to discovering the importance of resident memory CD8 T cells as they pertain to cancer immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to highlighting key studies that directly implicate T RM cells in anti-tumor immunity, we will highlight earlier work that implicitly suggested their importance. (frontiersin.org)
  • The recent success of T cell immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies for cancer has revealed CD8 T cells as potent mediators of immunity against advanced cancers ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These early classifications of T cell memory were quickly brought to bear on the question of what T cell subset provides the best immunity against cancer. (frontiersin.org)
  • B lymphocytes are responsible for forming the antibodies that provide humoral immunity, whereas T lymphocytes provide cell-mediated immunity. (pediagenosis.com)
  • The B lymphocytes mature primarily in the bone marrow and are essential for humoral, or antibody-mediated , immunity . (pediagenosis.com)
  • Cell-mediated and humoral immunity is capable of responding to millions of antigens each day because there is an enormous variety of lymphocytes that have been programmed and selected during cellular development. (pediagenosis.com)
  • As potent cytokine producers being enriched in mucosal tissue, ILC play an essential role in tissue maintenance and regulating immunity to chronic inflammation and infection (Vivier et al. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • CRTH2: Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes, such as asthma on TH2 cells associated with exposure to air pollution, infection, or obesity, ILC: Innate lymphoid cell that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Vertically acquired HIV infection causes significant changes to the B cell compartment and the quality of immunity to natural and vaccine antigens. (esf.org)
  • Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
  • In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
  • Our laboratory has a long-standing interest in immune signaling and cell metabolism underlying the differentiation and function of T cells, a central cell type in adaptive immunity and cancer immunotherapy. (stjude.org)
  • Chapman NM, Chi H . Metabolic adaptation of lymphocytes in immunity and disease. (stjude.org)
  • Cellular immunity, particularly of CD4 + T cells, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, has a central role in the control of and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection ( 1 ). (atsjournals.org)
  • Because of impaired systemic or mucosal immunity, patients with primary immunodeficiencies are at a markedly increased risk for VAPP ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It is likely that L-DCs play an important role in antigen uptake and processing of respiratory pathogens and are major contributors to respiratory tract immunity and may be ideal tools for future in vitro or ex vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
Cytotoxic7
  • In this review, we discuss the major regulatory pathways, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and their role in Treg-mediated control of systemic and mucosal responses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, macrophages, and other leukocytes function as effector cells in different immune responses. (pediagenosis.com)
  • ILC are a family of innate immune cells comprising cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cells and the non-cytotoxic helper like ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
  • This molecule is expressed on the T suppressor/cytotoxic cell population (which comprises about 1/3 of the peripheral blood T lymphocytes total population) and with most of thymocytes, as well as a subset of NK cells. (technuc.com)
  • Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
  • Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Pathogens6
  • It is crucial that the local response here is tightly regulated to avoid an immune reaction against dietary antigens and commensal flora while still mounting an efficient defense against pathogens. (ox.ac.uk)
  • T and B lymphocytes are unique in that they are the only cells in the body capable of recognizing specific antigens present on the surfaces of microbial agents and other pathogens. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Lymphoid organs and tissues are the sites where lymphocytes are produced, reside, and come in contact with pathogens. (pearson.com)
  • Although detected at a high concentration in blood, the most vital role of IgA is usually predominantly to interact locally with pathogens and antigens at mucosal surfaces (8). (cgp60474.com)
  • NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
  • The GIT serves as a critical line of defense in providing both a physical and biochemical barrier and works together with gut microflora and immune cells to strengthen the gut barrier, fight-off pathogens, and limit direct contact with epithelium. (simplynourishedfunctionalnutrition.com)
Homing receptor4
  • Lymphocyte homing receptor control of organ-specific lymphocyte trafficking is thought to prevent autoreactivity in immune responses during B and T cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphocyte homing receptor expression is altered by antigen exposure. (wikipedia.org)
  • α4β7 is an α4 integrin class homing receptor that targets lymphocytes in the gut expressing mucosal adhesion molecule-1(MAdCAM-1), mostly expressed in Peyer's patches. (wikipedia.org)
  • It thus defines L-selectin as a human lymphocyte homing receptor for peripheral lymph node HEV. (bdbiosciences.com)
Dendritic Cells15
Receptors17
  • Lymphocyte homing receptors are cell adhesion molecules expressed on lymphocyte cell membranes that recognize addressins on target tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • These diverse tissue-specific adhesion molecules on lymphocytes (homing receptors) and on endothelial cells (vascular addressins) contribute to the development of specialized immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because they have not yet been exposed to antigen, these lymphocytes are undifferentiated and express few homing receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naive lymphocyte extravasation into Peyer's patches is often mediated by L-selectin and limited expression of α4 integrins and other homing receptors prevents these lymphocytes from accessing mucosal effector tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequently, antigen-stimulated B and T cells express homing receptors particularly for the HEV in initial site of immunization tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mediated by lymphocyte receptors and vascular ligand interactions, "tethering" is a reversible linkage that leads to either rolling along the vessel wall or transient immediate arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • B lymphocyte T lymphocyte Lymphocyte+homing+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Jalkantn, S. (wikipedia.org)
  • The natural binding of coronaviruses' spike (S) glycoprotein occurs with various receptors - ACE2, APN, DPP4, CEACAM, Sia, and O-acSia of human cells. (openaccesspub.org)
  • In the mouse, the differentiation of this new lineage is initiated by TGFbeta-1 and IL-6 or IL-21, which activates Stat3 and induces the expression of the transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORγt and RORα). (biolegend.com)
  • The recognition of specific surface antigens by lymphocytes is made possible because of the presence of specific receptors or antibodies on the surface of B and T lymphocytes. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Therefore, the lymphocytes are distinguished by their function and response to antigen, their cell membrane molecules and receptors, their types of secreted proteins, and their tissue location. (pediagenosis.com)
  • They mirror the functions and phenotypes of T cells, but do not require rearranged antigen-specific receptors for their rapid response to signals from injured or infected tissue. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • 11. Johansen F, Baekkevold ES, Carlsen HS, Farstad IN, Soler D, Brandtzaeg P. Regional induction of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors explains disparate homing of human B cells to systemic and mucosal effector sites: dispersion from tonsils. (southernbiotech.com)
  • Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
  • Circulating memory T cells can be divided into tissue-specific subsets, which traffic through distinct tissue compartments during physiologic immune surveillance, based on their expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The differentiation of naïve T cells into an activated memory phenotype is characterized by an extensive change in the expression of trafficking determinants, resulting in the acquisition of homing receptors that enable the cells to migrate from the circulation into peripheral tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
Neutrophils4
Mechanisms11
  • Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
  • The process of lymphocyte homing is deliberate, mediated by lymphocyte-endothelial recognition mechanisms that enable antigen-specific immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, we give an overview of the known mechanisms of lymphocyte migration to the intestine and discuss how CD103 expression can influence the balance between regulatory and effector T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Several cellular and molecular mechanisms exist to ensure robust tolerance induction in the mucosal surfaces, and disruption of such processes often leads to severe chronic inflammatory pathologies such as colitis, Celiac disease and food allergies, and colorectal cancer. (mucidalab.science)
  • We defined molecular mechanisms and tissue cues responsible for lymphocyte differentiation and function to maintain gut barrier integrity. (mucidalab.science)
  • The mechanisms leading to the differentiation and survival of B cells to become ASCs are dictated by a variety of control mechanisms, including class switching, Edrophonium chloride homing, co-stimulation, and finally commitment to a plasma cell lineage (7). (cgp60474.com)
  • The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
  • Although IL-22-producing helper T (Th22) cells have been reported to be involved in human tuberculosis, the mechanisms by which Th22 cells differentiate and are recruited into the pleural space are unknown. (atsjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, the ready access of skin- and gut-homing CD4+ memory T cells to the CNS compartment via CSF has implications for the mechanisms of action of immunotherapeutic strategies, such as oral tolerance or therapeutic immunization, where immunogens are administered using an oral or subcutaneous route. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While trafficking of T cells to the skin and gut is well characterized, less is known about the mechanisms governing homing of T cells across the choroid plexus into the CSF during immune surveillance of the healthy brain [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
Epithelial cells4
  • http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.015 epithelial cells and airway smooth muscle cells. (cdc.gov)
  • It presents a functional unit of a physical barrier consisting of a mucus layer and a monolayer of epithelial cells and of a mucosal lymphoid system that together efficiently discriminate between pathogenic and commensal microorganisms 16 . (nature.com)
  • Purpose This study goals to define the function of adiponectin (APN) in stopping goblet cell apoptosis and in differentiation of epithelial cells to goblet cell lineage leading to greater mucus creation and hence better security from chronic inflammation-induced cancer of the colon (CICC). (technuc.com)
  • Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) helps to protect the lungs from infection by stimulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides in epithelial cells (i.e. cells lining the respiratory tract), stimulate tight junction protein expression in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and maintain renal epithelial barrier function, and enhance corneal epithelial barrier function. (simplynourishedfunctionalnutrition.com)
Intraepithelial lymphocytes1
  • CeD is characterized by an infiltration of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the proximal part of the small intestine, crypt hyperplasia and the development of villous atrophy in the latest stages of the disease. (frontiersin.org)
Lymph7
  • B lymphocytes migrate better to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches), and T lymphocytes preferentially to the peripheral lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naive lymphocytes are able to circulate into secondary lymphoid tissues, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes, and the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • After entering lymph nodes and Peyer's patches via HEVs, naive T and B cells are exposed to antigen circulating in lymph and differentiate to contribute to the adaptive immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following effective priming in lymph nodes, T cells traffic to tumors and other peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • High concentrations of mature lymphocytes are found in the lymph tissue throughout the body including the lymph nodes, spleen, skin, and mucosal tissues. (pediagenosis.com)
  • For instance, studies in mice have demonstrated that CD4+ T cells activated in cutaneous lymph nodes upregulate trafficking determinants specific for the skin, such as P-selectin ligand, while T cells responding to antigen in intestinal lymph nodes express high levels the gut-associated adhesion molecule integrin α4β7 and acquire responsiveness to the intestinal CC-chemokine ligand CCL25 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some progress has been made in defining trafficking determinants for inflamed CNS microvessels: CD8+ T cells activated in cervical lymph nodes draining intracerebral tumors in the mouse acquire a phenotype characterized by high expression of the two integrins α4 and α1 as well as a modest increase in the expression of P-selectin ligand [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunology1
  • Chi H . Immunometabolism at the intersection of metabolic signaling, cell fate, and systems immunology. (stjude.org)
Systemic4
  • Regulatory T cells suppress systemic and mucosal immune activation to control intestinal inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this review, we summarize recent findings on the phenotypic heterogeneity of innate and adaptive immune cells and how tissue-specific factors in the systemic and mucosal immune system influence the outcome of adaptive-immune responses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In this line, we have defined stromal, innate and adaptive immune cells that modulate local and systemic responses towards intestinal antigens. (mucidalab.science)
  • Our results show that CNCM I-3690 can (i) physically maintain modulated goblet cells and the mucus layer and (ii) counteract changes in local and systemic lymphocytes. (nature.com)
Macrophages4
Responses17
  • We proposed that the intestinal immune system is instructed by the microbiota to limit responses to luminal antigens. (nih.gov)
  • However, in the absence of Myd88 or under conditions of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, non-invasive bacteria were trafficked to the MLNs in a CCR7-dependent manner, and induced both T-cell responses and IgA production. (nih.gov)
  • Recurrent infections in young individuals with a permissive genetic background could interfere with the maturation of the mucosal immune system and the composition of the microbiome ( 17 ), and thus favor the subsequent induction of an inflammatory T cell responses and the loss of oral tolerance to dietary gluten ( 18 , 19 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Specifically, immune responses could be influenced by specialized DCs, specific factors secreted by stromal cells, and also, by commensal microbiota present in certain organs. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Following microbial detection, the complex interactions among DCs, stromal cells, and tissue-specific factors influence outcome of immune responses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The most plausible explanation for why IBD develops is that it reflects failure of the normal regulatory immune responses that confer tolerance to the beneficial antigens. (vin.com)
  • T RM responses against tumor/self-antigens can concurrently result in the development of pathogenic T RM responses to self, with a growing number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory pathologies being attributed to T RM responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Informed by studies in infectious disease models, and instructed by a clear role for T RM cells in autoimmunity, we will discuss strategies for therapeutically promoting T RM responses in settings where they don't naturally occur. (frontiersin.org)
  • The persistence of such responses is fundamentally thought to be based on the ability of T cells to act as potent effectors and, subsequently, generate long-lived memory ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Presentation_1.PDF (433K) GUID:?D1661877-16B1-4938-9F24-5312CE037EC7 Figure S2: Stimulation responses of B cells, age distribution of transitional cell fractions, and B cell responses in selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) and healthy controls (HC) to T cell-dependent and T cell-independent stimuli. (cgp60474.com)
  • Collectively, our Edrophonium chloride results demonstrate a defect of the TLR9 responses in IgAD that leads to B cell dysregulation and decreased IgA production. (cgp60474.com)
  • Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
  • The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
  • Naive CD4 + T cells can develop into various helper T (Th) subsets with different cytokine profiles and play a discriminative role in translating antigen-specific immune responses into tissue functions or immunopathology. (atsjournals.org)
  • They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An aerosol antigen challenge of an appropriately sensitized asthmatic patient can induce two types of airway responses. (jci.org)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Cytokines9
  • The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
  • Activation of PRRs leads to secretion of inflammatory cytokines that regulate priming and differentiation of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The utilization of this nomenclature has spread to other immune cells and cytokines all of which contribute to the acquired immune response. (pediagenosis.com)
  • This work further provides insights into NK cell development by in vitro differentiation studies in which NKp65 expressing cells are generated in presence of OP9 feeder cells and cytokines to support development. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The impacts of proinflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation by pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) on Th22-cell differentiation were explored. (atsjournals.org)
  • The overrepresentation of Th22 cells in TPE may be due to pleural cytokines and to PMC-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
  • Our results suggest that the accumulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion may be due to the increased local proinflammatory cytokines and to pleural mesothelial cell-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
  • Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • T(H)1 control the cell-mediated response and produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. (bvsalud.org)
Proliferation6
  • Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
  • 2004). Effect of abietane diterpenes from Plectranthus grandidentatus on T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation . (up.pt)
  • Moreover, PMCs were able to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation by presenting tuberculosis-specific antigen. (atsjournals.org)
  • In particular, PMCs were able to function as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation. (atsjournals.org)
  • Pleural mesothelial cells stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22 cell differentiation in response to tuberculosis antigen. (atsjournals.org)
  • Vitamin C is necessary for promotion of collagen synthesis, keratinocyte differentiation, lipid synthesis, and fibroblast proliferation and migration. (simplynourishedfunctionalnutrition.com)
Pathways5
  • However, recent studies emphasize that the individual contribution of each of these cell subsets is not sufficient and that interactions between these different populations of T cells and the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in distinct gut compartments are required to promote disease immunopathology. (frontiersin.org)
  • The dependency of NKp65 surface expression on sustained STAT5 signaling provided by IL-7 underlines the connection of NKp65 expression and an ILC3 phenotype which might contribute to promote future research in discerning the interspersed pathways of ILC3 and NK cell development. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • For dendritic cell-mediated extrinsic control of T cell differentiation, we focus on metabolic and inflammatory pathways (see Du Nature 2018). (stjude.org)
  • Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
  • The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
Subsets5
  • Such memory T cells were traditionally defined as being comprised of both central memory (T CM ) and effector memory (T EM ) subsets ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
  • More and more data have demonstrated that several Th subsets, such as Th1 cells ( 3 ), Th17 cells ( 4 ), regulatory T cells ( 5 ), and so on, are involved in the pathogenesis of TPE. (atsjournals.org)
  • Consequently, circulating T cells can be divided into tissue specific subsets, each of which have the ability to traffic through certain tissue compartments, but which are excluded from others. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is of great significance to gain insight into the classification of γδ T cell subsets. (explorationpub.com)
Different antigens2
  • The T lymphocytes first migrate to the thymus gland where they divide rapidly and develop extensive diversity in their ability to react against different antigens. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
Cytokine4
  • HEVs develop from cytokine production after exposure to antigen and express adhesion molecules from the selectin family, mucin-like family, and the Ig superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this experiment, we observed cytokine gene expression changes in Gallus gallus embryo after challenge with Delta SARS-CoV-2 RBD spike protein antigen, from a concentration of 10 µg/mL to a series of highly diluted forms in ethanol, along with controls. (openaccesspub.org)
  • Attogram and zeptogram level concentrations of the antigen showed consistently remarkable up-regulation of INF-α among different cytokine gene expressions. (openaccesspub.org)
  • The pre-experimental set having attogram level antigen administered first, followed by a 10µg/mL antigen challenge, showed excellent cytokine balance. (openaccesspub.org)
Immunol1
Recognition6
  • Cancer can be considered a disease of immune dysfunction, with a failure of immune recognition leading to the outgrowth of malignant cells as tumors ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • While innate immune cells are important for early tumor immune surveillance, T cells are fundamentally recognized for their crucial role in the antigen-specific recognition and elimination of malignantly transformed cells ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • T and B lymphocytes possess all of the processes necessary for the adaptive immune response specificity, diversity, memory, and self-nonself recognition. (pediagenosis.com)
  • CD8 acts as a co-receptor with MHC Class I restricted TCRs in antigen recognition. (technuc.com)
  • This change in T cell homing potential is affected by the microenvironment where initial antigen recognition occurred, as memory T cells preferentially return to regions of the body similar to those where the initial antigen was encountered [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
Specific antigens1
  • Airway hyperresponsiveness, an exaggerated bronchospastic response to nonspecific agents such as methacholine and histamine or specific antigens, is the physiologic cornerstone of this disorder. (jci.org)
APCs2
  • The principal cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocytes, APCs, and effector cells. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Innate-immune2
  • In addition to the signaling events initiated following innate-immune receptor activation, the cells of the immune system are influenced by the microenvironments in which they reside, and this has a direct impact on the resulting immune response. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The high levels of SALSA in AF and the infant intestine suggest a robust and important function for SALSA during the fetal development and in the mucosal innate immune defense of infants. (researchgate.net)
Molecule6
  • Furthermore, lymphocytes can alter cell adhesion molecule "activatability" to increase binding ability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, α4β1 with the ligand vascular adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) function in lymphocyte trafficking and inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the first encounter occurs, these cells can exactly recognize a particular microorganism or foreign molecule because each lymphocyte is capable of targeting a specific antigen and differentiating the invader from self or from other substances that may be similar to it. (pediagenosis.com)
  • The salivary scavenger and agglutinin (SALSA), also known as gp340 and dmbt1, is an antimicrobial and inflammation-regulating molecule located at the mucosal surfaces. (researchgate.net)
  • molecule located at the mucosal surfaces. (researchgate.net)
  • We reasoned that a bias (either enrichment or depletion) of CSF T cell expression of known organ-specific trafficking determinants might suggest that homing of T cells to the subarachnoid space could be governed by a CNS-specific adhesion molecule or chemokine receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissues9
  • Mature lymphocytes are constantly recirculating in the blood and can traffic to secondary lymphoid tissue as well as target tissue including mucosal tissues of the lamina propria, inflammation, and other extralymphoid immune effector sites. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to α4 integrins, LFA-1 and Mac-1 mediate the prevention of lymphocyte transendothelial migration into target tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • whereas T EM cells were shown to recirculate predominantly through blood, and peripheral tissues ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the early 2000's, large and persistent populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues were initially classified as T EM cells in recirculation from the blood ( 8 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Undifferentiated, immature lymphocytes migrate to lymphoid tissues, where they develop into distinct types of mature lymphocytes (Fig. 13.5). (pediagenosis.com)
  • When antigens come in contact with the lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissues of the body, specific T cells become activated and specific B cells are stimulated to produce antibodies. (pediagenosis.com)
  • In this topic, we will review the cells, tissues, and organs that make up the immune system. (pearson.com)
  • Some cells migrate to tissues to take up residence whereas others circulate through the blood and lymphatic system, entering tissues when needed. (pearson.com)
  • More recent studies suggested that DCs derived from tissues without "danger" signal stimulation should be regarded as immature DCs, based on their major role in antigen uptake and endocytosis of antigens [ 11 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Helper2
  • In the body, helper T lymphocytes activate other lymphocytes and phagocytes, while regulatory T cells keep these cells in check so that an exaggerated immune response does not occur. (pediagenosis.com)
  • IL-22-producing helper T cells (Th22 cells) have been reported to be involved in tuberculosis infection. (atsjournals.org)
Lineage5
  • designated IL-17A-F. IL-17 is expressed by a unique lineage of CD4 T cells, Th17 cells. (biolegend.com)
  • IL-23, which also activates Stat3, serves to maintain Th17 cells lineage. (biolegend.com)
  • Next, an overview of several current models of hematopoietic lineage trees to identify developmental branching points between the lymphoid and myeloid cell compartments is discussed. (scielo.br)
  • Lymphoid lineage DCs primarily differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs and occupy approximately 0.5% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in humans [ 2 ], but the cell population percentage is unclear in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The earliest cell in B-lymphocyte lineage that produces Ig is the pre-B lymphocyte. (medscape.com)
Tumor14
  • Characterized by cell-surface molecules including CD103, CD69, and CD49a, T RM -like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be found in a wide range of human cancers, where they portend improved prognosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that T RM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Such tumor-specific T RM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tumor development has been said to occur in three distinct steps: inefficient elimination of early transformed cells, development of a state of equilibrium between tumor cells and immune cells, and tumor escape from immune pressure ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As the field of cancer immunotherapy advances rapidly, it is now crucial to understand how the dissemination and maintenance of tumor-specific T cells can be optimally achieved. (frontiersin.org)
  • IL-1β, IL-6, and/or tumor necrosis factor-α promoted Th22-cell differentiation from CD4 + T cells. (atsjournals.org)
  • 13. Bian H, Fournier P, Moormann R, Peeters B, Schirrmacher V. Selective gene transfer in vitro to tumor cells via recombinant Newcastle disease virus. (southernbiotech.com)
  • Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
  • γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
  • However, the clinical application of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells has certain limitations. (explorationpub.com)
  • Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)
  • These cells may be a key factor ultimately mediating the deviation of the antagonistic response between tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. (explorationpub.com)
  • According to current challenges, there is a need to explore innovative immunotherapies, maximize the tumor-killing efficacy of γδ T cells, and attenuate or eliminate tumor immunosuppression. (explorationpub.com)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
Monocytes2
  • Lymphocyte - These cells have a rounded nucleus, no prominent granules, and are smaller than monocytes. (pearson.com)
  • CD38 expression and functional activities are up-regulated by IFN-γ on human monocytes and monocytic cell lines. (southernbiotech.com)
Activation5
  • 2017. AhR activation increases IL-2 production by alloreactive CD4 T cells initiating the differentiation of mucosal-homing Tim3 Lag3 Tr1 cells. . (oregonstate.edu)
  • that regulate the differentiation and activation of these cells. (cdc.gov)
  • After CpG activation, the transitional B cell defect was further enhanced, especially within its B regulatory subset expressing IL-10. (cgp60474.com)
  • Thus the increased number of peripheral blood CD4+, CD8+ cells in inflammatory bowel disease suggests that chronic immune activation occurs not only in the active state of the disease but also in remission. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Finally, it retrospectively analyze the activation strategies and clinical relevance of existing γδ T cell adoptive immunotherapies. (explorationpub.com)
Lamina propria4
  • Coexpression of CD4 and CD8 on peripheral blood T cells and lamina propria T cells in inflammatory bowel disease by two colour immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using two colour immunofluorescence with fluorescein isothiocyanate and phycoerythrin labelled monoclonal antibodies and multiparameter flow cytometry, we investigated the coexpression of CD4 and CD8 antigens on peripheral blood lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and normal control subjects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The proportion of CD4+, CD8+ cells in the lamina propria was greater than in peripheral blood in normal subjects, suggesting chronic immune stimulation of the local immune system. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The proportion of CD4+, CD8+ cells was, however, significantly less in the lamina propria of patients with active ulcerative colitis. (ox.ac.uk)
Vitro3
  • In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • In such cultures, NKp65 expressing in vitro ILC (ivILC) acquire NKp80 expression in a Notch-dependent manner indicating their differentiation into mature NK cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Antibodies against human neutrophil LECAM-1 (LAM-1/Leu-8/DREG-56 antigen) and endothelial cell ELAM-1 inhibit a common CD18-independent adhesion pathway in vitro. (bdbiosciences.com)
Immune response9
  • The adaptive immune response, primarily comprised of T and B lymphocytes, has important implications in the fracture healing process as well [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The gut must discriminate between these adverse and beneficial antigens in developing an appropriate immune response. (vin.com)
  • Lymphocytes make up approximately 36% of the total white cell count and are the primary cells of the adaptive immune response. (pediagenosis.com)
  • The regulatory cells assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response, while effector cells carry out the elimination of the antigen (microbial, non microbial, or toxin). (pediagenosis.com)
  • Unlike the T lymphocytes, where the entire cell is involved in the immune response, B lymphocytes secrete antibodies, which then act as the reactive agent in the immune process. (pediagenosis.com)
  • 2007). Evaluation of the immune response following a short oral vaccination schedule with hepatitis B antigen encapsulated into alginate-coated chitosan nanoparticles . (up.pt)
  • 2007). Immune response regulation by Leishmania secreted and nonsecreted antigens . (up.pt)
  • The cells of our immune system include those of the innate and adaptive (or 'acquired') immune response. (simplynourishedfunctionalnutrition.com)
  • The adaptive immune response receives signals from innate cells to expand controlled lymphocyte response to bacterial and metabolic factors. (simplynourishedfunctionalnutrition.com)
Spleen1
Endothelial cells3
  • Lymphocyte homing refers to adhesion of the circulating lymphocytes in blood to specialized endothelial cells within lymphoid organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stromal endothelial cells establish a bidirectional crosstalk with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells through the TNF-related factors BAFF, APRIL, and CD40L. (southernbiotech.com)
  • This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)
Humans2
  • Indeed a wealth of studies from humans and mouse models establishes a particularly potent role for CD8 T cells in controlling the outgrowth of malignancies ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Although NK precursors and immature NK cells have been identified in mice and humans, the precise sites where NK cell maturation take place are not yet fully defined. (scielo.br)
Colitis1
  • Whether this implies a possible defect in mucosal immunoregulation in active ulcerative colitis cannot be determined from these results. (ox.ac.uk)
Flow Cytometry2
Migrate1
Molecules7
  • MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • High endothelial venules (HEVs) are cells found in secondary lymphoid organs that express large quantities of cell adhesion molecules, enabling undifferentiated lymphocytes to bind. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several environmental, genetic, and immune factors create a "perfect storm" for the development of coeliac disease: the antigen gluten, the strong association of coeliac disease with HLA, the deamidation of gluten peptides by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) generating peptides that bind strongly to the predisposing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, and the ensuing unrestrained T cell response. (frontiersin.org)
  • This has lead to the development of a classification system for these surface molecules known as the "cluster of differentiation" (CD). (pediagenosis.com)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Subpopulations1
  • Transitional B cells have not been studied Edrophonium chloride so far in adult IgAD donors, and current knowledge on lymphocyte subpopulations could be greatly enhanced by recent improvements in multicolor circulation cytometry and better understanding of the. (cgp60474.com)
Subset1
  • Our findings suggest that tDCs are a distinct pDC-related subset with a DC2 differentiation potential and unique proinflammatory function during viral infections. (stanford.edu)
Regulation4
  • While initial adhesion indicates the start of lymphocyte homing, there is regulation of each step of extravasation. (wikipedia.org)
  • 9. Bräuninger A, Goossens T, Rajewsky K, Küppers R. Regulation of immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangements during early B cell development in the human. (southernbiotech.com)
  • However, differentiation and immune regulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) remain unknown. (atsjournals.org)
  • Similar to αβ T cells, γδ T cells also develop in embryos, and their intra-thymic development shows strict regulation and flexible plasticity [ 2 ]. (explorationpub.com)
Populations2
  • Membrane IgD and membrane IgM differ in capacity to transduce inhibitory signals within the same human B cell clonal populations. (southernbiotech.com)
  • A phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes in individuals suffering from IgAD has led to the prevailing view that defects in figures and function of certain lymphocyte populations might be the main cause of IgA Edrophonium chloride deficiency (10C12). (cgp60474.com)
Infiltration2
  • Both compounds reduced kidney injury, proteinuria, and inhibited the (pro)renin receptor (PRR)-renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway, inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Reports of spontaneous regression and tumour infiltration with T-lymphocytes makes melanoma candidate for immunotherapies. (mdpi.com)
Immunoglobulin2
  • CD5 is a potential selecting ligand for B-cell surface immunoglobulin: a possible role in maintenance and selective expansion of normal and malignant B cells. (southernbiotech.com)
  • 7. Klein U, Rajewsky K, Küppers R. Human immunoglobulin (Ig)M + IgD + peripheral blood B cells expressing the CD27 cell surface antigen carry somatically mutated variable region genes: CD27 as a general marker for somatically mutated (memory) B cells. (southernbiotech.com)
Colonic1
  • APN insufficiency down-regulated goblet to epithelial cell proportion and improved the colonic mucosal CZC54252 hydrochloride erosion with minimal mucus width. (technuc.com)
Repertoire1
  • This happens so that the full repertoire of antigenic specificities of lymphocytes is continuously represented throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
Phenotypic5
  • Acquisition of NK cell phenotypic markers is accompanied by NKp65 downregulation which leads to the mutually exclusive expression of NKp80 on NK cells and NKp65 on ILC3-like cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Improvements in multicolor circulation cytometry and better biological understanding of B cell maturation have led to renewed interest in detailed phenotypic analysis of B cells and T cells in immune-mediated diseases. (cgp60474.com)
  • A more appropriate phenotypic definition of transitional B cells would be CD24hiCD38hi. (cgp60474.com)
  • The distribution and phenotypic features of Th22 cells in both TPE and blood were determined. (atsjournals.org)
  • At present, the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional variation of human γδ T cells are increasing. (explorationpub.com)
Epitopes2
  • They are capable of processing complex antigens into epitopes, which are then displayed on their cell membranes in order to activate the appropriate lymphocytes. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
Lymphoid cells4
  • IL-17A was initially identified from a subtracted cDNA library between closely related murine lymphoid cells and called CTLA-8. (biolegend.com)
  • In the past decade, tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILC) have become a central field of immunological research. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • 1. To be able to describe the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in Date of Original Release: April 2014. (cdc.gov)
  • NKT: Natural killer T innate lymphoid cells and their role in asthma. (cdc.gov)
Integrin1
  • CSF contained similar proportions of CD4+ memory T cells expressing CLA, CCR4, integrin α4β7 and CCR9 as paired blood samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Inflammatory2
  • GL-PP2 showed stronger inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase proteins compared to GL-PP. In cell models, both compounds displayed anti-inflammatory properties and improved cellular viability by inhibiting the PRR-RAS pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both the absolute number and the proportion of peripheral blood CD4+, CD8+ cells in inflammatory bowel disease were small but significantly increased compared with those in normal control subjects. (ox.ac.uk)
Stromal cells2
  • Cell-based therapy utilizing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is an attractive option for augmenting the fracture repair process. (hindawi.com)
  • Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Phagocytes1
  • Trafficking was carried out by CX(3)CR1(hi) mononuclear phagocytes, an intestinal-cell population previously reported to be non-migratory. (nih.gov)
Mice2
  • APNKO mice treated with DSS+DMH acquired the cheapest mucosal width compared to various other groups. (technuc.com)
  • Additionally in CZC54252 hydrochloride comparison to the concurrent handles in the WT group the amount of goblet cells was decreased considerably in APNKO mice treated with DMH and DSS+DMH thus offering a conclusion for the increased loss of mucus in these pets (Fig. 1d e). (technuc.com)
Differentiate2