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Cochlear NucleusCochlear NerveAuditory PathwaysVestibulocochlear NerveCell NucleusMotor NeuronsAcoustic StimulationEvoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain StemOlivary NucleusMotor CortexEvoked Potentials, MotorBrain StemNeuronsTinnitusInferior ColliculiMotor ActivityGerbillinaeNoiseCochleaAuditory Brain Stem ImplantsAction PotentialsCatsAuditory ThresholdNeural InhibitionAuditory PerceptionPitch PerceptionTrigeminal Nucleus, SpinalElectric StimulationSound LocalizationSynapsesEvoked Potentials, AuditoryNerve FibersSynaptic TransmissionChinchillaMolecular Motor ProteinsSoundStrychnineVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2Reaction TimeNucleus AccumbensSpiral GanglionHearing Loss, Noise-InducedAfferent PathwaysHearing Loss, CentralAnterior Thalamic NucleiExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsVesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 1Mice, Inbred CBAGuinea PigsDecerebrate StateModels, NeurologicalVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1StrigiformesTensor TympaniThalamic NucleiHearing Loss, ConductiveTime FactorsGlycine AgentsSolitary NucleusPonsAxonsNeuronal PlasticityElectrophysiologyGlycinePatch-Clamp TechniquesAnimals, NewbornDeafnessDendritesMice, Inbred ICRGAP-43 ProteinHearingFunctional LateralityDifferential ThresholdVestibular Nucleus, LateralMotor Skills DisordersCerebellar NucleiRaphe NucleiInterneuronsInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsCaudate NucleusSeptal NucleiHorseradish PeroxidaseActive Transport, Cell NucleusRats, Sprague-DawleyGABA AntagonistsNeural PathwaysArcuate NucleusReceptors, GlycineElapid VenomsImmunohistochemistryParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusBrain MappingTime PerceptionPresynaptic TerminalsNeurons, EfferentReceptors, AMPAMovementSubthalamic NucleusPsychoacousticsHearing Loss, High-Frequency
BrainstemDorsal cochleaVentralPonsNeuronsNerveAnteroventral cochlear nucleusVestibular nucleiSolitaryOculomotor nucleusTrigeminal nucleiCerebellumImplantTonotopic organizationMedulla oblongataInferiorAmbiguusEfferentOlivaryLateral lemniscusSensory nucleusTrapezoid bodyAutonomicAfferentSpinal cordVisceral motorBasalIpsilateralPosteriorTractusStimuliInnervationOrganizationThalamicDendrites
Brainstem16
  • The cochlear nuclear (CN) complex comprises two cranial nerve nuclei in the human brainstem, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). (wikipedia.org)
  • The outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cochlear nuclei (CN) are located at the dorso-lateral side of the brainstem, spanning the junction of the pons and medulla. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other nuclei, however, are long and span several regions of the brainstem contributing to several cranial nerves. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Several motor and sensory nuclei form longitudinal columns in the brainstem, leading to some authors describing them as single discontinuous longitudinal nuclear columns rather than the more numerous individual separate nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Extensive interconnections exist between many of these nuclei, as well as with other brainstem nuclei and white matter tracts, such as the medial lemniscus and medial longitudinal fasciculus . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Another area, not on the dorsum of the brainstem, is where the special visceral efferents nuclei reside. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solitary nucleus (also called nucleus of the solitary tract , nucleus solitarius, or nucleus tractus solitarii (SN or NTS) ) [1] [2] is a series of sensory nuclei (clusters of nerve cell bodies) forming a vertical column of grey matter in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solitary nucleus projects to a large number of other regions of the brain including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus , the central nucleus of the amygdala , as well as other nuclei in the brainstem (such as the parabrachial area , locus coeruleus , dorsal raphe nucleus , and other visceral motor or respiratory networks). (wikipedia.org)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve sends this information to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (anatomy.app)
  • 2014). The brainstem auditory circuits, which consist of the cochlear nucleus (CN) and the superior olivary complex (SOC) are also tonotopically organized. (unibas.ch)
  • Discharges from the facial motor area are carried through fascicles of the corticobulbar tract to the internal capsule, then through the upper midbrain to the lower brainstem, where they synapse in the pontine facial nerve nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • Using the female spontaneously hypertensive rat and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat model, we compared the transcriptomic changes in three autonomic nuclei in the brainstem, nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), caudal ventrolateral medulla, and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in a time series at 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 wk of age, spanning the prehypertensive stage through extended chronic hypertension. (bvsalud.org)
  • The brainstem pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei are involved in multifarious activities, including motor control. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAEP) is a complex response to externalstimulation that represents the neural electrophysiological activity of the auditory system at the level of the brainstem, mapping the synapses of the auditory pathways from the cochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary brainstem complex to the inferior colliculus-midbrain 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
Dorsal cochlea7
Ventral7
  • The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) on the ventral aspect of the brain stem, ventrolateral to the inferior peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three types of principal cells convey information out of the ventral cochlear nucleus: Bushy cells, stellate cells, and octopus cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, motor nuclei are closer to the front (ventral), and sensory nuclei and neurons are closer to the back (dorsal). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is the ventral part of the pons and any form of tissue damage in this part may result in impairment of motor functioning. (human-memory.net)
  • [6] [7] Some neuronal subpopulations in the SN, such as the noradrenergic cell group A2 and the aldosterone -sensitive HSD2 neurons project as far ventral as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis . (wikipedia.org)
  • They lie ventral and medial to the dorsal vagal nucleus . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The cochlear nerve gives the information to the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei . (anatomy.app)
Pons7
  • Another pathway, called the dorsal acoustic stria (DAS, also known as the stria of von Monakow), rises above the medulla into the pons where it hits the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus along with its kin, the intermediate acoustic stria (IAS, also known as the stria of Held). (wikipedia.org)
  • The cranial nerve nuclei are a series of bilateral grey matter motor and sensory nuclei located in the midbrain , pons and medulla that are the collections of afferent and efferent cell bodies for many of the cranial nerves . (radiopaedia.org)
  • You see, the nucleus ambiguus is present in the medulla and the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is present in the pons. (medicowesome.com)
  • Also, the dorsal pons contains nuclei of the cranial nerves which link it to a wide range of functions such as sensory and motor functions, controlling sleep, respiration, and level of arousal and vigilance (2). (human-memory.net)
  • A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • It includes a copy of the motor commands sent from the precentral gyrus through the corticospinal tract, arising from collateral branches that synapse in the gray matter of the pons, along with input from other regions such as the visual cortex. (foobrdigital.com)
  • If the cerebral cortex sends a motor command to initiate walking, that command is copied by the pons and sent into the cerebellum through the MCP. (foobrdigital.com)
Neurons8
  • There are three major fiber bundles, axons of cochlear nuclear neurons, that carry information from the cochlear nuclei to targets that are mainly on the opposite side of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inferior colliculus receives direct, monosynaptic projections from the superior olivary complex, the contralateral dorsal acoustic stria, some classes of stellate neurons of the VCN, as well as from the different nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. (wikipedia.org)
  • A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more of the cranial nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nuclei contain large motor neurons and myelinated fibers of the hypoglossal nerve, innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles , excluding palatoglossus 1,2 which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Functionally, the nuclei can be divided dorsally and ventrally, and into medial and lateral components to achieve a musculotopic organization of the motor neurons within. (radiopaedia.org)
  • In recent years, different lines of genetically manipulated mouse models were used to study how modulation of the cochlear pacemaker affects the maturation of central auditory neurons and synapses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The auditory system has a unique topographic organization, such that all auditory nuclei represent a gradient of frequencies and two neighboring bands of neurons respond to neighboring sound frequencies. (unibas.ch)
  • In 1987, Jenny and Saper performed an extensive study of the proximal facial nerve organizations in a primate model and found evidence that in monkeys, upper facial movement is relatively preserved in upper motor neuron injury, because these motor neurons receive relatively little direct cortical input. (medscape.com)
Nerve21
  • Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve) carry information from the inner ear, the cochlea, on the same side of the head, to the nerve root in the ventral cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The VCN is further divided by the nerve root into the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). (wikipedia.org)
  • The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve). (wikipedia.org)
  • This tonotopic organization is preserved because only a few inner hair cells synapse on the dendrites of a nerve cell in the spiral ganglion, and the axon from that nerve cell synapses on only a very few dendrites in the cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some nuclei are small and contribute to a single cranial nerve, such as some of the motor nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Lesions occurring at these nuclei can lead to effects resembling those seen by the severing of nerve(s) they are associated with. (wikipedia.org)
  • All the nuclei except that of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) supply nerves of the same side of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • This area is a bit below the autonomic motor nuclei, and includes the nucleus ambiguus, facial nerve nucleus, as well as the motor part of the trigeminal nerve nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cochlear nuclei and intraxial nerve fibers involved. (medicowesome.com)
  • Facial nucleus and facial nerve involved. (medicowesome.com)
  • Moreover, the general somatic afferent column (GSA) of the trigeminal nerve and the pontine nuclei are formed from spinal nerve nuclei and the trigeminal nerve nuclei (1). (human-memory.net)
  • The nervus acusticus is inserted into this edge in the region of the recessus lateralis, and from it masses of neuroblasts develop to form receptive nuclei for the two parts of this nerve, these being the cochlear and vestibular. (co.ma)
  • In 1957, André Djourno and Charles Eyriès invented the original Cochlear Implant performing direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve using implanted electrodes. (remote-neural-monitoring.com)
  • The hypoglossal nuclei , exist as paired nuclei within the medulla oblongata that provide motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (excluding palatoglossus) via the hypoglossal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Fibers pass anteriorly between the inferior olivary nucleus and pyramid and exit the medulla as the hypoglossal nerve between the pyramid and olive. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The opening of the channels causes the potassium influx and leads to a local current and action potential that is traveling through the cochlear nerve from the vestibulocochlear nerve . (anatomy.app)
  • The pontine facial nerve nucleus is divided into an upper and a lower half, bilaterally. (medscape.com)
  • However, recently tinnitus and hyperacusis were shown to share the same patterns of increasing activity which is generated in the middle of the signal transmitting process along the intrinsic auditory or cochlear nerve to the brain. (ejao.org)
Anteroventral cochlear nucleus1
Vestibular nuclei3
Solitary2
  • Near the sulcus limitans are the visceral afferent nuclei, namely the solitary tract nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organ specific regions of neuronal architecture are preserved in the solitary nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Oculomotor nucleus1
  • Close to the midline are the motor efferent nuclei, such as the oculomotor nucleus, which control skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Trigeminal nuclei1
  • This creates the general somatic efferent fibers (GSE), the special visceral efferent (SVE) which includes the superior salivatory nucleus, the fascial and motor trigeminal nuclei. (human-memory.net)
Cerebellum6
  • Thus, from above downwards, the thickened margin of the fossa rhomboidea on each side develops into the following structures:-cerebellum, the rest of the vestibular nucleus, the cochlear nucleus, the nuclei pontis (and arcuate nuclei), the olivary nucleus, the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus. (co.ma)
  • Central nervous system (CNS) components that mediate motion sickness include the vestibular system and brain stem nuclei, the hypothalamus, the nodulus and uvula of the cerebellum, and emetic pathways (eg, medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone, vomiting center, and emetic efferents). (msdmanuals.com)
  • This classical conditioning, which can be related to motor learning, fits with the neural connections of the cerebellum. (foobrdigital.com)
  • The cerebellum is 10 percent of the mass of the brain and has varied functions that all point to a role in the motor system. (foobrdigital.com)
  • The SCP is the major output of the cerebellum, divided between the red nucleus in the midbrain and the thalamus, which will return cerebellar processing to the motor cortex. (foobrdigital.com)
  • The midline regions of the cerebellum, the vermis and flocculonodular lobe , are involved in comparing visual information, equilibrium, and proprioceptive feedback to maintain balance and coordinate movements such as walking, or gait , through the descending output of the red nucleus (Figure 16.15). (foobrdigital.com)
Implant8
  • Neuroprosthetics can be cate-gorized as output neural interfaces, which convert the brain's intentions to outside activities, or as input neural interfaces, which take info from the environ-ment and turn it into sensitivities (for example cochlear implant and bionic arm ). (dr-hempel-network.com)
  • The cochlear implant alternates the functions performed by the ear drum, frequency analysis in the cochlea, and stimulates the auditory nerves directly. (dr-hempel-network.com)
  • 인공와우이식(cochlear implant)이란 내이의 손상으로 인하여 고도의 감각신경성 난청 혹은 농이된 환자에서 외부의 음원으로부터 전달되어온 소리 에너지를 내이를 대신하여 전기적 에너지로 변환시켜 와우관내에 삽입된 전극을 통하여 청신경을 직접 자극하여 소리를 감지하도록 하는 방법이다. (ejao.org)
  • 최초로 사람에서 전기 인공 와우의 임상적 시도는 1957년 Djournio와 Eyries가 농환자에게 강선을 와우고실계에 삽입하여 전기자극을 가하여 음감각을 감지함을 발표하였고, 1961년 House는 단전극(single electrode)을 이용하여 와우이식술을 처음으로 시행하였으며, 1978년 호주 Melbourne대학 Clark는 10개 전극의 다수 채널 인공와우를 이식하여 전극의 위치에 따라 음의 높이가 다름을 보고하였고, 1982년 Clark와 Pyman은 Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant를 처음으로 사용하였다 (ejao.org)
  • Please review the, MED-EL Launches Rondo 2, the World's First Cochlear Implant Powered by Wireless Charging. (voldoramotors.com)
  • The discreet size and design of the RONDO 2, like Cochlear's Kanso device, no longer requires the user to wear anything behind-the-ear, where most cochlear implant processors are worn. (voldoramotors.com)
  • Der Kanso 2 Soundprozessor mit Aqua+ ist entsprechend der in der internationalen Norm IEC 60529 definierten Schutzklasse IP68 staub- und wasserdicht und kann bis zu 2 Stunden lang … RONDO 3 is compatible with every brand and type of hearing aid because RONDO 3 and MED-EL cochlear implant systems mimic natural hearing. (voldoramotors.com)
  • MED-EL Announces RONDO 2: A True Revolution in Cochlear Implants RONDO 2 is the first cochlear implant audio processor that can be charged wirelessly. (voldoramotors.com)
Tonotopic organization2
  • in this way the tonotopic organization that is established in the cochlea is preserved in the cochlear nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2009). The tonotopic organization of the auditory nuclei are considered to be developmentally hardwired, however, elaborate processes of refinement are essential to achieve the precision of the adult tonotopic circuits (Kandler et al. (unibas.ch)
Medulla oblongata2
  • The nucleus solitarius is a series of purely sensory nuclei forming a vertical column of grey matter embedded within the medulla oblongata . (wikipedia.org)
  • 4. The primordial nuclei and tract areas in the medulla oblongata where the fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal. (ehd.org)
Inferior3
  • The lateral lemniscus contains cells of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and in turn projects to the inferior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • EMBRYO AT A LATER STAGE THAN THOSE At an early stage of development most of the neuroblasts that form the rudiments of the nuclei pontis, nuclei arcuati, and nucleus olivaris inferior begin a process of migration, the course of which is determined by the source and direction of the afferent tracts passing into each nucleus. (co.ma)
  • The hypoglossal nuclei are located within the tegmentum of upper medulla close to the midline, lying deep to the hypoglossal trigone , or hypoglossal triangle, which is the medial eminence of the floor of the fourth ventricle , inferior to the stria medullaris 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
Ambiguus2
  • Nucleus ambiguus involved. (medicowesome.com)
  • PS: Nucleus ambiguus supplies the striated (branchial) muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus via the ninth, tenth, and eleventh nerves. (medicowesome.com)
Efferent3
  • Just lateral to this are the autonomic (or visceral) efferent nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are three broad functional classifications of nerves - sensory (afferent), intermediate and motor (efferent). (teachmeanatomy.info)
  • The voluntary responses of the facial muscles (eg, smiling when taking a photograph) arise from efferent discharge from the motor face area of the cerebral cortex. (medscape.com)
Olivary1
  • The information from these nuclei is sent to the superior olivary complex , the contralateral superior olivary complex . (anatomy.app)
Lateral lemniscus1
  • Lateral lemniscus (LL) and lemniscal nuclei (LN) - Ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Sensory nucleus1
  • The DCN is therefore in a sense a second order sensory nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Trapezoid body1
  • Medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) - Contralateral stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Autonomic1
  • Our results showed a persistent dysregulation across all three autonomic nuclei regardless of the stage of hypertension development as well as a cascade of transient dysregulation beginning in the RVLM at the prehypertensive stage that shifts toward the NTS at the hypertension onset. (bvsalud.org)
Afferent1
  • More lateral, but also less posterior, are the general somatic afferent nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
Spinal cord1
  • The red nucleus sends new motor commands to the spinal cord through the rubrospinal tract . (foobrdigital.com)
Visceral motor1
  • Visceral motor component of CN III and pathways involved in pupillary constriction. (medscape.com)
Basal2
  • The abducens nucleus is developed from the basal plate. (human-memory.net)
  • Later still, the development of the great sensory and motor tracts contributes largely to the dimensions of the basal lamina. (co.ma)
Ipsilateral4
  • The cochlear nuclei have long been thought to receive input only from the ipsilateral ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Periolivary nuclei (PON) - Ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ipsilateral paralysis of the upper and lower face (lower motor neuron lesion). (medicowesome.com)
  • The hypoglossal nucleus receives corticonuclear fibers , from the precentral gyrus and adjoining areas from both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral hemispheres, however primarily from the latter 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
Posterior1
  • Sensory fasciculi, bringing impulses from muscles, skin and related structures in all parts of the body, make their way into the superior part of the vestibular nucleus, and it grows and forms a large thickening of the posterior edge above the recessus lateralis. (co.ma)
Tractus1
Stimuli1
  • Alterations in the processing of the stimuli received in this nucleus by both TMJ and auditory sensory sources can modulate the levels of tinnitus perception in this subgroup of patients, leading to feedback [2]. (clinicagb.com)
Innervation2
  • Tension and contraction of the masticatory muscles can trigger a reflex contraction in the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles due to common motor innervation of the trigeminal mandibular branch. (clinicagb.com)
  • These muscles share trigeminal motor innervation [7]. (clinicagb.com)
Organization1
  • 2013). Hox genes are determinants of topographic information and influence topographic organization as well as topographic input-output connectivity of several hindbrain nuclei (Philippidou and Dasen, 2013). (unibas.ch)
Thalamic2
  • The pulvinar, an important higher-order thalamic nucleus supporting many functions, is reciprocally connected with frontoparietal areas involved in sensorimotor transformations. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The lateral hemispheres are primarily concerned with planning motor functions through frontal lobe inputs that are returned through the thalamic projections back to the premotor and motor cortices. (foobrdigital.com)
Dendrites1
  • Here, we identify a mechanism for temperature compensation of neuronal activity via neuromodulation of passive electrical spread in the dendrites of a motor neuron. (jneurosci.org)