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Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis Virus, JapaneseEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalitis, JapaneseEncephalitis VirusesEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-BorneEncephalitis Virus, St. LouisEncephalomyelitis, EquineEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineEncephalitisEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineEncephalitis, ViralEncephalitis, St. LouisEncephalitis, ArbovirusEncephalitis Virus, Murray ValleyEncephalitis, Tick-BorneCulexAedesJapanese Encephalitis VaccinesFlavivirusAlphavirusCulicidaeMosquito ControlEncephalitis Viruses, JapaneseHorse DiseasesWest Nile virusLimbic EncephalitisViral VaccinesAntibodies, ViralEncephalitis, Herpes SimplexArbovirusesVirus CultivationFlavivirus InfectionsEncephalomyelitis, Eastern EquineVirus ReplicationSindbis VirusHorsesArthritis-Encephalitis Virus, CaprineVero CellsRNA, ViralCricetinaeWest Nile FeverNeutralization TestsRepliconArbovirus InfectionsCercopithecus aethiopsHemagglutination Inhibition TestsViral Envelope ProteinsVaccines, AttenuatedViral Plaque AssayOchlerotatusPhylogenyMolecular Sequence DataCell LineVirulenceRNA VirusesAntigens, ViralEncephalitis Virus, CaliforniaEncephalitis, CaliforniaInsect VectorsDisease VectorsViral Nonstructural ProteinsVaccinia virusAnopheles gambiaeVirus AssemblyReceptors, VirusDengue VirusViral ProteinsDengueBird DiseasesViremiaAlphavirus InfectionsEncephalomyelitis, Western EquineAnti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor EncephalitisCytopathogenic Effect, ViralBrainSouth AmericaAmino Acid SequenceSequence Analysis, DNADefective VirusesVirus DiseasesGoatsViral Structural ProteinsVaccines, SyntheticYellow fever virusVirionEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayVirus SheddingLentivirus InfectionsDisease OutbreaksCzechoslovakiaSigmodontinaeRodent DiseasesAntiviral AgentsBirdsVaccinationMeasles virusSpecies SpecificitySimian virus 40La Crosse virus
CulexAedesViral19951992InfectivityMayaroTogaviridaeCulicidaeRodentsVaccineAcuteInfectionDengue feverTarsalisPrimarilyVectorSalivaHumansOutbreaksDetectablePopulationsSymptomsSubtypeSpeciesArbovirusesViremiaSindbisIllnessRESEARCHBiteEasternDoseTransmissionCloselyColombiaOccurGenomeSpreadStudyCasesJapaneseDiseaseCenterSimultaneouslyAffect
Culex4
  • Designing pathogenesis studies for arboviruses that lection and real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR esti- accurately simulate natural infection requires quanti- mate that Culex pipiens pipiens saliva contains an average fying the amount of virus transmitted. (cdc.gov)
  • Culex taenopius mosquitos, which prefer rodents, were replaced by Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes, which are more likely to bite humans and large equines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dissemination barriers for western equine encephalomyelitis virus in Culex tarsalis infected after ingestion of low viral doses. (ajtmh.org)
  • It is spread through these regions by culicine mosquitoes, most often Culex tritaeniorhynchus . (medscape.com)
Aedes7
  • We compared the amount of Venezuelan arbovirus transmission and concluded that allowing mos- equine encephalitis virus collected from the saliva of Aedes quitoes to feed on serum (similar to the capillary method) taeniorhynchus to the amount injected into a mouse during is less efficient in detecting virus than other methods. (cdc.gov)
  • However, demic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vec- amount of virus collected in vitro may not accurately tor, Aedes ( Ochlerotatus ) taeniorhynchus, salivates reflect mosquito transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • It has been shown the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus is a viable carrier of VEEV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dual host infections: enhanced infectivity of eastern equine encephalitis virus to Aedes mosquitoes mediated by Brugia microfilariae. (ajtmh.org)
  • Brugia malayi microfilariae enhance the infectivity of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus to Aedes mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)
  • Passage of ingested Mansonella ozzardi (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) microfilariae through the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). (ajtmh.org)
  • Other mosquitoes (eg, Aedes species) and, occasionally, small, wild mammals also have been known to spread the virus. (medscape.com)
Viral3
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). (wikipedia.org)
  • The WEE virus is a neurotropic alphavirus, which causes encephalitis and viral symptoms without an associated rash. (medscape.com)
  • Dengue is the most common viral infection transmitted to humans by mosquitos, and affects an estimated 50-60 million individuals globally per year. (bvsalud.org)
19951
  • On May 23, 1995, equine encephalitis-like cases were reported in the northwest portion of the country. (wikipedia.org)
19921
  • Between December 1992 and January 1993, the Venezuelan state of Trujillo experienced an outbreak of this virus. (wikipedia.org)
Infectivity1
  • In these locations, cycles of wild bird and mosquito interactions and infectivity allow the virus to remain endemic. (medscape.com)
Mayaro1
Togaviridae1
Culicidae2
Rodents2
  • Equines, rather than rodents, are the primary animal species that carry and spread the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • email: [email protected] has since been isolated or molecularly detected in mosquitoes and rodents in Argentina and bats in Uruguay ( 2-6 ). (cdc.gov)
Vaccine2
  • Another vaccine, containing the TC-83 strain, is only used on humans in military and laboratory positions that risk contracting the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This recommendation followed approval by the FDA in May 2013 to extend use of the SA 14 -14-2 strain Japanese encephalitis vaccine (Ixiaro), the only vaccine against the disease available in the United States, to children aged 2 months to 16 years. (medscape.com)
Acute1
  • Encephalitis is defined as an acute inflammation of the brain parenchyma, often with secondary meningeal involvement. (medscape.com)
Infection4
  • Vector saliva enhances infection with many pathogens virus delivered in mosquito saliva. (cdc.gov)
  • After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNV seroprevalence among horses in Uruguay suggests the virus likely circulates throughout the Rio Negro Virus Infection, region ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Japanese encephalitis is a neurologic infection closely related to St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Dengue fever1
  • Colombia is an endemic country for dengue fever where the four serotypes of virus dengue (DENV1-4) circulate simultaneously, and all types are responsible for dengue cases in the country. (mdpi.com)
Tarsalis1
  • C tarsalis is a mosquito that often is found on the West Coast of the United States and that prefers warm, moist environments. (medscape.com)
Primarily2
  • The virus that causes VEE is transmitted primarily by mosquitoes that bite an infected animal and then bite and feed on another animal or human. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) occurs primarily in rural areas of Asia (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Vector2
  • 10 encephalitis virus is deposited into capillary tubes filled with oil by the vector Culiseta melanura ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • No cases of bird transmission of the disease have been reported, making mosquitoes the primary vector and birds simply reservoirs. (medscape.com)
Saliva5
  • Less virus was transmitted by mosquitoes in Since most saliva is expectorated during probing, saliva- vivo (geometric mean 11 PFU) than was found for compa- tion into hanging drops or capillary tubes may be inaccu- rable times of salivation in vitro (mean saliva titer 74 PFU). (cdc.gov)
  • 10 mosquito saliva can be used to estimate the amount trans- of 0.5 to 5.3 log ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 13-18 ), and mosquito saliva is reported to enhance infec- include comparing times of death of animals exposed to a tion by some arboviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Direct methods include quantifying virus salivated into op enhanced viremia and seroconversion compared with drops of blood, virus detected in vertebrate tissues imme- unbitten mice or to those co-injected with virus and mos- quito saliva ( 20 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We analyzed the probability of onward transmission during 50 feeding events involving 27 participants infected with DENV-2 based on the presence of infectious virus in mosquito saliva 7-16 days post blood meal. (bvsalud.org)
Humans4
  • When a blood-feeding insect feeds on such animals, it picks up this virus and transmits it to other animals or humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • June 1993 saw a bigger outbreak in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, as 55 humans died as well as 66 equine deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dengue virus (DENV) transmission from humans to mosquitoes is a poorly documented, but critical component of DENV epidemiology. (bvsalud.org)
  • We conclude that mildly ill DENV-infected humans with similar levels of viremia during the first two days after symptom onset will be most infectious to mosquitoes on the second day of their illness. (bvsalud.org)
Outbreaks5
  • In the Americas, there have been 21 reported outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This virus was isolated in 1938, and outbreaks have been reported in many different countries since then. (wikipedia.org)
  • Outbreaks of VEE generally occur after periods of heavy precipitation that cause mosquito populations to thrive. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Though the majority of VEE outbreaks occur in Central and South America, the virus has potential to outbreak again in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epidemic outbreaks in the equine or pheasant population often precede human epidemics of WEE. (medscape.com)
Detectable1
  • Our analysis excluded participants whose viremia was detectable at enrollment but undetectable at the time of mosquito feeding, which was the case for all participants with DENV-3 and ZIKV infections. (bvsalud.org)
Populations2
  • The speed with which the disease spreads depends on the subtype of the VEE virus and the density of mosquito populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the content validity of the novel 'Dengue Virus Daily Diary (DENV-DD)', designed to measure symptom intensity and disease burden within outpatient infant to adult populations. (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms1
  • Healthy adults who become infected by the virus may experience flu-like symptoms, such as high fevers and headaches. (wikipedia.org)
Subtype2
  • citation needed] The Mucambo virus (subtype III) appears to have evolved ~1807 AD (95% credible interval: 1559-1944). (wikipedia.org)
  • In Venezuela the Mucambo subtype was identified in 1975 by Jose Esparza and J. Sánchez using cultured mosquito cells. (wikipedia.org)
Species1
  • A more likely explanation is that deforestation caused a change in mosquito species. (wikipedia.org)
Arboviruses1
  • The incidence is 1 case per 200,000 population in the United States, with herpes simplex virus being the most prominent cause and arboviruses accounting for 10% (occasionally 50% during epidemic years) of cases. (medscape.com)
Viremia6
  • rate because mosquitoes do not need to salivate to locate a We also observed slightly lower early and late viremia titers blood vessel. (cdc.gov)
  • triseriatus doses and comparing the time between mosquito feeding have higher and longer viremias than animals infected by and development of viremia with the time between needle needle ( 19 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Mice exposed to uninfected mosquitoes and injection and development of the same viremia level. (cdc.gov)
  • Magnitude of viremia is the primary determinant of successful human-to-mosquito DENV transmission. (bvsalud.org)
  • People with the same level of viremia, however, can vary in their infectiousness to mosquitoes as a function of other factors that remain to be elucidated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transmission probability was positively associated with the level of viremia and duration of extrinsic incubation in the mosquito. (bvsalud.org)
Sindbis2
  • Cytokine expression in the ney cells electroporated with transcribed RNA was used skin of mice infected with Sindbis virus differs after injec- for all experiments. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 6 ] Additional cross-genetic research has revealed that the virus is an amalgamation of the EEE and Sindbis virus. (medscape.com)
Illness2
  • These forms of the virus can cause human illness but generally do not affect equine health. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report on a field-based study in the city of Iquitos, Peru, where we conducted direct mosquito feedings on people naturally infected with DENV and that experienced mild illness. (bvsalud.org)
RESEARCH1
  • They sent me and my family to Lahore, Pakistan to do research on mosquito borne diseases like Malaria and viruses at their Pakistan Medical Research Center, (9 years as Director), and administrating other projects 1966-1979. (pelicanislandaudubon.org)
Bite1
  • Deer and chipmunks infected mosquito bite with those infected parenterally with known with La Crosse virus by the bite of Ae . (cdc.gov)
Eastern1
Dose1
  • Quantifying the dose of an arbovirus transmitted by diately after mosquito feeding, virus salivated into blood mosquitoes is essential for designing pathogenesis studies agar, and virus salivated into fluids such as oil. (cdc.gov)
Transmission3
  • Enzootic subtypes are associated with the rodent-mosquito transmission cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enhanced arboviral transmission by mosquitoes that concurrently ingested microfilariae. (ajtmh.org)
  • Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)
Closely1
  • Of the alphaviruses, EEE virus most closely resembles WEE and may have been a genetic predecessor of WEE. (medscape.com)
Colombia2
  • En la presente revisión se actualiza la información sobre el género Trichoprosopon en Colombia, especialmente en lo relativo a su importancia médica y los registros históricos de las especies con presencia en el país, adicionando algunos nuevos a partir de muestreos en las costas Caribe y del Pacífico, en las montañas altoandinas y los valles interandinos (periodo 2009-2018). (raccefyn.co)
  • Informe sobre una investigación entomológica realizada en Colombia.Revista Facultad de Medicina de Bogotá. (raccefyn.co)
Occur1
  • Use of virus derived from an infec- tion with mosquito salivary gland extracts than after injec- tious clone minimized attenuating mutations that occur tion with virus alone ( 22 ). (cdc.gov)
Genome1
  • complete genome for Rio Negro virus. (cdc.gov)
Spread1
Study3
  • We also enrolled people naturally infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) after the introduction of ZIKV in Iquitos during the study period. (bvsalud.org)
  • Of the 54 study participants involved in direct mosquito feedings, 43 were infected with DENV-2, two with DENV-3, and nine with ZIKV. (bvsalud.org)
  • I. A project for a systematic study of the mosquitoes of Middle America.Contribution of the American Entomological Institute. (raccefyn.co)
Cases3
  • About 500 equine cases were reported with 475 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • This outbreak resulted in 14,156 human cases that were attributable to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with 26 human deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although some bacterial, fungal, and autoimmune disorders are capable of causing encephalitis , most cases are secondary to viruses. (medscape.com)
Japanese2
Disease1
  • This could have caused increased numbers of mosquitoes that could serve as vectors for the disease. (wikipedia.org)
Center1
Simultaneously1
  • Multiplication of bluetongue virus in Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) simultaneously infected with the virus and the microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis (Railliet & Henry). (ajtmh.org)
Affect1
  • These forms of the virus are highly pathogenic to equines and can also affect human health. (wikipedia.org)