Mosquito genus viruses semliki forest virus. Medical search. Frequent questions

genus Alphavirus , family Toga- The Case viridae ) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that On January 8, 2015, an 8-year-old boy was examined at was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 ( 1 ) and is one of the the school clinic because of fever and abdominal pain. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we constructed a recombinant Alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon vector DREP to express EBOV GP and matrix viral protein (VP40). (frontiersin.org)
ONNV is a togavirus (family Togaviridae), genus Alphavirus, is closely related to the chikungunya and Igbo Ora viruses, and is a member of the Semliki Forest antigenic complex. (wikipedia.org)
genus Alphavirus , family Togaviridae ) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954 ( 1 ) and is one of the viruses that comprise the Semliki Forest virus complex ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
Since May 2014, when chikungunya virus (CHIKV) swept across the island of Hispaniola, researchers at the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL, USA) have studied alphavirus and flavivirus transmission in Haiti in collaboration with the Christianville Foundation. (blogspot.com)
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a neglected arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) antigenically clustered into the Semliki Forest complex group of Alphavirus genus (Togaviridae family), maintained in an unclear zoonotic cycle involving mosquitoes from Haemagogus genus as the main vector. (bvsalud.org)
Cross-reactivity was observed with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-specific murine antibody sample but not with CHIKV-specific human and other Alphavirus murine antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
CHIKV is a small (60 - 70 nm) spherical enveloped virus with single- stranded positive sense RNA molecule and belongs to the genus Alphavirus, which included more than 30 species of arthropod borne viruses [1], and the family Togaviridae (Figure 1). (actascientific.com)
Taking a synthetic biology approach, we mimicked this naturally occurring phenomenon by generating a superinfection exclusion-like state in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, rendering them refractory to alphavirus infection. (bvsalud.org)
Equine arboviral encephalomyelitis is due to infection with arthropod-borne viruses typically belonging to the families Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus ) or Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus ). (msdvetmanual.com)
Sindbis viruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses, belonging to the genus of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that has more than 30 members [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Its transmission cycle is thought to occur mainly through mosquito vectors, especially those of genus Haemagogus ( 3 ), but Aedes spp. (blogspot.com)
The Aedes genus of mosquito, which is found on all continents except Antarctica, spreads arboviruses. (leeds.ac.uk)
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a viral disease transmitted by mainly two species of mosquitoes - Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus . (actascientific.com)
Viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes are an increasingly important global cause of disease. (bvsalud.org)
Instead, the Aedes gene product sialokinin mediated the enhancement of virus infection through a rapid reduction in endothelial barrier integrity. (bvsalud.org)
Therapeutic strategies targeting sialokinin have the potential to limit disease severity following infection with Aedes-mosquito-borne viruses. (bvsalud.org)
The CDC has released a map of potential Zika virus spread in the United States based on the estimated range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. (medscape.com)

He had no rash and no mosquito vectors, especially those of genus Haemagogus conjunctivitis. (cdc.gov)
mosquitoes may also be competent clinic physician empirically diagnosed typhoid and admin- vectors ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
It is the only virus whose primary vectors are anopheline mosquitoes (Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae)[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
mosquitoes may also be competent vectors ( 4 , 5 ). (blogspot.com)
Ticks are ectoparasites spread worldwide and are well known as vectors of many viruses of great importance to human and animal health. (bvsalud.org)
albopictus are the main vectors of mosquito-borne viruses of medical and veterinary significance. (bvsalud.org)
Prediction of arboviral disease outbreaks and planning for appropriate control interventions require knowledge of the mosquito vectors involved. (cdc.gov)
Author Manuscript questions or to monitoring vectors during outbreaks, such as the O'nyong-nyong virus(ONNV) outbreak in 1996 [19, 20]. (cdc.gov)
However, existing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and/or overexpression vectors suitable for soybean have various drawbacks that hinder their widespread adoption. (researchsquare.com)
In April 2016, a deputy director at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warned that the risk of Zika virus infection in the United States may have been previously underestimated, citing the increased range of the mosquito vectors (now in 30 US states, up from 12 as previously thought) and the travel risks associated with the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. (medscape.com)

Diagram shows the RNA viruses/Togaviridae family viruses/Alphaviruses [Modified from 41]. (actascientific.com)

Since May 2014, when chikungunya virus (CHIKV) described by Santiago et al. (cdc.gov)
A 2015 study indicated that ONNV is endemic in coastal East Africa, along with chikungunya virus. (wikipedia.org)
Chikungunya fever, a re-emerging viral disease affecting both old and new world countries is caused by Chikungunya virus, an RNA virus belonging to Alphaviridae. (actascientific.com)
Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) was first detected in 1952, during a febrile outbreak on the Makonde Plateau, a border area between Mozambique and Tanzania [1]. (actascientific.com)
By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes. (bvsalud.org)
albopictus cell lines, reporter-based strategies for assessing the ability of two types of small RNAs to inhibit a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) derived target. (bvsalud.org)
They are transmitted through blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes and ticks, and include viruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). (encyclopedia.pub)

Anopheles mosquitoes cannot spread most viruses. (leeds.ac.uk)
Sialokinin is unique within the insect world as having a vertebrate-like tachykinin sequence and is absent from Anopheles mosquitoes, which are incompetent for most arthropod-borne viruses, whose saliva was not proviral and did not induce similar vascular permeability. (bvsalud.org)
As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. (biomedcentral.com)
In 1990, we have reported the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. (biomedcentral.com)

BACKGROUND: Human infections by Mayaro virus (MAYV) occur by insect bites upon exposure to rural or sylvatic areas. (bvsalud.org)
It is difficult to separate clinical presentations of CHIKF from other arthropod-transmitted alphaviruses like Barmah Forest virus, Ross River virus, Semliki Forest virus, O'nyong-nyong, Mayaro, Sindbis and similar viruses. (actascientific.com)

Z ported human infections indicated that clinical characteris- ika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus in the tics of infection with ZIKV included fever, headache, mal- family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus . (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
The virus resembles other known flavivirus structures with the exception of approximately 10 amino acids surrounding the Asn154 glycosylation site in each of the 180 envelope glycoproteins comprising the icosahedral shell, the carbohydrate moiety of which may be the attachment site of the virus to host cells. (medscape.com)

The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, previously isolated from members of this school cohort dengue, and Zika virus infections. (cdc.gov)
ples were obtained from 177 children who met the crite- Furthermore, no CHIKV- or Zika virus-specific amplicons ria for acute undifferentiated febrile illness. (cdc.gov)
The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus infections. (blogspot.com)
Zika virus and enterovirus D68 have been previously isolated from members of this school cohort ( 7 , 8 ). (blogspot.com)
Zika virus is found in parts of South and Central America, the Caribbean, the Pacific islands, Africa and Asia. (leeds.ac.uk)
There are currently no specific treatments or vaccines for dengue, Zika, and other potentially serious mosquito-borne viruses including Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Semliki Forest virus and Rift Valley fever virus. (leeds.ac.uk)
18] for Zika Forest. (cdc.gov)
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne fl avivirus fi rst studies in the absence of epidemics ( 6 - 8 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
in all cases infection appeared relatively mild, self- sus monkey during a yellow fever study in the Zika forest limiting, and nonlethal ( 6 , 8 - 10 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
In most cases, Zika virus infection causes a mild, self-limited illness. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Owing to the mild nature of the disease, more than 80% of Zika virus infection cases likely go unnoticed. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] The spectrum of Zika virus disease overlaps with other that of arboviral infections, but rash (maculopapular and likely immune-mediated) typically predominates. (medscape.com)
Zika virus was first described in a febrile rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Entebbe, Uganda, and was reported in a human field worker shortly thereafter. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Currently, Zika virus is known to be widely distributed outside of Africa. (medscape.com)
Zika virus infection is among the nationally notifiable diseases in the United States. (medscape.com)
State and local health departments should be informed by healthcare professionals of suspected cases of Zika virus infection to facilitate diagnosis and to reduce the risk of local transmission. (medscape.com)
The maps can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mosquito-maps.pdf. (medscape.com)
For the latest information concerning Zika virus, see also Medscape's Zika Virus Resource Center. (medscape.com)
Zika virus is well-adapted to grow in various hosts, ranging from arthropods to vertebrates. (medscape.com)
Sirohi et al described the structure of mature Zika virus based on cryoelectron microscopy. (medscape.com)
The global prevalence of Zika virus infection has not been widely reported owing to asymptomatic clinical course, clinical resemblance to other infection with other flaviviruses (dengue, chikungunya), and difficulty in confirming diagnosis. (medscape.com)

Our study revealed the presence of viruses that had not been previously described in the region, including lihan tick virus (Phenuiviridae family) and wuhan tick virus 2 (Chuviridae family), as well as expands the biogeography of jingmen tick virus (Flaviviridae family) in Brazil. (bvsalud.org)

Common symptoms of infection with the virus are polyarthritis, rash and fever. (wikipedia.org)
Our research suggests that blocking sialokinin may be an exciting new approach that prevents severe disease following infection with numerous distinct viruses. (leeds.ac.uk)
Research supervisor Dr Clive McKimmie, Associate Professor in Leeds' School of Medicine , said: "We have identified sialokinin as a key component within mosquito saliva that worsens infection in the mammalian host. (leeds.ac.uk)
She said: "Our findings may also explain why some mosquitoes can spread infection to humans, while some cannot. (leeds.ac.uk)
Crucially, we show that their saliva, which cannot cause leaky blood vessels and cannot enhance infection of virus in mammalian host, does not contain sialokinin. (leeds.ac.uk)
Our work has increased our understanding of the way mosquito-derived factors influence infection in a host's body. (leeds.ac.uk)
"Mosquito saliva enhances virus infection through sialokinin-dependent vascular leakage" is published in PNAS journal on 8 June 2022, 8pm UK time. (leeds.ac.uk)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. (bvsalud.org)
Infection of the vertebrate host with these viruses is enhanced by mosquito saliva, a complex mixture of salivary-gland-derived factors and microbiota. (bvsalud.org)

Viruses spread by mosquitoes are known as arboviruses. (leeds.ac.uk)
Arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes or other hematophagous insects, can infect a variety of vertebrate hosts (including humans), and may cause serious disease. (msdvetmanual.com)
Most pathogenic arboviruses use a mosquito-to-bird or mosquito-to-rodent cycle. (msdvetmanual.com)
Arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses have a unique effect on neutrophil function since viral factors as well as vector factors can affect the activity of these cells. (encyclopedia.pub)

In addition, we have developed XJ-160 virus-based vector system, including replicon vector, defective helper (DH) plasmids and the packaging cell lines (PCLs). (biomedcentral.com)

METHODS: A serological survey of MAYV and Chikunguya virus (CHIKV) antibodies was performed by ELISA. (bvsalud.org)
CHIKV is now included in the re-emerging virus group, particularly due to its recent expansion in the Americas. (actascientific.com)

Other alphaviruses associated with equine encephalitis are Semliki Forest virus in Africa and Ross River virus in Australia and the South Pacific. (msdvetmanual.com)
Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

The virus can infect humans and may cause disease. (wikipedia.org)
But experts did not know what role it played in helping the virus to infect the body. (leeds.ac.uk)
Inspecting the behaviour of sialokinin on skin cells from mice, the team discovered that the molecule causes blood vessels to become permeable, allowing contents to leak out into the skin - which inadvertently helps viruses to infect the host. (leeds.ac.uk)
The research team says future work should focus on identifying the other factors in mosquito saliva that help viruses infect hosts, and developing therapeutics to target and block them. (leeds.ac.uk)
In addition, some viruses such as influenza, specifically H5N1, and West Nile virus are known to infect and replicate within neutrophils, using these cells as reservoirs for dissemination, although mechanisms involved in this phenomenon remain unclear [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)

On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Sindbis virus genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 12 kb which is capped at the 5' terminus and polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on the divergence of nucleotide sequencing and biological characteristics, Sindbis virus can be divided into two groups: SINV and Sindbis-like virus (SINLV) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Biological and serological studies show this virus is a new subtype of Sindbis virus firstly isolated in China. (biomedcentral.com)
Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of XJ-160 virus contains 11626nt and shows typical genomic organization of Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
However, nucleotide difference between XJ-160 virus and prototype Sindbis virus (AR339 strain) is 18%, much more than the nucleotide difference (2~7%) among the Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, XJ-160 virus possesses some special biological characteristics, for example, we found that XJ-160 virus can be neutralized by anti-Sindbis antibody, but SINV can't be neutralized by anti-XJ-160 antibody, i.e. it has nonreciprocal serological reaction between XJ-160 virus and SINV. (biomedcentral.com)

Recombinant plasmid pBR-XJ160 is an infectious full-length cDNA clone of XJ-160 virus, from which rescued virus BR-XJ160 can be obtained by transcription in vitro and transfection. (biomedcentral.com)

There are five species of EBOV, including Zaire virus (ZEBOV), Sudan virus (SEBOV), Taï Forest virus (TEBOV), Bundibugyo virus (BEBOV), and Reston virus (REBOV). (frontiersin.org)
Species include the Asian tiger mosquito and the Yellow fever mosquito. (leeds.ac.uk)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
In October 2011, we conducted mosquito collections in Mpigi district to determine species composition and relative abundance of the different species. (cdc.gov)
A total of 54,878 mosquitoes comprising 46 species from eight genera were collected. (cdc.gov)
The number of species collected varied from 17 in the genus Culex to 1 in the genus Lutzia . (cdc.gov)
During that period more than 220 mosquito species were recorded and approximately 20% were implicated in arbovirus transmission [2]. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, more generalized mosquito surveys are needed to develop distribution maps of medically significant vector species to facilitate prediction and planning for appropriate control strategies for arboviral outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
We report here a description of mosquitoes of Mpigi district in central Uganda, an area for which mosquito species composition and abundance data is not available. (cdc.gov)

Alpha viruses are not found in the Antarctica, and they are also sensitive to temperature above 58°C. Ecological pattern and vector transmission of Alpha viruses is similar to many Flaviviruses like dengue fever virus and yellow fever virus. (actascientific.com)
An attractive alternative is to administer transient gene silencing or overexpression with a plant virus-based vector. (researchsquare.com)
We describe the development of a new vector based on cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), a plus-strand RNA virus with its genome divided into two RNA segments, RNA1 and RNA2. (researchsquare.com)
The ability of their vector to enhance viral pathogenesis and transmission makes the development of treatments against these viruses challenging. (encyclopedia.pub)

Similar to other SINVs, XJ-160 virus causes fever, rash, and arthritis in humans but causes an age-dependent encephalitis in mice. (biomedcentral.com)

The South American variant, now called Madariaga virus (MADV), is less pathogenic and is confined to Central and South America. (msdvetmanual.com)

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans, and no approved therapeutics or vaccine is currently available. (frontiersin.org)
University of Leeds Virus Host Interaction Team researchers have discovered that the molecule, called sialokinin, makes it easier for a number of viruses to pass from mosquitoes to humans, where they can then take hold - leading to unpleasant and potentially deadly diseases. (leeds.ac.uk)

A molecule in mosquito saliva has been identified as a potential target for vaccination against a range of diseases for which there is no protection or medicine. (leeds.ac.uk)

Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

The o'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV) was first isolated by researchers at the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda, during a large outbreak of a disease in 1959 that resembled dengue fever. (wikipedia.org)
The first virus isolates were obtained during this outbreak from mosquitoes and human blood samples collected from Gulu in northern Uganda in 1959. (wikipedia.org)

Previous research determined that sialokinin was able to alter the function of blood vessel cells grown in a lab, allowing increased blood flow and more effective feeding for the mosquito. (leeds.ac.uk)
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
The BR-XJ160 virus raised in BHK-21 cells was indistinguishable from the XJ-160 virus in its biological properties, including its plaque morphology, growth kinetics and suckling mouse neurovirulence. (biomedcentral.com)

2 incompatible viruses that were interfering with the replication of each other. (blogspot.com)
Rubella Virus Replication and Links to TeratogenicityJIA-YEE LEE* ANDD. (vdocuments.net)
Exogenously provided, e.g. transgene encoded, small RNAs could be used to inhibit virus replication, breaking the transmission cycle. (bvsalud.org)

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)

ONNV is transmitted by bites from an infected mosquito. (wikipedia.org)

These arthropod-borne viruses are a large group consisting of viruses from a wide range of families. (encyclopedia.pub)

The heterogeneity among this exceptionally large group of viruses makes developing therapeutics challenging. (encyclopedia.pub)

Glycoprotein (GP) is the major protective antigen of EBOV, and can generate virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expression with matrix protein (VP40). (frontiersin.org)
The expelling of virus particles from the body. (lookformedical.com)
[4] Four years later, in 1994, a researcher was exposed to the virus in a level 3 biohazard facility at Yale University when a centrifuge bottle cracked, leaked, and released aerosolized virus particles. (mdwiki.org)

Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
[5] It is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal. (mdwiki.org)

His viruses that comprise the Semliki Forest virus complex ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

As a result, FZ constructs destined for soybean can be first delivered to N. benthamiana in order to propagate the modified viruses to high titers. (researchsquare.com)

Our study sheds light on the viral diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus in South America, and also expands the biogeography of tick viruses that were previously described only in Asia. (bvsalud.org)

[4] A virologist who was studying the woman's disease contracted the virus but survived. (mdwiki.org)

We isolated this virus from a child cultured by using cell lines and conditions as previously with acute febrile illness in rural Haiti, confirming its role as a cause of mosquitoborne illness in the Caribbean region. (cdc.gov)

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an alternative functional genomics tool for soybean because it does not involve the generation of inheritable changes. (researchsquare.com)

We described the genomic and phylogenetic characterization of these viruses. (bvsalud.org)

Along with the treatment part a review of the biology and epidemiology of the virus is also included. (actascientific.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms35

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes29

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Health Care4

Alphavirus11

Aedes7

Vectors10

Togaviridae1

Chikungunya virus7

Anopheles4

Mayaro2

Flavivirus2

Zika21

Flaviviridae1

Infection10

Arboviruses4

Replicon vector1

CHIKV2

Alphaviruses2

Infect5

Antigenic1

Sindbis7

Recombinant1

Species10

Vector4

Rash1

Pathogenic1

Humans2

Saliva1

Dengue virus1

Outbreak2

Cells3

Replication3

Family1

ONNV1

Arthropod1

Therapeutics1

Particles3

Diseases2

Infectious3

Complex1

Propagate1

South America1

Disease1

Febrile1

Gene2

Genomic1

Epidemiology1