• The complete plastid genome sequence of the parasitic green alga Helicosporidium sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate such changes, we sequenced the complete plastid genome of the parasitic, non-photosynthetic green alga, Helicosporidium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Helicosporidium plastid genome is among the smallest known (37.5 kb), and like other plastids from non-photosynthetic organisms it lacks all genes for proteins that function in photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Helicosporidium plastid genome is also highly structured, with each half of the circular genome containing nearly all genes on one strand. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Helicosporidium is known to be related to trebouxiophyte green algae, but the genome is structured and compacted in a manner more reminiscent of the non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The convergence of plastid genome structure in Helicosporidium and the Apicomplexa raises the interesting possibility that there are common forces that shape plastid genomes, subsequent to the loss of photosynthesis in an organism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This process is not complete, however, as all known plastids have retained a residual genome that encodes a handful of RNA and protein-coding genes, which typically include many of the key components of photosystems I and II [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When photosynthesis is lost, so are most or all of the related genes, leading to dramatic changes in the plastid genome in size, coding capacity, and often also structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Combining whole plastid genome sequencing and morphological characters analysis, we studied the timing of speciation and diversification processes in Guibourtia through molecular dating and ancestral habitats reconstruction. (ac.be)
  • The presence of these cryptic plastids was supported by amplification of an apparently mutated (see below) psbA sequence from this isolate, since psbA has been thus far found to occur specifically in the plastid genome of dinoflagellates (Lin 2011). (nartsignaling.com)
  • Although previously unrecognized, plastids in deep-branching apicomplexans are common, and they contain some of the most divergent and AT-rich genomes ever found. (elifesciences.org)
  • Resolving intergeneric relationships in the aervoid clade and the backbone of Ptilotus (Amaranthaceae): Evidence from whole plastid genomes and morphology. (wikimedia.org)
  • Loss of photosynthesis has occurred independently in several plant and algal lineages, and represents a major metabolic shift with potential consequences for the content and structure of plastid genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In most plastid genomes, the vast majority of genes encode products involved in either gene expression or photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, the number of fully-sequenced non-photosynthetic plastid genomes is small, limited to Epifagus virginiana (a holoparasitic angiosperm), Euglena longa (a heterotrophic euglenid), and several apicomplexan parasites bearing secondary plastids of red algal origin called apicoplasts ( Plasmodium falciparum , Theileria parva , Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dinoflagellate plastid genomes seem to evolve faster than the plastid genomes of other eukaryotes (Zhang et al. (nartsignaling.com)
  • In the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC) is present in two isoforms, PEPC1 in the plastids and PEPC2 in the mitochondria. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • Electron and Fluorescence microscopy evaluation confirmed that upon contact with high light, CrFzl mutants present flaws in chloroplast morphology but huge cytosolic vacuoles in close connection with the plastid also. (cancerdir.com)
  • The changes in chloroplast morphology must be a compensation for the change in chloroplast number. (jipb.net)
  • Meanwhile, the changes of chloroplast morphology in sense transgenic plants represented the possible plastoskeleton function of ftsZ in higher plant. (jipb.net)
  • The paraphyly of Cortaderia (Danthonioideae: Poaceae): evidence from morphology and chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. (myspecies.info)
  • In eugregarines, however, plastids are either abnormally reduced or absent, thus increasing known plastid losses in eukaryotes from two to four. (elifesciences.org)
  • [17] In addition to multicellular brown algae, it is estimated that more than half of all known species of microbial eukaryotes harbor red-alga-derived plastids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin. (elifesciences.org)
  • Within most monophyletic species, plastid lineages start diverging from each other during the Pliocene or early Pleistocene, suggesting that these species already arose during this period. (ac.be)
  • In contrast, overexpression of NtFtsZs in transgenic plants strikingly changed the number and morphology of chloroplasts. (jipb.net)
  • The different phenotypes of chloroplasts in antisense and sense transgenic plants implied that different members from the same ftsZ gene family may have similar function in controlling plastid division. (jipb.net)
  • With the purpose to help researchers of concerned disciplines to identify such chloroplasts, we described herein the morphologies of functional and redifferentiating chloroplasts in various members of Tracheophyta. (scirp.org)
  • Cells of isolate RP contain cryptic, seemingly degenerate plastids that are only questionably visible in squashed cell preparations (Fawcett and Parrow 2012). (nartsignaling.com)
  • Small-sized Gelidium species are so simple in morphology that DNA analysis is needed for the correct identification. (e-algae.org)
  • Sohn and Kang (1978) were the first to study Gelidium from Korea, reporting nine species, and Lee (1988) studied the morphology of six species from Jeju Island. (e-algae.org)
  • A species of brown alga with external morphology similar to Exallosorus and Zonaria was collected from several collecting sites (Figure 1 ) in southern Taiwan. (springeropen.com)
  • These species have evolved striking similarities in craniofacial morphology as a result of a shared ecological niche. (edu.au)
  • Furthermore, the topology of the Esoptrodinium psbA-based plastid phylogeny was the same as that produced from nuclear rDNA from the same isolates (Fawcett and Parrow 2012). (nartsignaling.com)
  • history of inheritance and divergence among Esoptrodinium nuclear and plastid compartments and/or genes. (nartsignaling.com)
  • In this study, we reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships between Jurinea and several closely related genera based on a representative taxon sampling using DNA sequence data of nuclear (ITS and ETS) and plastid DNA regions (trnK/matK, trnL-F). We also evaluate the infrageneric classification of Jurinea. (iaptglobal.org)
  • Much of our current knowledge about plant phylogeny stems from classification, which in turn is based on morphology. (nmmra.org)
  • DNA sequences and morphology into a new classification. (myspecies.info)
  • Diatoms possess specific compartments and structures, including a silica shell surrounding the diatom cell, the so-called silica deposition vesicles (SDVs), as well as complex plastids that are surrounded by four membranes. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • 2000), so long branch attraction may be unavoidable when dinoflagellate plastid gene sequences are placed in a phylogeny with other related sequences. (nartsignaling.com)
  • As an important group of plant cellular organelles, the molecular mechanism of plastid division is poorly understood. (jipb.net)
  • 2022. Developmental morphology and anatomy shed light on both parallel and convergent evolution of the umbellate inflorescence in Monocots. (montgomerybotanical.org)
  • The phylum Apicomplexa comprises human pathogens such as Plasmodium but is also an under-explored hotspot of evolutionary diversity central to understanding the origins of parasitism and non-photosynthetic plastids. (elifesciences.org)
  • The E. virginiana plastid is about half the size of typical angiosperm plastids, having lost all its photosynthetic genes, but is otherwise similar to its relatives in many ways including non-coding DNA content, synteny of remaining genes and overall structure [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Likewise, E. longa has lost most of the photosynthetic genes found in the plastid of its close relative Euglena gracilis , but they share many features that are unique to euglenids, such as three tandem repeats of the RNA operon and a multitude of distinctive introns [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The authors proposed that dilution, exclusion and/or degeneration of maternal plastid, including their DNA, after fertilization should be considered. (jipb.net)
  • Two Esoptrodinium isolates (RP and HP) appear to have lost phototrophy and undergone significant plastid reduction/degeneration. (nartsignaling.com)
  • Isolate HP, which contains no intracellular bodies identifiable as plastids using LM, yielded no psbA sequence despite repeated attempts. (nartsignaling.com)
  • Barfuss, M.H.J., Samuel, R., Till, W. & Stuessy, T.F. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. (mapress.com)
  • The inheritance of plastid DNA in Pharbitis was studied by the method of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). (jipb.net)
  • But, in the cross of P. limbata × P. nil, the possibility of biparental inheritance of plastid DNA could not be roled out in our preliminary experiment. (jipb.net)
  • The mechanisms of paternal plastids DNA inheritance in Pharbitis is unclear. (jipb.net)
  • Differentiation subsequently occurs in leaf primordia basipetally, resulting in a gradient of easily distinguishable cellular morphologies of distal differentiated cells towards the tip of the leaf, basal progenitor proliferating cells adjacent to the shoot apical meristem, and all possible intermediate stages in between. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic analysis reveals that apicomplexan-like parasites are polyphyletic and their similar morphologies emerged convergently at least three times. (elifesciences.org)
  • Recent studies have revealed that the homologs of ftsZ gene, an essential prokaryotic cell division gene, are involved in plastid division process of plant cells. (jipb.net)
  • However, some evidence suggests Estrogen antagonist that dinoflagellate plastid gene topologies represent real evolutionary relationships (Zhang et al. (nartsignaling.com)
  • The introductory part includes illustrations depicting variation in samara morphology within each sp. (mobot.org)
  • Therefore morphology as a basis for the construction of phylogenetic trees is a very low resolution and highly contestable method. (nmmra.org)
  • The multiple transitions between rain forests and dry forests/savannahs inferred here through the plastid phylogeny in each Guibourtia subgenus address thus new questions about the role of phylogenetic relationships in shaping ecological niche and morphological similarity among taxa. (ac.be)
  • 2005), and other phylogenetic click here data (Fawcett and Parrow 2012) in support of the hypothesis that possession of inherited, peridinoid-type plastids is the ancestral condition for Esoptrodinium and Tovelliaceae in general. (nartsignaling.com)
  • Morphology uses phenetic characteristics to group and classify, resulting in inherent problems. (nmmra.org)
  • Papenfuss ( 1944 ) suggested that Homoeostrichus and Zonaria shared characteristics in vegetative morphology and subsumed Homoeostrichus in Zonaria . (springeropen.com)
  • Helicosporidium contributes significantly to our understanding of the evolution of plastid DNA because it illustrates the highly ordered reduction that occurred following the loss of a major metabolic function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that the first phase of plastid development begins with organelle proliferation, which extends well beyond cell proliferation, and continues with the establishment and then the build-up of the plastid genetic machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plastids originated in the endosymbiotic uptake of a cyanobacterium, which was subsequently transformed from a complex free-living bacterium to the highly specialized organelle now integrated with its host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus Pharbitis became the third genus among angiosperms characterized with male plastid transmission. (jipb.net)
  • Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. (mcw.edu)
  • but morphology (S-plastids) and chemistry are close to Geraniales. (wikipedia.org)
  • Experimental results showed that plastid DNA from Pharbitis was paternally inherited in reciprocal crosses, P. nil × P. limbata and P. limbata × P. nil hybrids. (jipb.net)
  • Localization of Two GFP-tagged Tobacco Plastid Division Protein NtFtsZs in Escherichia coli [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
  • It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thirty one characters, only 15 of which were parsimony informative, were scored from morphology. (foliamalacologica.com)
  • There is a limitation in morphology to the number of characters that can be studied before the characters become too specific. (nmmra.org)