• The Huang Lab uses genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry to study the signal transduction processes that govern spore morphogenesis, with a long term goal of understanding how cellular architecture is regulated. (umb.edu)
  • The center of the dimers is the main point of catalytic activity, and the lobes are presumed to contain the plant specific PC-R and CS-R. Since cellulose is made in all cell walls, CesA proteins are present in all tissues and cell types of plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • We speculated that the defect of protein synthesis attenuated expression of other exoglucanases or glucan synthesis-related proteins, and then induced release of Xog1p to the cell wall. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • This volume the assembly of proteins necessary for nans is explained as a useful adjunct begins by discussing the cell wall mycelial growth. (cdc.gov)
  • Heat shock proteins are a valuable addition to collections, and in correlating chemical composition emphasized because of the tempera- recommended reading for investiga- with the ultrastructural layers and ture-sensitive morphogenesis to the tors seeking a broad appreciation for uncertainty concerning the linkages tissue form. (cdc.gov)
  • To advance functional investigations and structure determination of integral membrane proteins, we developed DirectMX, a method that allows the re-constitution of target proteins with their surrounding lipids directly from crude cell membranes into Salipro nanoparticles (paper IV). (kth.se)
  • Current work in the lab focuses on how these morphogenic events are regulated by specific proteins in the cell. (umb.edu)
  • Through biochemical purification of the MAP kinase Smk1, her lab identified several proteins that physically interact with Smk1, including Gsc2, a subunit of beta-glucan synthase, which plays an important role in spore wall synthesis. (umb.edu)
  • The Huang lab is currently investigating how Gsc2 and other Smk1p-interacting proteins contribute to Smk1's ability to coordinate cell morphogenesis. (umb.edu)
  • Heat shock proteins are emphasized because of the temperature-sensitive morphogenesis to the tissue form. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to the cell walls of fungi, there are also proteins and lipids as well as glucose (other glucose polymers). (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Proteins found in the cell walls of fungi are called hydrophobins. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Cellulose microfibrils are made on the surface of cell membranes to reinforce cells walls, which has been researched extensively by plant biochemists and cell biologist because 1) they regulate cellular morphogenesis and 2) they serve alongside many other constituents (i.e. lignin, hemicellulose, pectin) in the cell wall as a strong structural support and cell shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cette sous-classe comprend la recherche et le développement expérimental en signalisation intracellulaire, transduction des signaux, biologie des récepteurs et des membranes. (ubc.ca)
  • Without SPO71 , cells make prospore membranes that are too small, and these prospore membranes are not able to serve as the template for spore wall deposition. (umb.edu)
  • In bacteria, the cell wall and cell membrane are known as cell membranes. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Diatoms possess specific compartments and structures, including a silica shell surrounding the diatom cell, the so-called silica deposition vesicles (SDVs), as well as complex plastids that are surrounded by four membranes. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • For example, the AtCesA1 (RSW1) protein is involved in the biosynthesis of primary cell walls throughout the whole plant while the AtCesA7 (IRX3) protein is only expressed in the stem for secondary cell wall production. (wikipedia.org)
  • A comprehensive analysis of the PG biosynthesis machinery in H. neptunium shows that the conserved actin homologue MreB, the PG synthases PBP2 and PBP3, and the PG hydrolase LmdC play a vital role in cell growth in H. neptunium. (uni-marburg.de)
  • We performed extensive functional characterization of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthetic genes in rice, and found that the genes for the biosynthesis of the major diterpenoid phytoalexins, phytocassanes and momilactones, are clustered on chromosomes 2 and 4, and that their expression is coordinately induced in rice cells after elicitation. (go.jp)
  • Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By monitoring the incorporation of nascent PG with HADA, we identified four different growth phases in H. neptunium that can be divided into dispersed (swarmer cell growth and bud formation) and zonal growth (stalk biogenesis and cell division). (uni-marburg.de)
  • Thus the stalk is lost, which leads to deregulation of cell wall biogenesis within the complete cell, generating amorphous cell bodies. (uni-marburg.de)
  • However, further experiments indicate that bactofilins are not essential for stalk biogenesis, they merely seem to pay a role in confining cell growth to the terminal region of the stalk. (uni-marburg.de)
  • As a consequence, cell fate acquisition and subsequent differentiation of endosperm tissues are affected to varying degrees of severity. (biologists.com)
  • 1972). Solution x-ray scattering have shown that CesAs are at the surface of a plant cell and are elongated monomers with a two catalytic domains that fuse together into dimers. (wikipedia.org)
  • organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, artificial seed, somaclonal variation, secondary metabolism in plant cell culture, embryo culture, in vitro fertilization. (successcds.net)
  • Many molecular components involved in plant cell wall polymer synthesis have been identified, but it remains largely unknown how these molecular players function together to define the length and decoration pattern of a polysaccharide. (mdpi.com)
  • Such carbohydrates include plant cell-wall polysaccharides such as cellulose and xylan, as well as chitin, the latter which is found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropod species (i.e., crustaceans and insects). (nature.com)
  • The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a haploid sperm cell within the plant gametophyte. (mcw.edu)
  • Plant cells form acentrosomal spindles with microtubules (MTs) converged toward two structurally undefined poles by employing MT minus end-directed Kinesin-14 motors. (figshare.com)
  • What is the function of the plant cell wall? (lifeeasy.org)
  • Function of microbodies in plant cell. (lifeeasy.org)
  • The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 106:23-40, 2021. (yeastmap.org)
  • In plant cells , the cell membrane is coated by a cell wall that is a rigid dividing wall of the outermost part of the plant cell that limits the space of the cell to enlarge, thus making the cell unable to move and develop freely. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • The cell wall causes cells to not be able to develop and move freely, as in plant cells. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Each organism has a different cell wall structure, for example, the structure of plant cell walls usually consists of carbohydrate polymers (cellulose, lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose). (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Plant cells have thin and flexible primary cells during the growth process. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Plant cell walls can help keep turgor pressure under control so that cells don't swell and burst when water is completely different. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • When the turgor pressure is gone, the plant is destroyed because the turbine pressure makes the plant cells stiff. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Some types of algae, for example, green algae, have cell walls with plant-like structures. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Control of cell division and expansion is crucial for developmental patterning and is likely to be mediated by factors operating at different organisational levels ( Irish and Jenik,2001 ). (biologists.com)
  • While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biology and Taxonomy is an impor- molecular architecture of fungal walls endemic mycoses is concisely tant interpretation of recent literature, remains elusive because of difficulty reviewed. (cdc.gov)
  • The in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial fungal cell cyle is considered with have broad implications for other and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for respect to the mechanism of sequen- pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • The molecular architecture of fungal walls remains elusive because of difficulty in correlating chemical composition with the ultrastructural layers and uncertainty concerning the linkages connecting major cell wall polymers: glucans, mannan, and chitin. (cdc.gov)
  • The basis for morphogenesis is the holy grail of medical mycology because temperature-sensitive dimorphism is a stratagem used by several deep-seated fungal pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • The fungal cell cyle is considered with respect to the mechanism of sequential gene expression in Candida albicans, since little is known about the cell cycle in pathogenic molds. (cdc.gov)
  • The cell wall in the fungal group consists of chitin, a glucose derivative similar to the structure of cellulose. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Hydrophobins ensure cell strength, regulate the movement of water entering the cell and help fungal cells to the surface. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • The cell wall in the fungal group is the outer layer and surrounds against the cell membrane. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • 32db54285b f72c5e665c306ea33b7b18d320179c6ff589ca51 â¦Botrytis cinerea: molecular characterization of two essential monooxygenases involved in fungal cell wall and/or morphogenesis. (studygoodenglish.com)
  • This report summarizes T. forsythia 's strategies to survive in the oral habitat by means of PGN salvage pathways, including recovery of exogenous MurNAc and PGN-derived fragments but also polymeric PGN, which are all derived from cohabiting bacteria either via cell wall turnover or decay of cells. (karger.com)
  • Recent findings A wealth of new information has helped to clarify how Notch signaling cooperates with other pathways to orchestrate vascular morphogenesis, branching, and function. (northwestern.edu)
  • E.M. Davison, A.M. Saffer, L.S. Huang, J. DeModena, P.W. Sternberg, and H.R. Horvitz (2011) The LIN-15A and LIN56 transcriptional regulators interact to negatively regulate EGF/RAS signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans vulval cell-fate determination. (umb.edu)
  • Linda Huang's research focuses on how cells regulate their morphology during development. (umb.edu)
  • Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
  • C. albicans Hom6p thus had an effect on cell survival and cell adhesion by maintaining protein synthesis and cell wall function. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Only recently insights were obtained into how T. forsythia gains access to MurNAc in its oral habitat, enabling synthesis of the own PGN cell wall. (karger.com)
  • However, cell wall synthesis related genes were up-regulated under drought stress and down-regulated under flooding stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fine tuning of morphogenesis is illus- analysis help clarify the taxonomy of Structural Biology and Taxonomy trated by the "enhanced filamentous noncultivatable medical fungi is the first volume in a series authored growth" gene which, when knocked (excluding Pneumocystis ). (cdc.gov)
  • L.S. Huang and C. Vaughn (2009) Question Bank for Essential Cell Biology, ed. 3. (umb.edu)
  • K.R. Benjamin and L.S. Huang (2008) Test Questions for Molecular Biology of the Cell, ed 5. (umb.edu)
  • K.R. Benjamin and L.S. Huang (2004) Testbank for Essential Cell Biology, ed. 2. (umb.edu)
  • The subsequent chapters describe the structure, assembly, disassembly, and molecular biology of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell wall. (elsevier.com)
  • Cell adhesion is the first step in C. albicans infection of epithelia. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • In addition, we found that C. albican Hom6p has an effect on cell adhesion, which is important for C. albicans virulence. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Moreover, C. albicans Hom6p affects expression of the cell wall protein Xog1p which is a major exoglucanase and is found to be involved in cell adhesion. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • The transition of C. albicans from unicellular yeast form to filamentous form i.e ., pseudohyphae and hyphae is referred to as morphogenesis. (scirp.org)
  • C. albicans has the ability to respond to environmental conditions and accordingly changing its cell morphology. (scirp.org)
  • NRG1 Represses Yeast-Hypha Morphogenesis and Hypha-Specific Gene Expression in C. albicans," EMBO Journal, Vol. 20, No. 17, 2001, pp. 4742-4752. (scirp.org)
  • S. P. Saville, A. L. Lazzell, C. Monteagudo and J. L. Lopez-Ribot, "Engineered Control of Cell Morphology in Vivo Reveals Distinct Roles for Yeast and Filamentous Forms of C. albicans during Infection," Eukaryotic Cell, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2003, pp. 1053-1060. (scirp.org)
  • L. A. Merson-Davies and F. C. Odds, "A Morphology Index for Characterization of Cell Shape in C. albicans," Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 135, No. 11, 1989, pp. 3143-3152. (scirp.org)
  • Important interpretation is provided about the hyphal form of C. albicans , which clarifies the germ tube's role in morphogenesis and, potentially, in disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The molecular genetics of morphogenesis in C. albicans follows. (cdc.gov)
  • Two recently identified exo-lytic N -acetylmuramidases (Tf_NamZ1 and Tf_NamZ2) specifically cleave the peptide-free, exogenous (nutrition source) PGN in the periplasm and release the MurNAc and disaccharide substrates for the transporters Tf_MurT and Tf_AmpG, respectively, whereas the peptide-containing, endogenous (the self-cell wall) PGN stays unattached. (karger.com)
  • Although the cell wall (CW) is critical for the viability and morphogenesis of the organism it surrounds, our knowledge of oomycete CW architecture and biosynthetic enzymes is limited. (kth.se)
  • Cellulose is an aggregation of unbranched polymer chains made of β-(1→4)-linked glucose residues that makes up a large portion of primary and secondary cell walls. (wikipedia.org)
  • Without these support structures, cell growth would cause a cell to swell and spread in all directions, thus losing its shape viability Several structures of the bacterial cellulose synthase BcsAB has been resolved. (wikipedia.org)
  • BcsA and BcsB together form a channel through with the synthesized cellulose exits the cell, and mutations to residues lining the channel are known to reduce the activity of this enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • The secondary cell wall consists of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Departing from the morphogenesis theme, chapters on phylogenetic analysis help clarify the taxonomy of noncultivatable medical fungi (excluding Pneumocystis ). (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, in a return to the original cell wall theme, the fine structure of mannans and galactomannans is explained as a useful adjunct in classifying fungi. (cdc.gov)
  • The following is a complete explanation of the structure of cell walls in plants, algae, fungi , and bacteria . (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • So far research on spatiotemporal coordination of morphology and cell division has mainly focused on rod-shaped bacteri. (uni-marburg.de)
  • In the absence of both bactofilin para-logues BacA and BacB, H. neptunium cells adopt a severely distorted cell morphology with multiple and branched stalks. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Time-lapse microscopy of the double deletion mutant revealed that the first step which leads to loss of cell morphology is the relinquishment of the stalk as a reproductive organelle, which is unimpededly incorporated by the emerging bud. (uni-marburg.de)
  • In short, bactofilins play a vital role in the maintenance of PG incorporation at the stalked pole and consequently ensure proper cell morphology. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Further I investigated the LCPA composition, quantified the biosilica and analysed the cell wall morphology of knockout mutants. (tu-dresden.de)
  • Vascular wall composition and structure has an important role in vessel biomechanics at the tissue level and also in cell regulation. (navbo.org)
  • Summary Although it is well accepted that the Notch signaling pathway is essential for vascular morphogenesis, its contributions to the homeostasis of adult endothelium were uncovered only recently. (northwestern.edu)
  • Genes controlling hyphal development include ones that are upregulated during cell elongation and adherence to epithelia. (cdc.gov)
  • A family of discovered cell wall genes that encode protein products containing up to 70% glycine is presented in Chapter 4. (elsevier.com)
  • The changes in expression of genes involved in regulating the flux of cell wall precursors and starch/sugar content can serve as an adaptive mechanism for soybean survival under stress conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Through genetic and biochemical experiments, they have found that SMK1 negatively regulates beta-glucan synthase activity, suggesting a direct link between Smk1 function and cell morphogenesis. (umb.edu)
  • Genetic investigations have confirmed that morphogenesis of the right and left ventricle originated from different sets of progenitor cells. (medscape.com)
  • The genetic changes associated with this condition usually occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or in early fetal development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • During sporulation, four spores are formed de novo within the original cell, each spore housing one of the four meiotic products. (umb.edu)
  • Spore morphogenesis begins with the development of the prospore membrane, a double lipid bilayer that grows to surround each of the meiotic products. (umb.edu)
  • A group of algae known as diatoms has cell walls made of silica. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotic algae that produce intricately structured cell walls made of nanopatterned silica (SiO2). (tu-dresden.de)
  • Together, our work demonstrates ILK as necessary for normal oligodendrocyte development, reinforces its role as a bridge between the actin cytoskeleton and cell membrane, and highlights the overarching compensatory capacity of oligodendrocytes in response to cellular milieu. (jneurosci.org)
  • The RV is a thin-walled chamber that is a better volume pump than a pressure pump. (medscape.com)
  • Altogether, these results show that BM mechanical properties are modified during development and that, in turn, such mechanical modifications influence both cell and tissue shapes. (bio-meca.com)
  • Based on our findings, however, we propose that specification of BETL cells is an irreversible event that occurs within a narrow window of syncytial development, and that BETL cell identity is subsequently inherited in a lineage-dependent manner. (biologists.com)
  • During development, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiate into oligodendrocytes (OLs) that extend processes to contact multiple axons of CNS neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Eukaryotic Cell 11: 1191-1200.doi:10.1128/EC.00029-12. (umb.edu)
  • We compared five strategies in CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, using either Cas9 nuclease or adenine base editors. (cdc.gov)
  • What is the function of a cell nucleus? (lifeeasy.org)
  • But this has a positive impact because the cell wall can provide protection, support and filters to the structure and function of the cell itself. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that during budding the daughter cell incorporates part of the stalk belonging to the mother cell to complete its own growth. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Finally, in a return to the mycology moves into the genomics yeast growth and another, with a heat original cell wall theme, the fine era. (cdc.gov)
  • Fine tuning of morphogenesis is illustrated by the "enhanced filamentous growth" gene which, when knocked out, blocks the transition to the mycelial form. (cdc.gov)
  • While we could not detect an altered phenotype in the PEPC1 knockout strains at ambient, low or high DIC concentrations, PEPC2 and the double-knockout strains grown under ambient air or lower DIC availability, showed reduced growth and photosynthetic affinity to DIC, while behaving similarly as WT cells at high DIC concentrations. (uni-konstanz.de)
  • To maintain its correct cell shape, H. neptunium requires MreB as well as a coiled-coil rich protein termed CCRP and the non-canonical bactofilins, which are a new class of nucleotide-independent polymer-forming cytoskeletal elements. (uni-marburg.de)
  • A further chapter discusses and Taxonomy morphogenesis and, potentially, in how surface membrane G-protein disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Our protein purification and live-cell imaging results showed that ATK1 and ATK5 are associated with each other in vivo. (figshare.com)
  • Deletion of one copy of the FOXF1 gene in each cell reduces the production of the FOXF1 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We show that deletion of the conserved alpha-helix 30 interferes with the integrity of the cell wall, disrupts cell division, cell separation, and impairs the fitness of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis during infection. (elifesciences.org)
  • Additionally, our data suggest that acquisition of aleurone cell fate does not solely rely upon signalling from the maternal surrounding tissue to the periphery of the endosperm, as previously thought, but that other factor(s) present within the endosperm are involved. (biologists.com)
  • Similarly, plants have cell tissue to sustain their lives. (markethealthbeauty.com)
  • The muscle tissue in the walls of the pulmonary arteries may be overgrown, resulting in thicker artery walls and a narrower channel. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In these studies, cells are either removed and edited in tissue culture and then readministered to the patient (ex vivo), or genome editors are packaged within viral vectors or lipid nanoparticles and given intravenously to home to specific tissues (in vivo). (cdc.gov)
  • Both bactofilins localize dynamically at the future stalked pole throughout the cell cycle and within the stalk just adjacent to the tip and later at the future division site. (uni-marburg.de)
  • we also demonstrate that Hom6p can localize at cell wall by western blot. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Upon inhibition of MreB with A22 or MP265, cells become increasingly spherical and eventually cease growing. (uni-marburg.de)
  • According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second, epithelial cells change their shape from cuboidal to either squamous or columnar. (bio-meca.com)
  • We prove that BM softens around the squamous cells and that this softening depends on the TGFβ pathway. (bio-meca.com)
  • Excretory stem cells give rise to squamous cell and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, while intercalated stem cells give rise to pleomorphic adenomas, oncocytomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Squamous cell carcinomas arise from excretory duct cells, pleomorphic adenomas arise from the intercalated duct cells, oncocytomas arise from the striated duct cells, and acinic cell carcinomas arise from acinar cells. (medscape.com)
  • We also demonstrate that interactions between BM constituents are necessary for cell flattening. (bio-meca.com)
  • This prospore membrane serves as the template for spore wall deposition and is essential for the formation of spores. (umb.edu)
  • The identification and characterization of the transcriptional regulatory networks governing the physiology and adaptation of microbial cells is a key step in understanding their behaviour. (biomedcentral.com)
  • fax: 404- cell cycle in pathogenic molds. (cdc.gov)
  • A dynamical stochastic model of yeast translation across the cell cycle. (yeastmap.org)
  • A yeast cell cycle model integrating stress, signaling, and physiology. (yeastmap.org)
  • The ability to respond to environmental conditions is essential for cells. (rupress.org)
  • One such wide-domain regulatory circuit, essential to all cells, is carbon catabolite repression (CCR): it allows the cell to prefer some carbon sources, whose assimilation is of high nutritional value, over less profitable ones. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Detailed electron cryo-tomography images revealed that, unlike previously suggested, the stalk and the bud form a continuum with the mother cell up until cell division. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Two theories predominate: the bicellular stem cell theory and the multicellular theory. (medscape.com)
  • This theory holds that tumors arise from 1 of 2 undifferentiated stem cells: the excretory duct reserve cell or the intercalated duct reserve cell. (medscape.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to bud formation at the distal end of the stalk, these mutants can generate buds directly from the cell body of the mother cell. (uni-marburg.de)
  • This is followed by a discussion on the role of alginate self-assembly in cell wall formation in Fucus. (elsevier.com)
  • The latter enzyme, called Sc LPMO10D, and most of the enzymes found in this subclade are unique, not only because of variation in the catalytic domain, but also as their C-terminus contains a cell wall sorting signal (CWSS), which flags the LPMO for covalent anchoring to the cell wall. (nature.com)