The 5' region (left arm) of monomeric Alu short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) allows for BC200 RNA transposition and has been evolutionarily conserved in other primates. (wikipedia.org)
The primate Alu (ALU ELEMENTS) and the rodent B1 SINEs are derived from 7SL RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle. (lookformedical.com)
Cleavage2
The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). (lookformedical.com)
RNase L remains in a monomeric form that is susceptible to cleavage by proteolytic enzymes. (phoenixrising.me)
Sequences2
The beta pseudogene is composed of a BC200 RNA gene and additional Alu sequences. (wikipedia.org)
Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases. (lookformedical.com)
Upstream4
The biosynthesis of BC200 RNA occurs at the cell body of a neuron and requires upstream promoter elements, downstream internal promoter elements (intragenic A and B boxes), at least two transcription factor binding sites, a TATA-like sequence, TATA-box binding protein (TBP), and RNA polymerase III. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to upstream elements, there is an upstream TATGAAA sequence (similar to TATA box sequence) at positions -28 to -22 which, when deleted, compromises transcription, revealing this TATA-like sequence as another critical player in the synthesis of BC200 RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Both upstream and internal promoter elements are also essential for BC200 RNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
There are two types of upstream promoter elements in the 100 base pair region: one proximal to the transcription start site and associated with downstream transcription factor binding sites, and the other between nucleotides -36 and -100 and not associated with downstream binding sites. (wikipedia.org)
Promoter2
The internal promoter elements are intragenic A and B boxes with A located at position +5 to +15 and B located at position +78 to +88. (wikipedia.org)
These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions. (lookformedical.com)
Regulatory1
It requires protein kinase C (a kinase we have not come across before) and multiple regulatory elements that are either activated or repressed by interferon regulatory factors 1 or 2. (phoenixrising.me)
Repeat1
The 5' region of the RNA defines one domain and consists of Alu repeat elements. (wikipedia.org)
Long1
Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. (lookformedical.com)
Repetitive elements3
The 5' region (left arm) of monomeric Alu short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) allows for BC200 RNA transposition and has been evolutionarily conserved in other primates. (wikipedia.org)
Alu elements, as well as other repetitive elements, were at the origin considered as parasites of the genome that had no major effect on its stability and genic expression. (evolverzone.com)
They were thought to be ‘selfish’ or ‘junk’DNA (6,7), but nowadays, several lines of evidence show that the presence of repetitive elements and especially of Alu elements, had a great influence on the human genome, in particular on its evolution. (evolverzone.com)
Gene9
Throughout Alu evolution, the source gene(s) accumulated mutations that were incorporated into the new copies made, creating new Alu subfamilies. (biomedcentral.com)
Alu is restricted to primates, and its origin seems to have been a duplication and reverse transcription of a 7SL RNA gene early in primate evolution. (evolverzone.com)
Initially, it was thought that the 7SL RNA gene was derived from Alu , but the reverse conclusion was given by Ullu and Tschudi (1984) and was discussed further by authors such as Quentin (1992). (evolverzone.com)
It was, indeed, reported several times that Alu elements became effectors of gene transcription by providing new enhancers, promoters and polyadenylation signals to many genes. (evolverzone.com)
5. RXR-mediated regulation of the alpha-fetoprotein gene through an upstream element. (nih.gov)
6. Retinoid receptors cause distortion of the retinoic acid response element in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter. (nih.gov)
9. Identification and characterization of a versatile retinoid response element (retinoic acid receptor response element-retinoid X receptor response element) in the mouse tissue transglutaminase gene promoter. (nih.gov)
12. Characterization of an inverted repeat with a zero spacer (IR0)-type retinoic acid response element from the mouse nuclear orphan receptor TR2-11 gene. (nih.gov)
15. Synergism between nuclear receptors bound to specific hormone response elements of the hepatic control region-1 and the proximal apolipoprotein C-II promoter mediate apolipoprotein C-II gene regulation by bile acids and retinoids. (nih.gov)
Nucleotides2
There are two types of upstream promoter elements in the 100 base pair region: one proximal to the transcription start site and associated with downstream transcription factor binding sites, and the other between nucleotides -36 and -100 and not associated with downstream binding sites. (wikipedia.org)
One in ten nucleotides in each human genome is part of an Alu sequence, of which there are more than 1 million copies. (evolverzone.com)
Functional2
One, the assumption that Alu elements are functional because they are abundant (i.e., an adaptationist expectation that they would have been removed otherwise) was apparently common in the early 1980s. (evolverzone.com)
2. Endogenous retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers are the major functional forms regulating retinoid-responsive elements in adult human keratinocytes. (nih.gov)
Transcription factor1
8. Thyroid hormone receptor functions as monomeric ligand-induced transcription factor on octameric half-sites. (nih.gov)
Abundant1
Alu is the most abundant short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) of the human genome, occupying 10% of the genome content with a copy number estimated to be at least 1.3 million [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Consists2
The 5' region of the RNA defines one domain and consists of Alu repeat elements. (wikipedia.org)
Consensus Alu sequence is approximately 300 bp in length, and consists of two similar, but distinct monomers. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognition2
The 5' end of this molecule has both primary and secondary structure that is very similar to 7SL RNA, a signal recognition particle RNA (SRP) which also includes a 5' Alu domain. (wikipedia.org)
Paik D, Monahan A, Caffrey DR, Elling R, Goldman WE, Silverman N. SLC46 Family Transporters Facilitate Cytosolic Innate Immune Recognition of Monomeric Peptidoglycans. (umassmed.edu)
Functions2
As noted, the original papers reporting the existence of Alu elements raised the question about their potential functions. (evolverzone.com)
1. Multiple functions of the TR2-11 orphan receptor in modulating activation of two key cis-acting elements involved in the retinoic acid signal transduction system. (nih.gov)
Region1
The Alu dimer is usually followed by a 3'A-rich region, a typical feature of SINEs, and the two monomers are separated by a middle A-rich region, an obvious remnant of an ancestral monomeric Alu 's 3'A-rich tail [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)