LymphocytesAnti-inflammatoryInfiltrationVitroProteinsFibroblastsAtherosclerotic lesionsCytokinesNeutrophils and monocytesProteinSoluble factorsChemokinesVascularAtherosclerosisImmune cellsInhibitorReceptorsReceptorTransendothelial migrationMigratoryInflammationDendritic cellEpithelial cellsSubcutaneousEpidermalTissueCytokineFoam cellsPigmentDepletion1966ProgressionTissuesTumor cellsHaemozoinLangerhansSecretionMicroenvironmentInhibitGenesLipopolysaccharideAssaysApoptosisCellsExacerbateMoleculesInnate ImmunityHypoxia-induciAccumulationExpressionStimuliTranscriptionMechanism
Lymphocytes3
- Lymphokines: produced by lymphocytes Monokines: produced exclusively by monocytes Interferons: involved in antiviral responses Colony stimulating factors: support the growth of cells in semisolid media Chemokines: mediate chemoattraction (chemotaxis) between cells. (wikipedia.org)
- 1999 MIF is usually produced by a wide variety of cell types including lymphocytes monocytes/macrophages endothelial cells and fibroblasts (Calandra and Roger 2003 Its biological effects are mediated by a receptor complex involving CD74 (Leng et al. (acancerjourney.info)
- This antiatherosclerotic effect is probably mediated by the CB2 receptor, as it is strongly expressed by macrophages and T lymphocytes within atherosclerotic lesions. (medscape.com)
Anti-inflammatory5
- As such, the role of P. falciparum -derived Hz ( Pf Hz) in mediating suppression of erythropoiesis through its ability to cause dysregulation in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and effector molecules is discussed in detail. (ijbs.com)
- 2001 Fingerle-Rowson and Bucala 2001 MIF also inhibits the random migration of monocytes/macrophages the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids (Calandra et al. (acancerjourney.info)
- M2 "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated predominantly by cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. (msdmanuals.com)
- It has been found that some of the SVF cell types possess regenerative and anti-inflammatory potentials in damaged tissues due to their ability to secrete growth factors and anti-inflammatory molecules. (jcadonline.com)
- However, tumor cells can evade host's immune surveillance using a number of protective mechanisms, including downregulation of MHC-I molecules, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, in other words, TGF-β and IL-10, secretion of immunosuppressive factors, VEGF, upregulation of PD-L1 and downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules thereby preventing activation of T cells, resulting in cancer invasion. (studylib.net)
Infiltration3
- Monocyte infiltration and macrophage formation are pivotal steps in atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. (leuphana.de)
- The resulting early cellular response, consisting of glandular infiltration with neutrophils and monocytes, appears to exacerbate pancreatic injury and is at least in part responsible for early onset organ failure seen in some cases of AP (85, 86). (pancreapedia.org)
- Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)
Vitro7
- A lymphocyte-stimulating factor produced in vitro. (cdc.gov)
- Here we report that Gremlin-1 is highly expressed primarily by monocytes/macrophages in aortic atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE -/- mice and is secreted from activated monocytes and during macrophage development in vitro. (leuphana.de)
- The in vitro effects of MSC-Exo on immune cell migration and responder T cell proliferation were examined by chemotactic assays and lymphocyte proliferation assays, respectively. (nature.com)
- These immunosuppressive properties of THC were confirmed in vitro, with spleen cells extracted from the mice showing limited proliferation and impaired production of interferon-, a cytokine involved in atherosclerosis, and reduced leukocyte migration. (medscape.com)
- Modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and foam cell formation in wild type (WT) and Siglec-E −/− - peritoneal macrophages were examined in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
- Siglec-E deficiency promotes foam cell formation by enhancing acetylated and oxidized LDL uptake without affecting cholesterol efflux in macrophages in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
- In vitro migration assays, transendothelial migration assays (iTEM), and cell adhesion assays were used to investigate the effects of SPON2 on monocyte/macrophage migration. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins5
- Proteins derived from macrophages and monocytes were later called monokines. (cdc.gov)
- These foam cells in turn produce more inflammatory cytokines and growth factors to promote the migration of the quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the medial layer to intima and activate VSMC proliferation and increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in the thickening of intima and occlusion of the blood vessel [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is likely to act as a bioactive compound by exerting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and/or binding to specific proteins such as oxidative enzymes and transcriptional factors in signal transduction pathways. (rsc.org)
- On the biochemistry function, POGLUT2 can catalyze to transfer the glucose from UDP-glucose to a serine residue and specifically target extracellular epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats of proteins such as Notch signaling members (NOTCH1 and NOTCH3) ( 9 , 10 ), thereby affecting Notch signaling pathway ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Although they cannot encode proteins, they are involved in many biological processes as regulators, such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Fibroblasts3
- In 1974, Cohen and colleagues reported production of macrophage migration inhibitory factors in virus-infected fibroblasts, which led (finally) to proposal of the term cytokine. (cdc.gov)
- This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)
- POGLUT2 was mainly expressed in stromal cells as verified by StromalScore, ESTIMATEScore, ImmuneScore, and Tumor purity, and POGLUT2 was positively correlated with cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
Atherosclerotic lesions1
- Treatment of ApoE -/- mice with a dimeric recombinant fusion protein, m Gremlin1-Fc, but not with equimolar control Fc or inactivated m Gremlin1-Fc, reduced TNF-α expression, the content of monocytes/macrophages of atherosclerotic lesions, and attenuated atheroprogression. (leuphana.de)
Cytokines5
- Cytokines include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumour necrosis factors, but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some overlap in the terminology). (wikipedia.org)
- A contributing factor to the difficulty of distinguishing cytokines from hormones is that some immunomodulating effects of cytokines are systemic (i.e., affecting the whole organism) rather than local. (wikipedia.org)
- At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
- M1, "classically activated," pro-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated by cytokines such as IFN-gamma and by various microbial components (eg, lipopolysaccharide). (msdmanuals.com)
- They extravasate from the peripheral circulation and differentiate into TAMs in the TME and are polarized into M2 macrophages by cytokines (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
Neutrophils and monocytes1
- These cells include dermal resident dendritic cells (DC), epidermal Langerhans cells, neutrophils and monocytes, which are released from the blood when the dermal capillary is disrupted and a reputed blood lake is formed [ 3 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein8
- LPA acts as an autocrine/paracrine messenger through at least six G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), known as LPA 1-6 , to induce various cellular processes including wound healing, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and survival. (hindawi.com)
- In the context of AP, the most extensively investigated chemokines are CC-ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP-1), CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1, also known as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant or CINC in rat and keratinocyte cytokine or KC in mouse), and CXC-ligand 2 (CXCL2, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha or MIP2a). (pancreapedia.org)
- Siglec-E, a mouse orthologue of human Siglec-9, is a sialic acid binding lectin predominantly expressed on the surface of myeloid cells to transduce inhibitory signal via recruitment of SH2-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1/2 upon binding to its sialoglycan ligands. (biomedcentral.com)
- By performing proximity labeling and proteomic analysis, we identified scavenger receptor CD36 as a cell surface protein interacting with Siglec-E. Further experiments performed in HEK293T cells transiently overexpressing Siglec-E and CD36 and peritoneal macrophages demonstrated that depletion of cell surface sialic acids by treatment with sialyltransferase inhibitor or sialidase did not affect interaction between Siglec-E and CD36 but retarded Siglec-E-mediated inhibition on oxidized LDL uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
- Design and Methods The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor protein was examined in patients' bone marrow biopsy specimens using immunohistochemistry. (haematologica.org)
- Results Strong hypoxia-inducible factor-2 protein expression was detected in CD138 + multiple myeloma plasma cells in patients' biopsy specimens. (haematologica.org)
- RNase protection assays and chemokine protein production analysis validated the microarray results, as cross-linking the Ly-49D mouse NK receptor induced high levels of IFN-γ, lymphotactin, macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)1α, and MIP1β. (aai.org)
- These Ly-49 inhibitory receptors, as well as inhibitory KIRs, contain cytoplasmic immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that are phosphorylated upon stimulation, leading to the recruitment of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1) and attenuation of intracellular signals ( 1 , 4 , 5 ). (aai.org)
Soluble factors3
- Results suggest that soluble factors secreted by BeWo cells induce cell death and apoptosis in THP-1 cells, and Fas/CD95 can be involved in this process. (unisi.it)
- The strongly induced genes fell into two categories: 1) soluble factors and 2) apoptotic genes. (aai.org)
- Such treatment was associated with upregulation of invasion- and inflammation-promoting soluble factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), its activator MMP14, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the latter two being linked to the recruitment of the monocytic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemokines1
- Monocytes are recruited to tumors by chemokines (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
Vascular3
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. (femininebeauty.info)
- Dysfunctional endothelium is a key factor in atherosclerosis that favors the increase of the expression of chemotactic and adhesion molecules (such as, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ICAM1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM1, as well as E-selectin and P-selectin) and enhanced recruitment and accumulation of monocytes [ 6 , 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- At the onset of atherosclerosis, LDL is deposited on vascular endothelial cells to be oxidized to form ox-LDL, which is then absorbed by macrophages to form foam cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Atherosclerosis6
- The physiopathological process of ACS is the atherosclerosis, the build-up of an atherosclerotic plaque starts at lesion-prone areas in large- and medium-sized arteries where the endothelium is dysfunctional, induced by cardiovascular risk factors like chronic smoking, hypertension, and permeation of macromolecules such as lipoproteins to the intima layer [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of THC on atherosclerosis progression are abolished in the presence of a CB2-receptor antagonist. (medscape.com)
- The accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, foam cells, within sub-endothelial intima is a key feature of early atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Whether Siglec-E expression on macrophages impacts foam cell formation and atherosclerosis remains to be established. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is apparent that macrophage-derived foam cells play a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- During this process, many inflammatory factors are released, leading to aggravated progression of atherosclerosis and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Immune cells1
- In support of the immunomodulatory role of cannabinoids, the CB2 receptor has been identified on several types of immune cells, including -cells, T-cells, and monocytes. (medscape.com)
Inhibitor1
- However, in 82As2 cells, LIF production was significantly increased by stimulation with TLR5, which was suppressed by an inhibitor of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1/4, which are important factors in the TLR5 signaling pathway. (oncotarget.com)
Receptors3
- Thus, we conclude that a primary role for the activating NK receptors in vivo may be to trigger soluble factor production and regulation of the immune response. (aai.org)
- The inhibitory Ly-49 receptors, Ly-49A, C, G, and I, inhibit NK cell function upon binding of class I ligands on target cells ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). (aai.org)
- In contrast, the predicted amino acid sequences for the activating receptors, Ly-49D and Ly-49H, do not contain any ITIMs in their cytoplasmic domains, confirming that these are not inhibitory receptors ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ). (aai.org)
Receptor3
- Immunostaining indicated that macrophages were able to internalize rOos-MIF-1.1 further supporting receptor-mediated transportation. (acancerjourney.info)
- Leukemia inhibitory factor via the Toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway involves aggravation of cachexia induced by human gastric cancer-derived 85As2. (oncotarget.com)
- AR is a transcription factor (TF) belonging to the nuclear steroid hormone receptor family. (biomedcentral.com)
Transendothelial migration3
- In addition, SPON2 promotes cytoskeletal remodeling and transendothelial migration of monocytes by activating integrin β1/PYK2 axis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, blocking the SPON2/integrin β1/PYK2 axis impairs the transendothelial migration of monocytes and cancer-promoting functions of TAMs in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
- 6 , 7 CXCL12 is an important mediator of several aspects of MM biology including transendothelial migration, 8 , 9 MM plasma cell migration and retention within the bone marrow, 10 , 11 angiogenesis, 7 and osteoclastic bone resorption. (haematologica.org)
Migratory2
- Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor was identified in 1966. (cdc.gov)
- In this work, we examined the effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its major pathogenic factors (the capsule and PLY) on microglial tissue migratory behavior in acute brain slices and in primary cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
Inflammation3
- Tumor cell-derived spondin 2 (SPON2) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has complicated roles in recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils during inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Such changes in dendritic cell migration may be associated with immunological events that maintain inflammation at the sites of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of multiple exposomal factors (genetics, lifestyle factors, environmental/occupational exposures) on pulmonary inflammation and corresponding alterations in local/systemic immune parameters. (cdc.gov)
Dendritic cell1
- The working group of the Histiocyte Society divided histocytic disorders into three groups: (1) dendritic cell histiocytosis, (2) macrophage-related disorders, and (3) malignant histiocytosis. (medscape.com)
Epithelial cells1
- Virtually all nucleated cells, but especially endo/epithelial cells and resident macrophages (many near the interface with the external environment) are potent producers of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. (wikipedia.org)
Subcutaneous1
- The following figure sums up the major body functions influenced by fat cell-derived factors, making it clear that both too little and too much subcutaneous fat is going to be bad for health. (femininebeauty.info)
Epidermal1
- Therefore, in addition to epidermal Langerhans cells, other potential cellular origins for LCH include dermal langerin + dendritic cells, lymphoid tissue-resident langerin + dendritic cells, and monocytes that can be induced by local environmental stimuli to acquire a Langerhans cell phenotype. (medscape.com)
Tissue2
- Monocytes in the circulation are precursors to tissue macrophages. (msdmanuals.com)
- In brain tissue, primary microglia cells showed an enhanced response towards lysates from bacteria lacking capsules and pneumolysin as they moved rapidly to areas with an abundance of bacterial factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytokine1
- Gremlin-1 reduces macrophage formation by inhibiting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a cytokine critically involved in atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability. (leuphana.de)
Foam cells2
- MIF was identified as a major regulator of atherogenesis by promoting the recruitment of mononuclear cells, activating inflammatory signaling pathways, and transdifferentiating macrophages into foam cells in the vessel wall as well as by enhancing collagenase expression and matrix degradation, the latter contributing to plaque destabilization [ 18 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The monocytes then differentiate into macrophages and uptake modified LDLs to become foam cells with a feature of intracellular cholesterol accumulation as lipid droplets, which is the hallmark of early lesion [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pigment2
- Phagocytosis of malarial pigment hemozoin (Hz) by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils is a central factor for promoting dysregulation in innate inflammatory mediators. (ijbs.com)
- Giemsa-stained blood smears were used to determine percentage pigment containing monocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Depletion1
- Blocking M2 polarization and Macrophage depletion inhibited the SPON2-induced tumors growth and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
19661
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was identified simultaneously in 1966 by John David and Barry Bloom. (wikipedia.org)
Progression2
- They found that the inhibitory effect of THC on atherosclerotic lesion progression was completely abolished in the presence of the antagonist. (medscape.com)
- Targeting the hypoxic niche, and more specifically hypoxia-inducible factor-2, may represent a viable strategy to inhibit angiogenesis in multiple myeloma and progression of this disease. (haematologica.org)
Tissues2
- Monocytes migrate into tissues, where over approximately 8 hours, they develop into macrophages. (msdmanuals.com)
- Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Tumor cells2
- 12 It is well established that hypoxia is an important selective force in the evolution of tumor cells, 13 and elevated expression of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 has been documented in several human cancers. (haematologica.org)
- The binding of T cells expressing PD-1 and tumor cells expressing PD-L1 initiates an array of inhibitory signals resulting in reduced function and/or apoptosis of T cells [8,11] providing a mechanism for tumor cell evasion of host's immune surveillance [12-14]. (studylib.net)
Haemozoin4
- In this study we correlated the levels of erythropoietin (EPO), as an indicator of stimulation of haemoglobin production, to the levels of monocyte acquired haemozoin in children with both severe and uncomplicated malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
- There was a significantly negative correlation between levels of haemozoin-containing monocytes and EPO, which may suggest that haemozoin suppresses erythropoiesis in severe malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
- The haemozoin containing monocytes was expressed as a percentage of the total number of monocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
- To obtain the number of haemozoin containing monocytes/μL the percentage of haemozoin containing monocytes was multiplied by the absolute number of monocytes/μL from the automated haematology analyzer. (biomedcentral.com)
Langerhans2
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the presence of cells with characteristics similar to bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells juxtaposed against a backdrop of hematopoietic cells, including T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. (medscape.com)
- More recently, histiocytic diseases have been reclassified into five groups: (1) Langerhans-related, (2) cutaneous and mucocutaneous, (3) malignant histiocytosis, (4) Rosai-Dorfman disease, and (5) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. (medscape.com)
Secretion1
- In addition, this interaction increased secretion of MIF and MIP-1α/CCL3 by ST and induced migration of PBMC towards iRBC-stimulated ST. (biomedcentral.com)
Microenvironment2
- Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key regulators of the complex interplay between cancer and the immune microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
- Via direct actions on cancer cells and indirect actions on the tumor microenvironment, radiation has the potential to enhance epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration, angiogenesis and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibit1
- Gremlin-1/Drm is crucial in embryo-/organogenesis and has been shown to be expressed in the adult organism at sites of arterial injury and to inhibit monocyte migration. (leuphana.de)
Genes2
- Prognostic immune genes and transcription factors were used to construct an immune-related regulatory network. (biomedcentral.com)
- While macrophages were reported to act as one of the cells in LUAD, enrichment analysis of macrophage marker genes revealed the important role of macrophages in the activation of neutrophils. (aging-us.com)
Lipopolysaccharide1
- Herein we also show that rOos-MIF-1.1 inhibited migration of bovine macrophages and restored glucocorticoid-suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α and IL-8 in human and/or bovine Isotetrandrine macrophages. (acancerjourney.info)
Assays1
- The role of hypoxia-inducible factors-1 and -2 in the regulation of CXCL12 expression was examined using over-expression and short hairpin RNA knockdown constructs, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. (haematologica.org)
Apoptosis1
Cells12
- In conclusion, our results showed that human BeWo trophoblast cells and T. gondii infection modulate cell death in human THP-1 monocyte cells. (unisi.it)
- To clarify the mechanism underlying the difference in the cachexia-inducing ability of these cells, we conducted DNA microarray analysis, focusing on cell proliferation and the production of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cachexia-inducing factor. (oncotarget.com)
- We also demonstrated that MIF mediated segregation between OECs and J774a.1 cells (a monocyte/macrophage cell line) in co-culture, which suggests that MIF contributes to the fact that macrophages are largely absent from olfactory nerve fascicles. (edu.au)
- These results suggest that MSC-Exo effectively ameliorate EAU by inhibiting the migration of inflammatory cells, indicating a potential novel therapy of MSC-Exo for uveitis. (nature.com)
- We utilized live imaging and immunostaining of glial cells in dissociated and acute brain slice cultures to study the effect of pneumococcal factors, including the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin and the pneumococcal capsule, on microglial motility and taxis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Prolonged exposure to hypoxia strongly up-regulated CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells and hypoxia-inducible factor-2 was found to play a key role in this response. (haematologica.org)
- Over-expression of hypoxia-inducible factor in multiple myeloma plasma cells strongly induced in vivo angiogenesis, and administration of a CXCL12 antagonist decreased hypoxia-inducible factor-induced angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
- Conclusions Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 is a newly identified regulator of CXCL12 expression in multiple myeloma plasma cells and a major contributor to multiple myeloma plasma cell-induced angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
- In transiently transfected breast cell lines 66c14 and 4T07 with G3 fragment lacking the EGF like motifs, the G3EGF expressing cells did not display enhanced cell development and migration when in comparison with G3 transfected cells. (micrornalibrary.com)
- We also stably transfected these constructs into 4T07 cells, and located that G3 expressing breast cancer cells showed enhanced cell migration and invasion to MC3T3 E1 cells. (micrornalibrary.com)
- But the G3EGF expressing cells didn't display enhanced cell migration and invasion to MC3T3 E1 cells. (micrornalibrary.com)
- Hypoxia stimulates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-dependent expression of CXCL12 and KITL promoting mobilization from the bone marrow and recruitment to primary tumor and metastatic sites of CXCR4 + CD11b + bone marrow-derived cells and KITbCD11b + cells assisting vasculogenesis and metastasis respectively (Kuonen et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Exacerbate1
- The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin and the bacterial capsule are key pathogenic factors, known to exacerbate the course of pneumococcal meningitis. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecules1
- Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
Innate Immunity1
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important regulator of innate immunity with key roles in neural regeneration and responses to pathogens, amongst a multitude of other functions. (edu.au)
Hypoxia-induci1
- Promoter analyses revealed increased hypoxia-inducible factor-2 binding to the CXCL12 promoter under hypoxic conditions. (haematologica.org)
Accumulation1
- 18 Their translocation and accumulation into target sites should be clarified to estimate the effectiveness of dietary quercetin as a food factor ( Fig. 1 ). (rsc.org)
Expression2
- HFHS + CE mice had lower hepatic diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols content and reduced expression of key lipogenic transcription factors. (researchgate.net)
- While the mechanisms responsible for aberrant plasma cell expression of CXCL12 remain to be determined, studies in other systems suggest a role for hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. (haematologica.org)
Stimuli1
- Soon after, neutrophils and macrophages may still be recruited in response to local inflammatory stimuli that persist for 2-3 days [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription2
- It has been reported that Forkhead box transcription factor class O3a (Foxo3a) is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic inflammatory condition accompanied by bone resorption, and plays a role in its pathology. (go.jp)
- Our results suggest that Foxo3a transcription factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of periapical granulomas. (go.jp)
Mechanism2
- To unravel the possible mechanism of action, an analysis of the lesions in the THC-treated mice revealed these mice had fewer plaque-infiltrating macrophages than the control mice. (medscape.com)
- PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitory signaling is an essential mechanism behind immune regulation of disease states, such as autoimmunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (Figure 1). (studylib.net)