Molecules protein apoproteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) contain apoprotein B-100 (apo B), are synthesized in the liver, and transport TGs and cholesterol to peripheral tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream. (healthmatters.io)
Lipoproteins are also adorned with special proteins known as apoproteins, with each lipoprotein having a unique apoprotein signature. (layerorigin.com)
Cells and organisms use lipoproteins to move hydrophobic lipid molecules, which are not water soluble, through the aqueous blood and tissue lymph environment. (nihatodabasi.com)
Lipoprotein metabolism is con-trolled by the activity of functional proteins (enzymes, cell surface receptors, receptor ligands) that deter-mine the rate at which lipoproteins enter and leave the system, and by the physicochemical properties of the lipoprotein themselves. (nihatodabasi.com)
Surface proteins present on lipoproteins. (nihatodabasi.com)
The transfer of the major egg yolk proteins such as Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) containing essentially apovitellenin and apolipoprotein-B, but also vitellogenins and some other plasma proteins from the blood such as serum albumin to the interstitial fluid of the thecae is possible due to the presence of broad discontinuities in the capillary endothelium. (biomedcentral.com)

17 Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called apoenzymes or apoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
Taken together, these findings indicate that recombinant pig kidney DDC has two active-site PLP molecules and therefore displays structural characteristics typical of PLP-dependent homodimeric enzymes. (unipr.it)

The composition of the food proteins has an influence on the release of the metabolism hormones insulin and glucagon. (fleisch-macht-krank.de)
LDL and its major protein, apolipoprotein B, play an essential role in lipid transport and metabolism. (healthmatters.io)
Parasitic ecule because it reversibly binds to certain proteins, such as kinetoplastid ﬂagellates represent a rare example of organisms transcription factors and ion channels, and thus modulates their that depend on oxidative metabolism but are heme auxotrophs. (medicinelakex1.com)
metabolism of this heme-free eukaryote, we searched for heme- There are only a few examples of facultatively anaerobic or containing proteins in its de novo sequenced genome and exam-ined several cellular processes for which heme has so far been con- pathogenic bacteria that do not require heme (10-12), but no sidered indispensable. (medicinelakex1.com)
It interacts with metabolism, have retained a few hemoproteins, for which heme is various apoproteins giving rise to functional hemoproteins, likely obtained from their hosts (16). (medicinelakex1.com)
These include 37 proteases and antiproteases, which are likely to play a role in the formation of the yolk (vitellogenesis), as regulators of protein metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Cholesterol metabolism in the brain is independent of peripheral tissues due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that impairs the entrance of the protein-bound lipid into the central nervous system (CNS). (frontiersin.org)

Surfactant recovered by alveolar wash from most mammals contains 70-80% phospholipids, 8-10% protein, and 10% neutral lipids, primarily cholesterol. (medscape.com)
Animal proteins stimulate the release of insulin and activate HMG-CoA reductase, the limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. (fleisch-macht-krank.de)
A cholesterol-lowering effect especially of soy protein was detected in several studies, which was mainly attributed to the high arginine concentration of this vegetable protein. (fleisch-macht-krank.de)
These proteins are transport molecules for lipids and cholesterol. (fleisch-macht-krank.de)
Cholesterol levels is actually a widely used constituent with the cellular membranes, steroids, bile chemicals, so you can alert molecules. (vostok-lavka.ru)
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous constituent of cell membranes, steroids, bile acids, and signaling molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Cholesterol-rich chylomicron remnants then circulate back to the liver, where they are cleared in a process mediated by apoprotein E (apo E). (msdmanuals.com)
Apolipoprotein A is a protein carried in HDL ('good') cholesterol. (healthmatters.io)
The dynamic interplay of forces for and against cholesterol crystal nucleation and growth in the gallbladder includes the actions of specific proteins or apoproteins, gallbladder mucin, and gallbladder stasis. (tripod.com)
Cholesterol limits the damage caused by "free radicals", it helps in cellular repair, links lipid molecules, it is the main component of our brain, it constitutes 20% of myelin, which covers every nerve cell (neuron), it ensures communication between neurons and memory, and it also strengthens our immune system. (functionalmedsystem.com)

Surfactant is a complex lipoprotein (see the image below) composed of six phospholipids and four apoproteins. (medscape.com)
under these conditions, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) proteins can be oxidized (oxLDL). (biomedcentral.com)
In the capillaries of adipose and muscle tissue, apoprotein C-II (apo C-II) on the chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert 90% of chylomicron triglyceride to fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes and muscle cells for energy use or storage. (msdmanuals.com)

Meanwhile, fats are converted into bioactive signaling molecules, assembled into membranes, and serve as a direct primary fuel source for all the organs in the body outside of the brain. (layerorigin.com)

Proteins can be regarded as the functional building blocks of life, carrying out and coordinating almost all biological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
By the use of cell culture … or animal models the functional properties have been repeatedly shown in many aspects often bearing surprising properties which strongly indicate the physiological importance of SP-A. To date SP-A is recognized as a molecule essential for pulmonary development, structure and function. (iospress.com)
association of two or more polypeptide chains (subunits) into a functional molecule. (flashcardmachine.com)
Each variant, or isoform, differs by only one or two amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), however the structural and functional consequences of these differences is significant. (layerorigin.com)

The crystal structures of the two apo-proteins and their complexes with the Strep-tag II peptide were refined at resolutions below 2 A. Both in the presence and absence of the peptide, the lid-like loop next to the ligand pocket--comprising residues 45 through 52--adopts an 'open' conformation in all four subunits within the asymmetric unit. (rcsb.org)
Structural diversity in the RGS domain and its interaction with heterotrimeric G protein alpha-subunits. (ox.ac.uk)
Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins accelerate GTP hydrolysis by Galpha subunits and thus facilitate termination of signaling initiated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (ox.ac.uk)

its primary translation product, 22 kd, is processed to an extremely hydrophobic 4-kd protein that is associated with lipids in lamellar bodies. (medscape.com)
Manduca sexta vitellogenin is a phosphoglycolipoprotein (Mᵣ ∼ 500,000) that contains two copies of the apoproteins (apovitellogenin-I, Mᵣ 180,000 and apovitellogenin-II Mᵣ 45,000), 13 percent lipids, 3 percent carbohydrates and 0.6 percent phosphorus. (arizona.edu)
Egg yolk constitutes a major source of proteins, minerals, vitamins and lipids for the developing embryo. (biomedcentral.com)

VMD is a molecular graphics program designed for the display and analysis of molecular assemblies, in particular biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids. (uiuc.edu)
In this study, the binding affinity and mechanism of human odor-binding protein OBP2a to 14 typical odorants in water were first assessed using fluorescent competitive binding assays and molecular docking techniques. (springeropen.com)

To help define the steps in iron release, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of the iron-free (apo) form of the recombinant N-lobe half-molecule of human serum transferrin (ApoTfN) by X-ray crystallography. (rcsb.org)
3- Transport function Albumin.Tyroxine binding protein (TBP), transferrin, apoproteins. (enya.day)

A holoprotein or conjugated protein is an apoprotein combined with its prosthetic group. (wikipedia.org)
Myoglobin is a single-chain globular protein of 153 amino acids , containing a heme ( iron -containing porphyrin ) prosthetic group in the center around which the remaining apoprotein folds. (bionity.com)

To advance structure-function studies with the enzyme, a cDNA that codes for the protein from pig kidney has been cloned by joining a partial cDNA obtained by library screening with a synthetic portion constructed by the annealing and extension of long oligonucleotides. (unipr.it)
Whereas the later protein binds 1 molecule of PLP per dimer, the recombinant enzyme was found to bind two molecules of coenzyme per dimer. (unipr.it)
Here, we have investigated the enzyme 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS, EC 2.5.1.15) from M. tuberculosis in order to explore the possibilities this protein gives for the design of anti-TB drugs. (dadospdf.com)

The two apoproteins are immunologically distinct and apovitellogenin-II is not completely accessible to the aqueous environment in the intact molecule. (arizona.edu)
Bile salt micelles are aggregates of bile salts in which water-soluble (ionic) regions of the molecule face outward into aqueous solution, while the water-insoluble (nonpolar) steroid nuclei face inward. (tripod.com)

Rhodopsin consists of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to 11-cis-retinal. (multxpert.com)
We also briefly examine the variations in secretome size and the presence of covalently anchored wall proteins as well as presumably cytoplasmic proteins in the medium. (jaksignals.com)

Among the four surfactant apoproteins identified, surfactant protein B (SP-B) and SP-C are two small hydrophobic proteins that make up 2-4% of the surfactant mass and are present in commercially available surfactant preparations. (medscape.com)

involves formation of a multimeric protein. (flashcardmachine.com)
[2] Unlike the blood-borne hemoglobin , to which it is structurally related, [3] this protein does not exhibit cooperative binding of oxygen, since positive cooperativity is a property reserved for multimeric proteins. (bionity.com)

This family of proteins contains two subgroups with distinct characteristics. (nih.gov)
Three hundred and sixteen distinct proteins have been identified in egg yolk. (biomedcentral.com)

The human genome encodes more than three dozen RGS domain-containing proteins with varied Galpha substrate specificities. (ox.ac.uk)
Heterogeneity observed in the structural architecture of the RGS domain, as well as in engagement of switch III and the all-helical domain of the Galpha substrate, suggests that unique structural determinants specific to particular RGS protein/Galpha pairings exist and could be used to achieve selective inhibition by small molecules. (ox.ac.uk)

structured water interacting with the polar groups on the surface of the protein. (flashcardmachine.com)
10-13 TMPRSS2 contains an extracellular trypsin-like serine-protease domain that can proteolytically activate the spike (S) protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles 14 ( Fig. 1 ). (rsc.org)
The relatively narrow intercellular space of the primordial follicle allows ferritin and possibly other molecules of similar size to cross, whereas in the late stages of rapid follicular growth, the shape of granulosa cells must accommodate the increasing flow of egg yolk precursors that accumulate at the surface of the plasma membrane of the follicle [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In this article, we describe a simple computational approach, based on the effect allosteric ligands exert on protein flexibility upon binding, to predict the existence and position of allosteric sites on a given protein structure. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, two iron ligands, Asp 63 and His 249, change conformation to form salt bridges, with Lys 296 and Glu 83, respectively, in the binding cleft of the apo protein. (rcsb.org)

Others require non-protein molecules called cofactors to be bound for activity. (wikipedia.org)
Two divalent metal ion cofactors, Zn(II) and Mn(II), have been located in crystals of protein N388 which had been soaked in solutions containing Zn(II), Mn(II), or both. (embl.de)

Recently, the characteristics of a family of soluble carotenoid-binding proteins (Helical Carotenoid Proteins [HCPs]), paralogs of the N-terminal domain of OCP, were described. (nih.gov)
2003): Alternatively spliced human tissue factor: a circulating, soluble, thrombogenic protein. (9dok.net)
In soluble guanylyl cyclase, heme serves as a protein cofactor for fundamental cellular processes, such as as the nitric oxide sensor, and thus plays an important role in electron transport in the respiratory chain, oxidative stress re- signal transduction. (medicinelakex1.com)

Room-temperature X-ray crystallography provides unique insights into protein conformational heterogeneity, but obtaining sufficiently large protein crystals is a common hurdle. (iucr.org)

most cancers require at least two mutations: 1) one in an oncogene, which encodes proteins that trigger cell division, and 2) one in a tumor suppressor gene, whose protein products, in their. (enya.day)

It consists of a database of biologically significant sites and patterns formulated in such a way that with appropriate computational tools it can rapidly and reliably identify to which known family of protein (if any) the new sequence belongs. (open-bio.org)
Even the parasitic protists Entamoeba,Trichomonas, and Giardia, which dwell in an anaerobic environ- Heme is a tetrapyrrole molecule that consists of a porphyrin mentanddonotneedhemeforprocessesconnectedtooxidative ring coordinated with the iron molecule. (medicinelakex1.com)

Which molecule, made by the light reactions in plants, could be used by cellular. (enya.day)

retained genes for the last three steps of the pathway, allowing The most abundant group of heme proteins are cytochromes them to synthesize heme from their host-derived precursors (20). (medicinelakex1.com)

A and B ) Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) analysis for the initial screening of binding of the drugs with the ( A ) non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) and ( B ) C-terminal helices truncated Nsp1 (Nsp1∆C) proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Screening of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs against Nsp1 from SARS-CoV-2 and nanoscale differential scanning fluorometry (NanoDSF) experiments to evaluate the binding of top hits with the non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) and C-terminal helices truncated Nsp1 (Nsp1∆C). (elifesciences.org)
By querying the literature and a recently available database of allosteric sites, we gathered 213 allosteric proteins with structural information that we further filtered into a non-redundant set of 91 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we implemented an approach that achieves 65% positive predictive value in identifying allosteric sites within the set of predicted cavities of a protein (stricter parameters set, 0.22 sensitivity), by combining the current analysis on dynamics with previous results on structural conservation of allosteric sites. (biomedcentral.com)

NOESY, nuclear Overhauser fatty acid, only eight water molecules are effect spectroscopy. (lu.se)

However, for most allosteric proteins identified to date the mechanistic details of allosteric modulation are not yet well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
We performed normal-mode analysis and observed significant changes in protein flexibility upon allosteric-ligand binding in 70% of the cases. (biomedcentral.com)
These results agree with the current view that allosteric mechanisms are in many cases governed by changes in protein dynamics caused by ligand binding. (biomedcentral.com)
We introduce a simple computational approach to predict the presence and position of allosteric sites in a protein based on the analysis of changes in protein normal modes upon the binding of a coarse-grained ligand at predicted cavities. (biomedcentral.com)
Its performance has been demonstrated using a newly curated non-redundant set of 91 proteins with reported allosteric properties. (biomedcentral.com)
This observation argues for additional nuance in interpreting the nature of allosteric coupling in this protein. (iucr.org)

Follicle membranes bind ¹²⁵I-labeled vitellogenin with high affinity and specificity (K(D) ≃ 1.3 x 10⁻⁸ M). Total binding sites were estimated at 4 x 10¹⁴ sites/g of follicle membrane protein. (arizona.edu)

Candida albicans secretes a considerable number of proteins that are involved in biofilm formation, tissue invasion, immune evasion, and wall maintenance, as well as acquisition of nutrients including metal ions. (jaksignals.com)
Secreted proteins are important for coping with these challenges, as well as for virulence, nutrient acquisition, and evasion of the immune system. (jaksignals.com)
At the same time, many important secreted proteins also elicit a strong immune response. (jaksignals.com)
Activation of suppressed immune system (IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (PHYSIOLOGY)) in immunotherapy by IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS often targets inhibitory checkpoint molecules. (bvsalud.org)

Most egg yolk precursors are synthesized by the liver, secreted into the blood and transferred into oocytes, to provide nutrients and bioactive molecules for the avian embryo. (biomedcentral.com)

2Department of Biochemistry ity water molecules. (lu.se)

Furthermore, crystal structures coherently explain the individual levels of residual activity, demonstrating e.g. how trapped H 2 O molecules rescue the interrupted PT-pathway. (nature.com)
0.05) decreased mRNA and protein expression of retinoic acid signaling pathway elements, including retinoic acid receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor beta, with the greatest number of changes observed between postnatal days 3-5. (biomedcentral.com)

The hybrid cDNA was then expressed in Escherichia coli to produce recombinant protein. (unipr.it)

Fold the molecule into a compact shape. (flashcardmachine.com)
We found that "uncharacterized protein LOC419301/similar to porin" (GeneID:419301), an antiprotease and "cathepsin E-A-like/similar to nothepsin" (GeneID:417848), a protease, were the only over-expressed candidates (21-fold and 35-fold difference, respectively) that are present in the egg yolk. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein synthesis and lipogenesis are highly stimulated in the liver at sexual maturity in hens (15 to 20 fold) to support the incorporation of 0.75 kg proteins and 1.5 kg of triglycerides into the yolk over a year of commercial production. (biomedcentral.com)

In some cases, the structure and function of an unknown protein which is too distantly related to any protein of known structure to detect its affinity by overall sequence alignment may be identified by its possession of a particular cluster of residues types classified as a motifs. (open-bio.org)

In some cases the sequence of an unknown protein is too distantly related to any protein of known structure to detect its resemblance by overall sequence alignment, but it can be identified by the occurrence in its sequence of a particular cluster of residue types which is variously known as a pattern, motif, signature, or fingerprint. (open-bio.org)
These motifs arise because of particular requirements on the structure of specific region(s) of a protein which may be important, for example, for their binding properties or for their enzymatic activity. (open-bio.org)
most prevalent and stable form of helical structure in naturally occurring proteins. (flashcardmachine.com)
Here, a recently introduced serial sample-support chip system has been used to obtain the first SSX structure of a human phosphatase, specifically protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the unliganded (apo) state. (iucr.org)
X-ray crystallography offers detailed insights into protein structure. (iucr.org)
We report the crystal structure of an NH2-terminal 388-residue fragment of T4 DNA polymerase (protein N388) refined at 2.2 A resolution. (embl.de)
The structure of the 3'-5' exonuclease domain of protein N388 closely resembles the corresponding region in the Klenow fragment despite minimal sequence identity. (embl.de)
This review discusses the function of sEH in mammals and its protein structure and catalytic activities. (frontiersin.org)
This review aims to summarize the role of sEH in mammals and its protein structure and catalytic activities. (frontiersin.org)

These tightly bound ions or molecules are usually found in the active site and are involved in catalysis. (wikipedia.org)

the major protein is albumin but small amounts of apo C and apo D are also present. (nihatodabasi.com)

PROSITE is a method of determining what is the function of uncharacterized proteins translated from genomic or cDNA sequences. (open-bio.org)

includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures. (lookformedical.com)
Here, we determined 14 structures derived from NMR and x-ray crystallography of members of the R4, R7, R12, and RZ subfamilies of RGS proteins, including 10 uncomplexed RGS domains and 4 RGS domain/Galpha complexes. (ox.ac.uk)

When synthesized in Escherichia coli or Synechocystis PCC 6803, CTDHs formed dimers that share a carotenoid molecule and are able to transfer their carotenoid to apo-HCPs and apo-OCP. (nih.gov)

Nucleotides are manufactured from proteins, carbon dioxide and also formic p inside pathways that need huge amounts of metabolic moment. (vostok-lavka.ru)

a single fatty acid molecule with high af®nity in Cistola et al. (lu.se)

The dispersion amplitude requires only three (apo) or four (holo) long-lived and ordered water molecules (residence time 0.01-4 ms at 300 K). Comparison of MRD pro®les from the different complexes indicates that the displaced cavity water molecules are short-lived. (lu.se)
10 ns) water molecules required by the MRD data are tentatively assigned to crystallographic hydration sites on the basis of accessibility, positional order, and H-bonding. (lu.se)
The amplitude of the high- frequency dispersion corresponds to 10-20 moderately ordered water molecules, with a correlation time of ca. 1 ns that may re¯ect a transient opening of the cavity required for exchange with external water. (lu.se)
Meat cooked well done is brown because the iron atom has a charge of +3, having lost an electron, and is now bound to a water molecule (H 2 O). Under some conditions, meat can also remain pink all through cooking, despite being heated to high temperatures. (bionity.com)
the number of water molecules to write in the output snapshots. (lu.se)
only write out snapshots which have this specific number of water molecules in the binding site. (lu.se)
a pdb-file that is used a reference when finding the binding site water molecules. (lu.se)
Any water molecule within at least this radius from any reference-ligand atom is considered to be a binding site water molecule. (lu.se)
This means that each snapshot is superposed on a reference pdb-file and the number of water molecules in the binding site is determined. (lu.se)
Also if this is turned on, only the oxygen and the hydrogen atoms of the water molecules will be written out, i.e., extra point charges in e.g. (lu.se)
Olfactory sensors based on odor-binding proteins (OBPs) have been utilized to analyze pollutants in food and air samples, while their application for the detection of typical odor-causing compounds in drinking water is rarely reported, partly due to the lack of knowledge about the binding properties of odorants. (springeropen.com)
EHs open epoxides to form diols by the addition of a water molecule ( Fretland and Omiecinski, 2000 ). (frontiersin.org)

Grilled meats can also take on a pink "smoke ring" that comes from the iron binding a molecule of carbon monoxide. (bionity.com)

ApoE is one of over a dozen apoproteins and can be found on chylomicrons, VLDLs, and some HDLs. (layerorigin.com)

In vitro assays confirm that both drugs inhibit the human protein TMPRSS2, a SARS-Cov-2 spike protein activator. (rsc.org)

Small RNA molecules are generally used as primers for chain elongation, although terminal proteins may also be used for the de novo synthesis of a DNA chain. (embl.de)

Here, we show that the latter genes encode carotenoid proteins (CTDHs). (nih.gov)

Involve folding of a.a. side chains of the molecule. (flashcardmachine.com)

These results raise the question of the biological significance of egg yolk proteases and antiproteases, and more generally of all minor proteins that have been identified in egg yolk. (biomedcentral.com)

Finally, we identify a core set of secreted proteins that has been encountered in all conditions examined, suggesting targets for early-stage diagnostics as well as potential points of intervention during the course of infection. (jaksignals.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms9

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs81

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science3

Health Care1

Lipoproteins7

Enzymes2

Metabolism7

Cholesterol10

Lipoprotein3

Bioactive signaling1

Functional4

Subunits3

Lipids3

Molecular2

Transferrin2

Prosthetic group2

Enzyme3

Aqueous2

Covalently2

Hydrophobic1

Multimeric2

Distinct2

Substrate2

Surface3

Ligands2

Cofactors2

Soluble3

Conformational1

Encodes1

Consists2

Cellular1

Heme1

Structural4

Spectroscopy1

Allosteric6

Bind1

Immune4

Precursors1

Biochemistry1

Pathway2

Recombinant1

Fold3

Residues1

Structure9

Ions1

Major protein1

CDNA1

Structures2

Escherichia1

Pathways1

Fatty1

Water12

Carbon1

Dozen1

Drugs1

Novo1

Genes1

Chains1

Biological1

Suggesting targets1