• The term 'aliphatic' refers to non-aromatic hydrocarbons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions, adapted to deconstruct aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers and recover the intrinsic energy and carbon value in plastic waste, have typically been catalysed by metal nanoparticles or air-sensitive organometallics. (nature.com)
  • They may be divided into aliphatic hydrocarbons with a carbon chain which may be linear (normal), branched, saturated (alkanes) or unsaturated (alcenes), cyclic hydrocarbons and carotenoids. (gerli.com)
  • A group of chemicals (also known as paraffins or aliphatic hydrocarbons) for which the carbon atoms are all linked by single covalent bonds. (itrcweb.org)
  • A group of chemicals (also known as paraffins or aliphatic hydrocarbons) for which the carbon atoms contain at least one double bond. (itrcweb.org)
  • The Fischer-Tropsch method makes it possible to obtain a variety of liquid hydrocarbons, including diesel fuel, kerosene, as well as paraffins, wax, etc. (aenert.com)
  • 631 Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, which are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic ring. (wikipedia.org)
  • 10% of total nonmethane organic carbon emission are aromatic hydrocarbons from the exhaust of gasoline-powered vehicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Herein, the molecular mechanism of POP-induced phytotoxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was analyzed using metabolic profile, enzyme activity, and gene expression as linkages, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalate esters. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some eusocial arthropods, such as the Brazilian stingless bee, Schwarziana quadripunctata, use unique cuticular hydrocarbon "scents" in order to determine kin from non-kin. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry, the water content of the gas needs to be reduced to less than 1ppmv to prevent clogging caused by ice or methane clathrates. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is an important fuel source and a major feedstock for fertilizers.Most natural. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • If successful, this could allow storage of renewable electricity through electrochemical or enzymatic fixation of carbon dioxide and subsequent storage as carbon-based energy storage molecules including hydrocarbons and non-volatile polymers at high efficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the fossil fuel industries, hydrocarbon refers to naturally occurring petroleum, natural gas and coal, or their hydrocarbon derivatives and purified forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and may be either linear or branched species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular sieves are commonly used in the petroleum industry, especially for drying airflow. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • 3A molecular sieve is a necessary desiccant for petroleum and chemical industry refining, polymerization, and chemical gas-liquid depth drying. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • The syngas-methanol-based technological chain is the most common, since methanol is widely used as a feedstock for the chemical industry or for the production of various fuels (energy applications), and as a final product used, for example, as an additive to petroleum products (direct methanol blending). (aenert.com)
  • In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons. (lumenlearning.com)
  • The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens. (lumenlearning.com)
  • HVAC systems are widely utilized in various industries, such as Oil & Gas (O&G), petroleum, refineries, and among others. (reportsanddata.com)
  • These molecules are found mainly in petroleum but living organisms, eukaryotic or prokaryotic, contain frequently hydrocarbons which are directly derived from fatty acids. (gerli.com)
  • An example is the conversion of methane to chloroform using a chlorination reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the molecular mixture migrates through a fixed bed of porous semi-solid material called a sieve (or matrix), the components with the highest molecular weight (unable to enter the molecular pore) first leave the bed and then pass through successive smaller molecules. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • In most cases, synthetic fuels are liquid or gaseous fuels obtained from syngas - a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. (aenert.com)
  • formation of a combustible fuel-air mixture and in transporting oxygen into inflamed regions to complete combustion. (datapdf.com)
  • In addition to the methods mentioned above, there are other methods for the production of synthetic fuels, in particular the direct coal liquefaction by hydrogenation, i.e. heating coal in the presence of hydrogen. (aenert.com)
  • The 3A molecular sieve does not adsorb molecules with diameters larger than 3 A. These molecular sieves are characterized by fast adsorption speed, frequent regeneration, good anti-breakage, and good anti-pollution. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • At the opposite extreme from methane lie the heavy tars that remain as the lowest fraction in a crude oil refining retort. (wikipedia.org)
  • Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. (lumenlearning.com)
  • Crude oil is processed in several stages to form desired hydrocarbons, used as fuel and in other products. (wikipedia.org)
  • Combustion of hydrocarbons is the main source of the world's energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most fuels used by humans undergo combustion, a redox reaction in which a combustible substance releases energy after it ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless, odorless, and slightly acidic liquid used mainly as an oxidant in chemical synthesis, and this chemical is used in a wide range of products including cleaning, personnel care, semiconductor industry, printed circuit boards etching, and others. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
  • and standard pressure, methane is a colorless, odorless gas. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • During the act of stinging, formic acid and hydrocarbons are discharged simultaneously from these glands in fine droplets. (gerli.com)
  • Her research interests include the advanced materials processing of ideal electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage system applications such as supercapacitor, water splitting process, direct methanol fuel cells, and hydrogen generation. (rsc.org)
  • For example, methane monooxidase (MMO) in methanotrophic bacteria oxidizes methane into methanol under ambient conditions. (rsc.org)
  • Their chemical composition varies widely, depending on the location and time of year. (usf.edu)
  • Hydrogen Peroxide when mixed with other chemicals acts as a disinfectant and can be used to clean hospitals and houses. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
  • The 3A molecular sieve is used to remove water from ethanol, which can then be used directly as a biofuel or indirectly to produce a variety of products, such as chemicals, food, medicines, and so on. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • This book majorly deals with the molecular formula, raw materials, properties, laboratory testing, manufacturing process explained with flow diagrams and uses of the chemicals. (entrepreneurindia.co)
  • The major contents of the book are iodine from oil well brines, lactic acid from corn sugar, modern production of chlorine and caustic soda, organic chemicals, chemicals derived from methane and so on. (niir.org)
  • In the second part of the paper, these experimental results are compared with a 1D multistage model using n-heptane as a surrogate molecule for diesel fuel. (datapdf.com)
  • However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. (lumenlearning.com)
  • We briefly cover the history of some important diagnostics including recently-developed diode laser sensors for a variety of parameters including: water vapor concentration, singlet oxygen yield, small signal gain, and translational temperature. (spie.org)
  • We also discuss new developments and extensions of prior capabilities including: an ultra-sensitive diagnostic for I 2 dissociation, a new monitor for singlet oxygen yield, and a novel diode laser-based imaging system for simultaneous, multipoint spatial distributions of species concentration and temperature. (spie.org)
  • Environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity can affect the composition of higher plant leaf hydrocarbon wax. (gerli.com)
  • Wet air oxidation was performed at elevated pressure and temperature using experimental design methodology with a 70% oxygen excess for 6 h in a stirred batch reactor. (m2p2.fr)
  • The chemical oxygen demand and the total organic carbon removals increased with the increase of temperature (from 200 °C to 300 °C) and no effect of the pressure was observed within the range 18-21 MPa. (m2p2.fr)
  • To reduce fossil fuel consumption for heat and cold generation, different low temperature heat sources have been considered. (m2p2.fr)
  • The adhesion of gas molecules, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. (usf.edu)
  • Oxygen atom functionalization has played an indispensable role in industrial applications and biological processes. (rsc.org)
  • Pertaining to organisms or processes that occur only in the presence of oxygen. (usf.edu)
  • Pertaining to organisms or processes that occur in, or are not destroyed by, the absence of oxygen. (usf.edu)
  • Today, the use of membrane reactors for hydrogen production is becoming more and more a reality with various pilot installations all over the world and increasing literature studies focused not only on the development of mechanically and chemically stable membranes with high permselectivity, but also on integrated processes able to maximize the productivity and reduce the equipment size and energy consumption. (rsc.org)
  • The scope of this chapter highlights the main findings on membrane reactors used in hydrogen production from reforming processes. (rsc.org)
  • Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural isomers. (wikipedia.org)
  • A chemical formula or molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Today, the idea of ​​using surplus local hydrocarbons of one type to produce synthetic fuels of another type still exists, but increasingly it is driven by market levers and environmental regulations. (aenert.com)
  • In the laboratory, molecular sieves are used to dry solvents. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • The COIL laboratory with a small chemical oxygen-iodine laser facility participates in the worldwide effort to develop a competitive quasi-steady laser device for industrial and military applications. (spie.org)
  • We explored the metagenomic, metabolomic and trace metal makeup of intestinal microbiota and environment in healthy male participants during the run-in (5 day) and the following three 21-day interventions: normoxic bedrest (NBR), hypoxic bedrest (HBR) and hypoxic ambulation (HAmb) which were carried out within a controlled laboratory environment (circadian rhythm, fluid and dietary intakes, microbial bioburden, oxygen level, exercise). (frontiersin.org)
  • 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent dioxin compound and has been shown to induce toxic effects in developing organisms by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand activated transcription factor targeted by multiple persistent organic pollutants. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since syngas contains the main components of any organic matter - hydrogen, oxygen and carbon (the latter in the form of carbon monoxide), it is potentially possible to form long organic molecules with a high molecular weight, which are the material basis of hydrocarbon fuel. (aenert.com)
  • Historically, this feasibility was determined by the need of individual countries (Germany, South Africa) for liquid hydrocarbon fuel. (aenert.com)
  • Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. (hindawi.com)
  • Increasing environmental and policy concerns and measures have generated increasing interest in the use of biomass resources as renewable feedstock for electricity generation, fuel production, chemical processing, and hydrogen production [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, in effect the tests involved fuel replacement by hydrogen rather than hydrogen addition. (datapdf.com)
  • The concentration of methane in the Earth's atmosphere in 1998, expressed as a mole fraction , was 1745 nmol/mol (parts per billion, ppb), up from 700 nmol/mol in 1750. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • The roles of hydrocarbons in the recognition systems of insects has been reviewed ( Singer TL, Amer Zool 1998, 38, 394 ). (gerli.com)
  • Laser pyrolysis exploits a laser beam to provide the energy necessary for the pyrolysis reaction of a solid, liquid, or gaseous reagent inside a reactor in which there is a controlled and oxygen-free atmosphere. (springer.com)
  • The progress of electrochemical methods toward oxygen functionalization is presented by an in-depth discussion of different types of electrically driven-chemical organic synthesis, with particular attention to recently developed electrochemical systems and catalyst designs. (rsc.org)
  • For example, epoxides are versatile chemical intermediates that have been mainly produced from the oxygen functionalization of olefin substrates. (rsc.org)
  • Synthetic graphite is a material consisting of graphitic carbon which has been obtained by graphitizing of non-graphitic carbon, by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) from hydrocarbons at temperatures above 2500 K, by decomposition of thermally unstable carbides or by crystallizing from metal melts supersaturated with carbon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wet air oxidation could achieve up to 99% removals for chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon for the seasonality of October. (m2p2.fr)
  • Recent basic and clinical research has revealed that hydrogen is an important physiological regulatory factor with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic protective effects on cells and organs. (researchgate.net)
  • The physiological effects of aging differ widely among individuals. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • With the progressive addition of carbon units, the simple non-ring structured hydrocarbons have higher viscosities, lubricating indices, boiling points, solidification temperatures, and deeper color. (wikipedia.org)
  • 625 As given in the example of 3-methylhexane and its higher homologues, branched hydrocarbons can be chiral. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrocarbons are found at the outer surface in higher plant leaves. (gerli.com)
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons, which have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methane is a tetrahedral molecule with four equivalent C-H bonds. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • In contrast, the robust metal oxygen bonds of non-reducible oxides are used to create three-dimensional (3D) architectures, such as in zeolites and mesoporous materials. (nature.com)
  • Despite no observable changes in phenotypic traits (e.g., biomass and length of aboveground), the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were promoted under stresses of the tested POPs, particularly 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). (bvsalud.org)
  • Under the term zeolite, molecular sieves are used in a wide range of catalytic applications. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • This review presents the recent progress of oxygen functionalization reactions based on non-electrochemical (conventional organic synthesis) and electrochemical methods. (rsc.org)
  • Active oxides, such as those of molybdenum, tungsten or rhenium, can react with unsaturated hydrocarbons in situ to generate surface alkylidene (M = CR 2 ) sites for olefin metathesis 1 . (nature.com)
  • Due to the formation of azeotropes with a concentration of about 95.6% (by weight), ordinary distillation cannot remove all water (unwanted byproducts in ethanol production) from the ethanol process stream, so molecular sieve beads are used to separate ethanol and water at the molecular level by the following method: Adsorbed water into the beads to allow ethanol to pass freely. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • Thermal energy counts for a large part of the total energy consumption. (m2p2.fr)
  • Fahrenheit has widely been replaced by Celsius in most countries and for most applications. (thepriceisrighthvac.com)
  • One or more of the hydrogen atoms can be replaced with other atoms, for example chlorine or another halogen: this is called a substitution reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • 623 The most general form of saturated hydrocarbons, (whether linear or branched species, and whether with without one or more rings) is CnH2n+2(1-r), where r is the number of rings. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cuticular hydrocarbons have proved to be useful for identifying insect species and differentiating populations. (gerli.com)
  • [13] They are one of about 12 known types of minerals that predate the Solar System and have also been detected in molecular clouds . (wikipedia.org)
  • Global consumption of benzene in 2021 is estimated at more than 58 million metric tons, which will increase to 60 million tons in 2022. (wikipedia.org)
  • E939 (Helium) is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe (hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant). (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Therapeutic hydrogen has been applied by different delivery methods including straightforward inhalation, drinking hydrogen dissolved in water and injection with hydrogen-saturated saline. (researchgate.net)
  • In 2004 EnCana drilled 90 oil wells in the Suffield area using this technique and realized a 31,000 m3 reduction in water consumption. (scienceagogo.com)
  • Large amounts of algae can affect water quality by lowering the level of dissolved oxygen in the water. (usf.edu)
  • Molecular sieves are materials with holes of uniform size (very small holes). (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • These pores are similar in size to small molecules, so large molecules cannot enter or be adsorbed, while smaller molecules can. (balzacbrasserie.com)
  • More importantly, the small molecular properties of hydrogen enable it can rapidly reaches the alveoli, suggest a unique advantage for lung disease [18]. (researchgate.net)
  • or, in other words, the time during which any molecule is influenced by other molecules is infinitesimally small compared with the time during which it traverses its mean free path. (wikisource.org)