• To evaluate the Swarm screening system, we optimized a series of heterologous optogenetic spiking HEK293 cell assays for several voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes including Nav1.2, Nav1.5, and Nav1.7. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genetic etiology of PE is mutations on SCN9A , the encoding gene of a voltage-gated sodium channel subtype Nav1.7. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review mainly focuses on PE and the causative gene SCN9A -- its mutations and their effects on Nav1.7 channels' electrophysiological properties. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The causative gene for PE, SCN9A , encodes a voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) subtype Nav1.7. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also recapitulate utilization of current treatments and updates of novel Nav1.7-targeted agents, and propose an integrated perspective of a genotype-channelopathy-phenotype network underlying this intricate condition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PE is exclusively caused by mutations in SCN9A , the encoding gene of sodium channel subtype Nav1.7 and can be sub-classified into familial (inherited erythromelalgia) and sporadic forms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The voltage gated Na channels Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 were found to be selectively up-regulated in rat DRG neurons treated with GM-CSF, which resulted in enhanced excitability. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Finally, it seems appropriate to consider the "sodium channel syndrome" (mutations in the gene of the α subunit of the sodium channel, SCN5A gene) as a single clinical entity that may manifest in a wide range of phenotypes, to thus have a better insight on these cardiac syndromes and potential outcomes for their clinical treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • LQT2 is the second most common subtype of LQTS caused by loss of function mutations in the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2) gene. (bvsalud.org)
  • The concentration gradients are maintained by the sodium/potassium ATP pump (in an energy-dependent process) that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, because the nerve membrane is permeable to potassium ions and impermeable to sodium ions, 95% of the ionic leak in excitable cells is caused by K + ions in the form of an outward flux, accounting for the negative resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • The recently identified 2-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are believed to be responsible for leak K + currents. (medscape.com)
  • Once membrane depolarization is complete, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions again, and the conductance of potassium ions into the cell increases. (medscape.com)
  • The process restores the excess of intracellular potassium and extracellular sodium and reinstates the negative resting membrane potential. (medscape.com)
  • To address this challenge, we developed the Swarm TM , a custom designed optical instrument for highly parallelized, multicolor measurements in excitable cells, simultaneously recording changes in voltage and calcium activities at high temporal resolution under optical stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Once the potential reaches a threshold level of approximately -55 mV, a rapid influx of sodium ions ensues. (medscape.com)
  • Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)
  • PE plays a pivotal role in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying pain caused by neuron hyperexcitability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Optogenetic assays provide a flexible, scalable, and information rich approach to probe compound effects for ion channel drug targets in both heterologous expression systems and associated disease relevant cell types. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we showed that GM-CSF promotes bone cancer-associated pain by enhancing excitability of DRG neurons via the Jak2-Stat3-mediated upregulation of expression of nociceptor-specific voltage-gated sodium channels. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Late Sodium Current of the Heart: where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going? (unideb.hu)
  • From a physiological and pathophysiological point of view, the conformational states of the sodium channel during heart function constitute a significant aspect for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Functional states of the sodium channel (closed, open, and inactivated) and their structure help to understand the cardiac regulation processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, it seems appropriate to consider the "sodium channel syndrome" (mutations in the gene of the α subunit of the sodium channel, SCN5A gene) as a single clinical entity that may manifest in a wide range of phenotypes, to thus have a better insight on these cardiac syndromes and potential outcomes for their clinical treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lidocaine is widely used in patients with acute cardiac disorders and has also been recently implicated as a possible cause of pulmonary edema after liposuction. (silverchair.com)
  • Lidocaine decreased alveolar fluid clearance by 50%, an effect that may have major clinical implications in the care of patients with cardiac disease or during the perioperative period in some patients. (silverchair.com)
  • QX-314 induced immediate and long-lasting blockade of pain caused by MRSA infection, significantly more than lidocaine or ibuprofen, two widely used clinical analgesic treatments. (nature.com)
  • Local anesthetics have been undergoing development for centuries, and, as this article illustrates, research continues to provide surgeons with pharmacologic variety and to provide patients with anesthetic agents that have superior safety and efficacy profiles. (medscape.com)
  • Although the exact mechanism by which local anesthetics retard the influx of sodium ions into the cell is unknown, 2 theories have been proposed. (medscape.com)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the effect of lidocaine on alveolar fluid clearance, the primary mechanism responsible for the resolution of alveolar edema. (silverchair.com)
  • The entry of sodium ions causes the transmembrane electric potential to increase from the resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • From these mechanisms, we hypothesized that pores formed in neurons would allow entry of the membrane-impermeable sodium channel blocker QX-314 into nociceptors to silence pain during infection. (nature.com)
  • The recently identified 2-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are believed to be responsible for leak K+ currents. (medscape.com)
  • The concentration gradients are maintained by the sodium/potassium ATP pump (in an energy-dependent process) that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, sodium ions gradually enter the cell through the nerve cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Once membrane depolarization is complete, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions again, and the conductance of potassium ions into the cell increases. (medscape.com)
  • However, these studies did not study pain during live pathogen invasion, where dynamic host-microbe interactions are at play. (nature.com)
  • The process restores the excess of intracellular potassium and extracellular sodium and reinstates the negative resting membrane potential. (medscape.com)
  • Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)