Molecular gonads sex determination processes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. (mdpi.com)
Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)
The researchers have identified two genes dmrt1 and cyp21a2 on chromosomes 5 and 6 that are responsible in sex determination. (researchmatters.in)
Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Phylogeny-scale profiling of scallop sexual systems and sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Turnover and macroevolution of scallop sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Charlesworth, B. The evolution of sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Daish, T. & Grützner, F. Evolution and meiotic organization of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
In his experiments, Bridges studied Drosophila, the common fruit fly, and by doing so showed that a process called nondisjunction caused chromosomes, under some circumstances, to fail to separate when forming sperm and egg cells. (asu.edu)
As a result, important data about its genome organization and evolution were obtained, such as the lesser gene density of the large metacentric pair compared with the other metacentric chromosomes, which supports the theory of a sex proto-chromosome pair. (metasystems-international.com)
The Sex-determining Region Y ( Sry in mammals but SRY in humans) is a gene found on Y chromosomes that leads to the development of male phenotypes, such as testes. (asu.edu)
Studies by University of Kansas zoologist Clarence Erwin McClung in Lawrence, Kansas at the turn of the twentieth century helped researchers focus on the roles of chromosomes for sex determination. (asu.edu)
Although sex hormones play a key role in sex differences in susceptibility, severity, outcomes, and response to therapy of different diseases, sex chromosomes are also increasingly recognized as an important factor. (biomedcentral.com)
X-degenerate sequences are single copy and broadly expressed genes which were evolved from ancestral autosomes to generate sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)
Sex differentiation related genes such as SOX9 , FGF9 , DAX1 , WT1 , RSPO1 , and SOX10 , which are located on either autosomes or the X chromosome, may have a role in gonad development and function. (e-kjgm.org)
The histological process of gonadal differentiation, together with the endocrine changes of sex steroid hormones and some of their precursors, was studied in hatchery-produced greater amberjack Seriola dumerili from 101 until 408 days post-hatching (dph), with samplings conducted every 50 days. (springer.com)
Histological processing showed that sex differentiation began at 101 dph with the formation of the ovarian cavity in females, while the presumptive males did not yet contain any germ cells in their gonad. (springer.com)
Sex differentiation in almost all sampled individuals was complete at 408 dph. (springer.com)
No size dimorphism was observed between the sexes, and the sex ratio was 1:1, suggesting that there was no influence of early rearing in captivity on sex differentiation. (springer.com)
Plasma concentrations of adrenosterone (Ad), androstenedione (Δ4), 11-ketotestosterone (11ΚΤ), testosterone (Τ), estradiol (Ε 2 ), progesterone (P4) and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP) were measured in males and females with the use of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to examine their role in the sex differentiation process. (springer.com)
Variations were observed in the mean values of Ad, Δ4, 11-KT, T, P4 and 17,20βP over time in one or both sexes, indicating their involvement in the sex differentiation process. (springer.com)
Banh QQ, Domingos JA, Zenger KR, Jerry DR (2017) Morphological changes and regulation of the genes dmrt1 and cyp11b during the sex differentiation of barramundi ( Lates calcarifer Bloch). (springer.com)
Baroiller J-F, Guiguen Y, Fostier A (1999) Endocrine and environmental aspects of sex differentiation in fish. (springer.com)
Bertho S et al (2018) The unusual rainbow trout sex determination gene hijacked the canonical vertebrate gonadal differentiation pathway. (springer.com)
Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)
An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
This suggests a link between male-biased germline expression and sex differentiation in the sea lamprey. (nature.com)
For the first time, our research now suggests that the germline-specific region of the genome-the part jettisoned from somatic cells-holds the key to sea lamprey sex differentiation, and we propose a mechanism for how environmental and genetic factors might work together to control lamprey gonadal development. (nature.com)
SOX9 has a role in sex determination and differentiation of Sertoli cells. (thermofisher.com)
The regulatory mechanisms that govern sex differentiation in sturgeon are still poorly understood. (researchsquare.com)
The doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor (Dmrt) gene family is known for its extensive roles in sex determination and differentiation across vertebrates. (researchsquare.com)
This study provides a genetic resource of full-length Dmrt family genes and increases the understanding of Dmrt functions in sex differentiation in sturgeon. (researchsquare.com)
The aquaculture water temperature does not affect the sex ratio (i.e., the sex differentiation of sturgeon shows no relationship with the breeding environment). (researchsquare.com)
2021 ) while the Sterlet ( Acipenser ruthenus ) genome has provided insight into the mechanisms of segmental redipoidization (Du and Stöck, 2020 ), the regulatory mechanisms of sex differentiation in sturgeon are still poorly understood (Wei Wang et al. (researchsquare.com)
[ 1 ] Differentiation of the primitive gonad into testis is controlled by a multitude of genes, beginning with the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY), which is believed to represent the testis-determining factor. (medscape.com)
Gonads are the principal reproductive organs that are involved in sexual differentiation wherein they are involved in the production of sex hormones and gametes. (peerj.com)

Prior to sex determination, males and females have differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to muscle development. (wikipedia.org)
Following sex determination, females have upregulated female-specific genes, figla and foxl2, and downregulation of the male-specific genes, dmrt1 and amh, under both ambient and high-temperature conditions. (wikipedia.org)
The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)
We identify temporal expression changes of individual genes across species and conserved expression programs controlling ancestral spermatogenic processes. (bvsalud.org)
The zebrafish genome contains two ambra1 paralogous genes ( a and b ), both involved in development and expressed at high levels in the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, in agreement with the high expression of these genes in the testis and ovary, we found significant impairment of the reproductive process and pathological alterations, including tumors, mainly limited to the gonads. (biomedcentral.com)
To identify the clinical characteristics of SRY -negative male patients and genes related to male sex reversal, we performed a retrospective study using cases of 46,XX testicular disorders of sex development with a review of the literature. (e-kjgm.org)
Genes on autosomes and the X chromosome that may have a role in sex determination were deduced through a literature review. (e-kjgm.org)
These genes, through differences in gene dosage variation, may have a role in sex reversal in the absence of SRY . (e-kjgm.org)
These genes were studied in XX testicular/ovotesticular disorders of sex development (DSDs) in the absence of the SRY gene. (e-kjgm.org)
Anastasiadi D, Vandeputte M, Sánchez-Baizán N, Allal F, Piferrer F (2018) Dynamic epimarks in sex-related genes predict gonad phenotype in the European sea bass, a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination. (springer.com)
In addition, there is another way of sex determination where multiple genes in the embryo orchestrate together to decide the sex. (researchmatters.in)
Apart from these factors, several genes have been identified as influencing sex determination in zebrafish. (researchmatters.in)
This could be an example of sex determination where multiple genes play a role. (researchmatters.in)
From studies in the past, two genes have been known to be always involved in sex determination in all vertebrates - dmrt1 and sox9. (researchmatters.in)
Evolution has not allowed many changes in these genes over time in many animals - perhaps due to the important function they perform in determining sex. (researchmatters.in)
These two genes are differently expressed in the gonads of zebrafish, indicating that they may be involved in sex determination in zebra fish too. (researchmatters.in)
Multiple genes, primordial germs cells temperature - all of these influence the sex ratio. (researchmatters.in)
RNA-sequencing of sea lamprey gonads at different life-history stage identifies germline-specific genes which are highly expressed in males during spermatogenesis. (nature.com)
Earlier in her career, Dr. Good worked on molecular population and evolutionary genetics of both animals and plants, but since 2016 has been collaborating with Dr. Docker to study the genes underlying gonadogenesis in lampreys using transcriptomic and comparative approaches. (nature.com)
Information of genes working in various tissues at various growth stages is extremely useful for molecular functional study in biology. (biomedcentral.com)
Y chromosome harbors male‑specific genes, which either solely or in cooperation with their X-counterpart, and independent or in conjunction with sex hormones have a considerable impact on basic physiology and disease mechanisms in most or all tissues development. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, loss of Y chromosome and/or aberrant expression of Y chromosome genes cause sex differences in disease mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of MSY genes in important cellular processes such as transcription regulation, translation, and protein stability in males is vital not only in sex determination but also in sex-dependent organ development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, it remains unclear whether in the US population circulating concentrations of sex steroid hormones vary by race/ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
From the seven hormones, the only one that exhibited differences between the sexes was 11-KT and the plasma 11-KT concentration was found to be a useful indication of greater amberjack sex. (springer.com)
Aoki R, Chuda H, Washio Y, Masuma S, Kato K (2019) Sex discrimination of cultured greater amberjack Seriola dumerili using steroid hormones. (springer.com)
2009). These effects include changes in the concentration and ratios of sex steroid hormones (Landry et al. (researchgate.net)
In order to understand this process in zebrafish, Dr. Nagabhushana and Prof. Rakesh K Mishra from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, have reviewed several studies related to sex determination and found that factors like nutrition, oxygen deficiency, temperature, density and exposure to hormones are all involved in deciding the sex. (researchmatters.in)
Physiology of gut carbonate production by marine fish - roles of hypoxia and sex hormones. (exeter.ac.uk)

However, tongue soles have created issues for farmers due to their pathogen susceptibility and uneven sex ratio. (wikipedia.org)
In both the wild and in aquaculture, the sex ratio of Cynoglossus semilaevis is male-skewed due to a number of the females becoming pseudomales. (wikipedia.org)
The offspring of pseudomales have a significantly lower growth rate than the offspring of males, and are more likely to become pseudomales themselves, further skewing the sex ratio. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the lack of morphological differences between ambra1a −/− and ambra1b −/− fish lines, ambra1b homozygous mutants develop exclusively as males following the achievement of sexual maturity, whereas heterozygous adult ambra1b +/− and ambra1a mutants do not display sex ratio alterations [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
this reduction may be due to an increase in testosterone levels and testosterone to estradiol ratio, which will affect gonad maturation (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)

Gene expression in the gonads of males and females are different before sex determination, after sex determination, and after exposure to higher temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
Pseudomale gonads have more similar gene expression patterns to males than females. (wikipedia.org)
Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene SRY . (plos.org)
In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)
The critical gene for male sex determination, SRY (sex-determining region Y), which is located on chromosome Yp11.3, initiates gonads to differentiate into testes, induces Leydig cells to secrete testosterone, develops Wolffian ducts, and forms male external genitalia. (e-kjgm.org)
46,XX male sex reversal (also known as testicular DSD) is reported in 1:20,000 to 1:25,000 of newborn males [ 1 ], and is categorized using clinical phenotypes or molecular genetic analysis depending on the presence or absence of the SRY gene. (e-kjgm.org)
In this review, we highlighted some of the main gene networks and regulatory mechanisms involved in the plasticity of sex-determining pathways that help to establish a functional ovary that can nurture the follicles to generate a good ovarian reserve, both in quantity and quality. (lidsen.com)
The gene cyp19a1 is seen in the gonads of all fishes. (researchmatters.in)
With this mechanism, temperature can alter the amount of methylation on the gene that could lead to sex determination. (researchmatters.in)
In his experiments, Sturtevant determined the relative positions of six genetic factors on a fly's chromosome by creating a process called gene mapping. (asu.edu)
SOX9 belongs to the SOX gene family expressed in several organisms and involved in numerous physiological processes such as sex determination and development gonad [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
The workflow proposed can potentially enable all basic molecular biology laboratories to perform detailed targeted gene sequencing analysis in AML patients, in order to define the prognosis and the treatment. (mdpi.com)
A full-length gonad transcriptome database was exploited to identify Dmrt gene orthologs. (researchsquare.com)
The Sry gene, located on the short branch of the Y chromosome, initiates male embryonic development in the XY sex determination system. (asu.edu)
These techniques enabled researchers to describe the mechanisms that underlie developmental pathways, including the role of SRY gene in sex determination. (asu.edu)
The gene, designated the Sex-determining region Y, provided a candidate for expression of the TDF. (asu.edu)
Robin Lovell-Badge and her team at the National Institute for Medical Research later confirmed Sry gene's role in sex determination in an experiment where researchers injected Sry gene sequences into chromosomally female (XX) mice embryos during early embryonic development, and the embryos developed into males. (asu.edu)

Males with a larger thorax and narrower face were found to be favoured by directional sexual selection in a previous field cage experiment where Ceratitis capitata males from the Seib 6-96 genetic sexing strain competed with wild males from Alto Valle (Patagonia) for the possession of wild females. (lookformedical.com)
In mammals, the genotype first determines the sex in the genetic sex phase. (lidsen.com)
Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development, which was previously termed "intersex," describes disorders in which there is a discrepancy between a person's phenotype, genetic material, and gonads. (medscape.com)
It seems that sex in zebrafish is determined by a number of factors, genetic, environmental or both, working together. (researchmatters.in)
A valid method for introducing molecular studies into insects without a genetic background is construction of an EST database. (biomedcentral.com)
Based upon her research on sex determination in insect species, Stevens concluded that the Y chromosome carries the genetic material that leads to male development. (asu.edu)
Validation of the SEX of an individual by inspection of the GONADS and/or by genetic tests. (bvsalud.org)

We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
Depending on the species, DAZL is expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and/or pre-meiotic and meiotic germ cells of both sexes. (ijbs.com)
The role of DNA methylation on sexual determination and development in zebrafish germ cells. (exeter.ac.uk)

Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans. (plos.org)
In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
The testis produces gametes through spermatogenesis and evolves rapidly at both the morphological and molecular level in mammals1-6, probably owing to the evolutionary pressure on males to be reproductively successful7. (bvsalud.org)
Our study illuminates the molecular evolution of spermatogenesis and associated selective forces, and provides a resource for investigating the biology of the testis across mammals. (bvsalud.org)
In both species, we define the somatic cell states present at the time of sex specification, including the bipotent early supporting population that, in males, upregulates the testis-determining factor SRY and sPAX8s, a gonadal lineage located at the gonadal-mesonephric interface. (bvsalud.org)
The gonads present may be bilateral ovotestes, or they may be a combination of a unilateral ovary or testis with an ovotestis on the contralateral side. (medscape.com)
The current understanding points to an unidentified mysterious signal from the oocytes which acts on a bi-potential gonad capable of developing either into a testis or into an ovary, based on the type of the signal. (researchmatters.in)
If the newborn has OT-DSD, the palpated gonad is most likely an ovotestis or testis and usually is located on the right side. (medscape.com)
The gonads may be ovotestis, or they may be a combination of an ovary on one side and a testis or ovotestis on the other. (medscape.com)

Females with a thymine at this site can undergo sex reversal, but females with an adenine cannot. (wikipedia.org)
On the C57BL/6J background, embryos homozygous for byg exhibit consistent XY gonadal sex reversal. (plos.org)
Finally, we provide evidence that haploinsufficiency for Map3k4 accounts for T-associated sex reversal ( Tas ). (plos.org)
We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)

Gonadal development is a complex process that involves sex determination followed by divergent maturation into either testes or ovaries1. (bvsalud.org)
SOX9 is involved in the formation of testes from the indifferent fetal gonads. (thermofisher.com)
The demonstration by researchers that castrated rabbit embryos of both sexes developed as females proved that testes are required for development of the male phenotype in mammals. (medscape.com)

Expression analysis of mutant XY gonads at the same stage also reveals a dramatic reduction in Sox9 and, crucially, Sry at the transcript and protein levels. (plos.org)
Additionally, SIRT1 can regulate the acetylation of sex determining region Y- (SRY-) box 9 (SOX9) through nuclear translocation [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)
In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian sex determination and on understanding mutual cross-talks between central molecules in sex development which might impact fertility later in adult life. (lidsen.com)

There are plenty of examples of other animals such as crocodiles and turtles, where temperature determines the sex of an embryo. (researchmatters.in)

The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed. (lookformedical.com)
In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Y chromosome-related diseases can have a significant impact on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Investigating the potential molecular mechanisms associated with white spot virus resistance in Carcinus maenas. (exeter.ac.uk)

Global climate is warming rapidly, threatening vertebrates with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) by disrupting sex ratios and other traits. (nsf.gov)

This dissertation describes research to elucidate the early steps in the process of synapse formation in the zebrafish spinal cord. (uoregon.edu)
However, in the case of organisms like zebrafish -- a widely used 'model organism' for many experiments that has zebra-like stripes, the process of determining whether an embryo develops into a male or a female is not quite obvious. (researchmatters.in)
They predict that the chromosome 4 may be still evolving as a sex chromosome in zebrafish, akin to the X and Y chromosome in humans. (researchmatters.in)
Identifying the molecular basis of sexual dominance in male zebrafish. (exeter.ac.uk)

Sexual reproduction depends upon functional gonads and reproductive ducts. (uoregon.edu)
To highlight some adverse reproductive outcomes associated with perturbations at the molecular and cellular levels in human folliculogenesis, two examples, i.e. (lidsen.com)
Furthermore, in many fish species, low DO levels result in changes to energy allocation, leading to endocrine dis-ruption and the impairment of male reproductive processes (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)
If trade-offs exist between somatic growth and reproduction for this species, a reduction in the physiological condition of swamp fish should be accompanied by reduced development of reproductive tissue (gonad mass), as found in other fish (Wu et al. (researchgate.net)

Although this level of plasticity is still found in the fully differentiated gonads, errors like mutations or epigenetic modifications impact ovarian development and, later, folliculogenesis, resulting in infertility. (lidsen.com)
Epigenetic processes are increasingly recognized as key integrators of environmental conditions into developmentally plastic responses, and attendant epigenomic data sets hold potential for revealing cryptic phenotypes relevant to conservation efforts. (nsf.gov)

Cynoglossus semilaevis have a female heterogametic sex-determination system, with females being ZW and males being ZZ. (wikipedia.org)
When exposed to higher temperatures, males, females, and pseudomales have hundreds of DEGs in common that are mainly involved in biological processes and molecular functions. (wikipedia.org)
These processes for sex determination do not occur in females in the absence of SRY . (e-kjgm.org)
Because sea lamprey sex ratios shifted from ~75% male to ~75% female following initiation of sea lamprey control, environmental sex determination (which has been observed in some fishes and many reptiles) was suggested previously, and a systematic and exhaustive analysis of the sea lamprey somatic genome, led by Dr. Phil Grayson (second author on this paper), found no evidence of genomic differences between males and females (Grayson et al. (nature.com)

However, the molecular evolution of individual spermatogenic cell types across mammals remains largely uncharacterized. (bvsalud.org)

Further work identified transcriptomal differences between X- and Y-bearing spermatids and uncovered that meiotic sex-chromosome inactivation (MSCI) also occurs in monotremes and hence is common to mammalian sex-chromosome systems. (bvsalud.org)
Nevertheless, it negatively affects the ontogenesis of male gonads and brain areas homologous to the mammalian hippocampus, as well as body size and fitness. (frontiersin.org)
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), as the pathological process of the invasion of abnormal blood vessels into the subretinal space of the mammalian eye, is known as a feature of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

But how exactly do these factors play out in determining the sex of an unborn embryo? (researchmatters.in)
Stevens's work identified the Y chromosome as a heritable structure that somehow caused sex determination in the embryo. (asu.edu)

Testosterone promotes the development of the secondary sex characteristics in men and serves to maintain the function of the prostate and seminal vesicles. (cdc.gov)
Their action is crucial for the development of the brain, which presents different characteristics depending on the sex of individuals. (mdpi.com)
In this review, we explore the role of biological sex in the development of the brain and analyze its impact on the predisposition toward and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. (mdpi.com)
SRY -negative cases of 46,XX testicular disorders of sex development referred for cytogenetic analysis from 1983 to 2013 were examined using clinical findings, seminal analyses, basal hormone profiles, conventional cytogenetic analysis and polymerase chain reaction. (e-kjgm.org)
Chromosome analysis of cultured peripheral blood cells of 8,386 individuals found 19 cases (0.23%) with 46,XX testicular disorders of sex development. (e-kjgm.org)
We report three rare cases of SRY -negative 46,XX testicular disorders of sex development. (e-kjgm.org)
Synaptogenesis is a vital process for the development of higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory. (uoregon.edu)
The sex chromosome combination, particularly the presence of a Y chromosome, triggers a male pattern of development while its absence promotes female development. (lidsen.com)
it could also cause longer gonad development rate and consequently result in asynchronous breeding seasons between hypoxic and normoxic populations (Friesen et al. (researchgate.net)
Such gonads are found exclusively in people with ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD), formerly known as true hermaphroditism. (medscape.com)
Courtesy of Cureus [De Jesus Escano MR, Mejia Sang ME, Reyes-Mugica M, Colaco M, Fox J. Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development: Approach and Management of an Index Case in the Dominican Republic. (medscape.com)
Online at https://www.cureus.com/articles/70052-ovotesticular-disorder-of-sex-development-approach-and-management-of-an-index-case-in-the-dominican-republic]. (medscape.com)
Internal duct development usually corresponds to the adjacent gonad. (medscape.com)
In our recent paper in Nature Communications Biology, we describe a detailed transcriptomic analysis of sex and stage specific changes in sea lamprey gonad development that provides insights into the long-standing mystery of sex determination in lampreys. (nature.com)
An unusual feature of lamprey development is the very long period during which the single elongated gonad remains undifferentiated. (nature.com)
In humans the first step in the development of an organism's sex is the inheritance of an X chromosome from the mother, and either an X or Y chromosome from the father. (asu.edu)

2019). When and how the future sex of the lamprey gonad is determined has been a deep-rooted mystery for lamprey researchers. (nature.com)

2022). Possible stochastic sex determination in Bursaphelenchus nematodes. (caltech.edu)

We then describe the evolution of genomic organisation across lineages, how this process has been shaped by interactions with the nuclear genome and population genetics dynamics. (nature.com)

This change occurs due to a combination of genotypic sex determination and temperature-dependent sex determination. (wikipedia.org)
Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) decides the sex fate of an individual based on incubation temperature. (nsf.gov)
Here, we demonstrate the utility of genome‐wide DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns in the face of climate change for a group of especially vulnerable species, those with temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). (nsf.gov)

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? (nationalacademies.org)

Fig. 6: Evolutionary model for homomorphy maintenance and heteromorphy transition of sex chromosome. (nature.com)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)

The determination of testosterone in women is helpful in the diagnosis of androgenic syndrome (AGS), polycystic ovaries (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) and when an ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, adrenal hyperplasia or ovarian insufficiency is suspected. (cdc.gov)
Ovotestis refers to the histology of a gonad that contains both ovarian follicles and testicular tubular elements. (medscape.com)
A diagnosis of OT-DSD is based solely on the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the gonad and not on the characteristics of the internal and external genitalia, even if ambiguous. (medscape.com)

Tetrodotoxin is an extremely potent poison (toxin) found mainly in the liver and sex organs (gonads) of some fish, such as puffer fish, globefish, and toadfish (order Tetraodontiformes) and in some amphibian, octopus, and shellfish species. (cdc.gov)

Sry-related high-mobility group box (SOX) proteins make up a large family of transcription factors that share a homologous high-mobility group (HMG) DNA-binding domain and are key regulators of many developmental and tissue-specific processes. (biomedcentral.com)

The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm). (wikidoc.org)

Remarkably, according to a spatiotemporal expression pattern analysis, DmrtA1 and DmrtA2 were predominantly distributed in undifferentiated gonads (UGs) and developing ovaries, whereas DmrtB1b showed the lowest expression in UGs. (researchsquare.com)

Müllerian duct structures typically develop on the gonad side(s) not containing testicular tissue. (medscape.com)
Wolffian duct structures tend to be observed on the gonad side(s) containing functioning testicular tissue. (medscape.com)

Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
Biochemical factors like enzymes also play a role in sex determination, say the researchers. (researchmatters.in)
This observation highlights the important, and yet not clearly understood role, played by PGCs in sex determination. (researchmatters.in)

AMBRA1 is an intrinsically disordered protein, working as a scaffold molecule to coordinate, by protein-protein interaction, many cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter essential to cellular immunity against viral infection. (janelia.org)
The ultrastructural study of the cellular modifications (during the life cycle reversion of T. nutricula) showed the presence of both degenerative and apoptotic processes. (researchgate.net)

Fig. 5: Divergence of sex chromosome and rSBG duplication across animal groups. (nature.com)
Finally, we discuss how both nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes have evolved to co-inhabit the same host cell via one of the longest symbiotic processes, and all the opportunities for intergenomic conflict that arise due to divergence in inheritance patterns. (nature.com)

Because some studies have emphasized that most of these patients have a male sex identity despite reconstruction as female, male sex assignment has been recommended as a prudent decision. (medscape.com)
Most people with OT-DSD are given a male sex assignment at birth but develop breasts at puberty or later. (medscape.com)
In the current study, we sequenced two small non-coding RNA libraries made from the gonads of adult male and female budgerigars using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. (peerj.com)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) clinical settings cannot do without molecular testing to confirm or rule out predictive biomarkers for prognostic stratification, in order to initiate or withhold targeted therapy. (mdpi.com)
One important clinical finding that may be present is a palpable gonad in one of the labioscrotal folds. (medscape.com)

To address this, concentrations of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol were measured in stored serum specimens from men examined in the morning sample of the first phase of NHANES III (1988-1994). (cdc.gov)

Analyses of phylogenetic relationships and selection pressure were performed, and tissue expression profiles and spatiotemporal expression patterns in gonads were then analyzed using real-time PCR. (researchsquare.com)

Gonads were found frequently on the right side of the labioscrotal folds. (medscape.com)

Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)

The larva undergoes transformation into the adult by the process of metamorphosis. (biologydiscussion.com)
The significant presence of degenerative and apoptotic processes could be related to the occurrence of a sort of metamorphosis when an adult medusa transforms itself into a polyp. (researchgate.net)

Anatomy10

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs18

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes27

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities2

Information Science3

Health Care3

Chromosomes21

Differentiation23

Genes25

Hormones6

Ratio5

Gene18

Genetic7

Germ cells3

Testis10

Reversal4

Testes3

SOX92

Molecules in sex2

Determines the sex1

Mechanisms4

Vertebrates1

Zebrafish4

Reproductive4

Epigenetic2

Females4

Mammals1

Mammalian3

Embryo2

Development16

20191

20221

Genetics1

Temperature3

Biological1

Evolutionary1

Biology1

Ovarian3

Species1

Developmental1

Oocytes1

Ovaries1

Testicular2

Role3

Cellular3

Divergence2

Male3

Clinical2

Concentrations1

Tissue1

Found1

Regulation1

Adult2