• Enflurane is an extremely stable halogenated ether inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate. (pharmacycode.com)
  • Induction of and recovery from anesthesia with enflurane are rapid. (pharmacycode.com)
  • Patients with liver disease are at particularly high risk for morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period due to both the stress of surgery and the effects of general anesthesia . (medscape.com)
  • Malignant hyperthermia (MH) can develop after receiving general anesthesia. (your-doctor.net)
  • Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a hereditary, life-threatening, hypermetabolic acute disorder, developing during or after receiving general anesthesia. (your-doctor.net)
  • General anesthesia (GA) is the state produced when a patient receives medications for amnesia, analgesia, muscle paralysis, and sedation. (medscape.com)
  • General anesthesia uses intravenous and inhaled agents to allow adequate surgical access to the operative site. (medscape.com)
  • Anesthesia providers are responsible for assessing all factors that influence a patient's medical condition and selecting the optimal anesthetic technique accordingly. (medscape.com)
  • Mortality attributable to general anesthesia is said to occur at rates of less than 1:100,000. (medscape.com)
  • Activation of central dopaminergic pathways has been implicated in emergence from general anesthesia. (eneuro.org)
  • A better understanding is necessary for experimental studies of sensory processing, in particular regarding possible effects on the dynamic structure of excitatory and inhibitory receptive fields and to improve the knowledge of the mechanisms of anesthesia in general. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Either one or some combination of these molecular perturbations presumably contributes to the mixture of behavioral effects called general anesthesia. (silverchair.com)
  • It is usually used to maintain a state of general anesthesia that has been induced by another drug, such as thiopentone or propofol . (mdwiki.org)
  • Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include volatile anesthetic agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, as well as certain anesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide and xenon. (wikipedia.org)
  • The volatile anesthetics used in the developed world today include: Desflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane. (wikipedia.org)
  • ISOFLURANE is a widely used general anesthetic that is well suited for rapid induction and recovery because of its pharmacokinetic properties and relative level of safety. (silverchair.com)
  • The volatile anesthetic isoflurane differentially inhibits glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis by reducing presynaptic Ca 2+ influx without affecting the Ca 2+ -exocytosis relationship, but its effects on dopaminergic exocytosis are unclear. (eneuro.org)
  • Isoflurane, a widely used volatile anesthetic, inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels and differentially inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis depending on neurotransmitter phenotype. (eneuro.org)
  • These findings provide a synaptic mechanism for the observed role of reduced dopamine release in anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and implicate presynaptic Ca 2+ channels of dopaminergic neurons as important targets of isoflurane. (eneuro.org)
  • Volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane modulate synaptic and extrasynaptic neurotransmission through multiple postsynaptic targets, primarily by potentiating inhibitory GABA A receptors and depressing excitatory glutamatergic transmission via ionotropic glutamate receptors ( Rudolph and Antkowiak, 2004 ). (eneuro.org)
  • Isoflurane , sold under the trade name Forane among others, is a general anesthetic . (mdwiki.org)
  • Animal studies have raised safety concerns of certain general anesthetics, in particular ketamine and isoflurane, in young children. (mdwiki.org)
  • General anaesthesia with isoflurane reduces plasma endocannabinoid AEA concentrations, and this could be a consequence of stress reduction after loss of consciousness . (mdwiki.org)
  • Cardiac L-type calcium currents (ICa,L) are affected by volatile anesthetics, possibly contributing to their side effects. (asahq.org)
  • 1 As one major target of volatile anesthetics in the heart, the L-type Ca 2+ channel, responsible for the L-type Ca 2+ current (I Ca,L ), has been identified. (asahq.org)
  • 5 However, it should be kept in mind that Ca 2+ currents 6 and the solubility of volatile anesthetics in several biologic media are temperature dependent. (asahq.org)
  • Volatile anesthetics and/or succinylcholine cause a rise in the myoplasmic calcium concentration in susceptible patients, resulting in persistent muscle contraction. (your-doctor.net)
  • Volatile anesthetics affect neuronal signaling by poorly understood mechanisms. (eneuro.org)
  • C. elegans is immobilized by volatile anesthetics only at high concentrations and with an unusually slow time course. (silverchair.com)
  • Other volatile anesthetics were also tested for some behaviors. (silverchair.com)
  • Volatile anesthetics selectively disrupt C. elegans behavior. (silverchair.com)
  • VOLATILE anesthetics affect the function of multiple ligand and voltage-gated ion channels essential for proper metazoan nervous system function (reviewed in Franks and Lieb [1] and in Pocock and Richards [2] ). (silverchair.com)
  • Enflurane induces muscle relaxation and reduces pains sensitivity by altering tissue excitability. (pharmacycode.com)
  • 5 This biologic diversity of target proteins makes strict predictions of anesthetic sensitivity difficult, particularly across brain regions. (silverchair.com)
  • An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that is delivered via inhalation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other gases or vapors which produce general anaesthesia by inhalation include nitrous oxide, cyclopropane and xenon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Concentrations of anesthetics brought into solution by gassing at both temperatures were determined with gas chromatography. (asahq.org)
  • and inspired and exhaled concentrations of oxygen and applicable anesthetic agents. (medscape.com)
  • It looks like inhaled anesthetics act on multiple molecular targets. (wikipedia.org)
  • The affected nervous system molecules may express structural motifs similar to those on vertebrate anesthetic targets. (silverchair.com)
  • In the cardiovascular system, enflurane is a mild negative inotrope, causing a marked decrease in systemic vascular resistance, thus leading to a decrease in mean arterial pressure. (pharmacycode.com)
  • ANESTHETIC gases may interfere with cardiac ion channels. (asahq.org)
  • Preoperative evaluation allows for proper laboratory monitoring, attention to any new or ongoing medical conditions, discussion of any previous personal or familial adverse reactions to general anesthetics, assessment of functional cardiac and pulmonary states, and development of an effective and safe anesthetic plan. (medscape.com)
  • However, the solubility of anesthetic gases as well as ICa,L are markedly sensitive to the study temperature. (asahq.org)
  • They are administered through a face mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anesthetic vaporiser and an anesthetic delivery system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite their medical importance, the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics have not been fully elucidated. (eneuro.org)
  • The ideal volatile anaesthetic agent offers smooth and reliable induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia with minimal effects on non-target organ systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased solubility may explain the stronger effects of the anesthetics at lower temperatures. (asahq.org)
  • Like many anesthetics, etomidate is known to potentiate GABA(A) receptors, but little is known about the effects on sensory processing at the systems level. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The potency, time course, and recovery characteristics of halothane's effects on three behaviors are similar to its anesthetic properties in vertebrates. (silverchair.com)
  • Furthermore, without specific well-characterized behavioral antagonists, in vitro techniques are fundamentally incapable of making a causal connection between molecular and behavioral effects. (silverchair.com)
  • Used for the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia during surgery and cesarean section and also used for analgesia during vaginal delivery. (pharmacycode.com)
  • Its name comes from being a structural isomer of enflurane, hence they have the same empirical formula . (mdwiki.org)
  • The HES preparations differ from one another according to their concentration, molecular weight, and extent of hydroxy- ethylation or substitution, with resultant varying physiochemical properties. (your-doctor.net)
  • 4 General anesthetic agents primarily target γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptors and enhance inhibitory neurotransmission. (silverchair.com)
  • Enflurane principle action in the CNS is general anaesthesia with little analgesic effect. (pharmacycode.com)
  • In most circumstances, this means the availability of a properly serviced and maintained anesthetic gas delivery machine. (medscape.com)
  • Actions of anesthetics on ion channels are usually studied in vitro at room temperature. (asahq.org)
  • It is therefore critical to identify the anesthetic mechanisms relevant for both their on-target and off-target actions, with the ultimate goals of designing safer and more selective anesthetics and of using currently available anesthetics in a rational mechanism-based manner to maximize therapeutic ratio. (eneuro.org)
  • The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers many advantages as a model organism for studying volatile anesthetic actions. (silverchair.com)
  • HES solutions most often are described according to their weight -averaged mean molecular weight in kilodaltons (kDa): high molecular weight (450 kDa), middle molecular weight (200 kDa, 270 kDa), and low molecular weight (130 kDa, 70 kDa). (your-doctor.net)
  • Although all of these colloids are used in Europe, gelatins are not available in the United States, and the only HES preparations approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are the 6% high molecular weight ( 450 kDa) formulations. (your-doctor.net)
  • General anesthetics are essential medicines that induce a reversible state of amnesia, unconsciousness, and immobility in the face of intensely painful stimuli. (eneuro.org)
  • Beyond this, some equipment is needed to deliver the anesthetic agent. (medscape.com)
  • Similar to many general anesthetics, the exact mechanism of the action has not been clearly delineated. (mdwiki.org)
  • del Olmo et al compared 135 patients with cirrhosis with 86 patients without cirrhosis, all undergoing nonhepatic general surgery. (medscape.com)
  • The most efficient method is for the patient to be reviewed by the person responsible for giving the anesthetic well in advance of the surgery date. (medscape.com)