Mixture herbicides. Medical search. Frequent questions

To assess the integrated effect of planting pattern and low dose herbicide mixtures on weeds and growth, yield attributes and yields of cowpea, and to determine the economic feasibility of different weed management practices in cowpea, a field experiment was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center experimental sites at Jari and Sirinka in Northern Ethiopia during the 2014 main cropping season. (omicsonline.org)
Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds. (wikipedia.org)
HEAP, I. Global perspective of herbicide-resistant weeds. (ufla.br)
Australian farmers have long considered harvest-time weed seed control their "last chance" opportunity to battle herbicide-resistant weeds that survive in-crop treatments. (wssa.net)
Today genetically engineered, glyphosate-resistant crops are often singled out as a major contributor in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds. (wssa.net)
During field surveys for herbicide-resistant weeds, a biotype of Palmer amaranth was found in a population of red-pigmented plants that was void of the red pigment. (usda.gov)
Today, herbicides such as Roundup can kill the leaves and roots of a number of weeds. (teara.govt.nz)
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating pests such as insects, mice and small animals, weeds, and fungi ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
From: Deciphering the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. (weedscience.org)
None of the residual herbicides except products that contain chlorimuron (Canopy, Cloak) provide control of weeds that emerge in the spring. (no-tillfarmer.com)
This broad-spectrum mix can be weak on a few weeds, and dicamba has not been an especially effective cold-weather herbicide in our research. (no-tillfarmer.com)
These are biennial weeds and the low-growing first-year plants present at this time are much more susceptible to herbicides compared with taller plants next spring. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Take advantage of this opportunity to apply herbicide to field borders, roadsides, fencerows, etc for control of these weeds. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Study leaders Suzanne Fenton and Jason Stanko of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, part of the National Institutes of Health, say the doses of atrazine -- a herbicide used to control weeds and grasses in crops such as corn and sugar cane -- given to mother rats during the last five days of pregnancy are close to the regulated levels in drinking water sources. (upi.com)
Pasture/Hayfield Winter Weed Control By Andrew Sawyer - Wilcox County ANR Agent Feb 14, 2019 This is the time of the year we need to be applying post-emergent herbicides to our pastures and hayfields for winter weeds. (uga.edu)

Mixtures of Group 2 herbicides with the amino acid-inhibiting herbicides glyphosate (Group 9) and glufosinate (Group 10), however, can improve weed control and may delay herbicide resistance development. (bioone.org)
Foramsulfuron and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron were not effective as fall applications, and spring applications of these herbicides with glyphosate or glufosinate improved hair fescue suppression. (bioone.org)
Roundup is the brand name of a systemic, broad-spectrum glyphosate-based herbicide originally produced by Monsanto, which Bayer acquired in 2018. (wikipedia.org)
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides still represented about 10 percent of Monsanto's revenue despite competition from Chinese producers of other glyphosate-based herbicides. (wikipedia.org)
Independent scientific reviews and regulatory agencies have regularly concluded that glyphosate-based herbicides do not lead to a significant risk for human or environmental health when the product label is properly followed. (wikipedia.org)
Where skin irritation has been reported, it is unclear whether it is related to glyphosate or co-formulants in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations. (wikipedia.org)
Why does mixing glyphosate with other selective herbicides sometimes fail to control glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed plants? (wssa.net)
Palmer amaranth is an economically important and aggressive weed that has developed resistance to several herbicides, including glyphosate. (usda.gov)
In situations where waxy-leafed species (wax myrtle, yaupon, gallberry) comprise a significant portion of the targeted species mix, use a tricloypr product in lieu of glyphosate in the tank mixture. (msucares.com)
This call discussed how the EPA approves herbicides for use and why the process fails to protect public health, plus the latest science on widely used herbicides such as glyphosate and 2,4-D and efforts in Alaska to establish buffer zones and restore public participation. (healthandenvironment.org)
We suggest the addition of some glyphosate, metribuzin, or other herbicide to 2,4-D/dicamba treatments, especially for late fall applications in cold weather. (no-tillfarmer.com)
We suggest using a mixture of glyphosate plus 2,4-D and/or dicamba. (no-tillfarmer.com)
Developing herbicide programs that contain a herbicide other than glyphosate and ALS inhibitors could limit further selection of herbicide resistant giant ragweed in agronomic fields. (scirp.org)

Example for a MeSH descriptor: With the creation of the descriptor Renewable Energy under Energy-Generating Resources in the N category (Health Care) in 2012, the descriptor Biofuels now has one more hierarchical level, in addition to also belonging to the D category (Chemicals and Drugs) under Complex Mixtures. (bvsalud.org)

atrazine, alachlor and metolachlor each @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha, metribuzin @ 0.30 kg a.i./ha, pendimethalin @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha and their feasible mixtures were applied at half of the rate, weed free (2 hand weeding at 20 & 40 days after sowing) and weedy check. (ac.lk)
These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to atrazine, chlorsulfuron, and simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2). (weedscience.org)
Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine, cyanazine, lenacil, metamitron, prometon, simazine, terbuthylazine, and terbutryne and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. (weedscience.com)
The study, published online in Reproductive Toxicology, finds prostate inflammation went from 48 percent in the control group to 81 percent in the male offspring who were exposed to a mixture of atrazine and its breakdown products prenatally. (upi.com)

Types of pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Of the conventional pesticides used in the United States during 2007, approximately 61% were herbicides, 15% were fumigants, 11% were insecticides, 9% were fungicides, and 3% were other conventional pesticides ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
It expands when heated, and has been employed in many applications, such as loose-fill attic insulation, soil additive, and carrier for various chemicals, including herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizers [1]. (cdc.gov)

Inside US plumbing systems that support drinking, sanitation and hygiene is a glue-like mixture of fungi and bacteria called biofilm. (naturalnews.com)
Watson has patented a mixture of anthracnose fungi and low doses of ordinary herbicides for weed control. (dhushara.com)
Fungicide" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any fungi or plant disease. (virginia.gov)

Groups of 20-25 embryos were incubated 96 hr in vitro with either individual chemicals or mixtures of chemicals simulating exposures encountered by handling pesticides, inhaling drift, or ingesting contaminated groundwater. (cdc.gov)
That way, any herbicides, pesticides, or other potentially dangerous mixtures are removed from the oil before use. (ipsnews.net)
Many peanut growers prefer to use tank-mixtures that contain multiple pesticides with the goal of reducing input costs.However, the multitude of possible tank-mixtures has not been adequately tested for crop response and efficacy. (farmprogress.com)
Many peanut growers prefer to use tank-mixtures that contain multiple pesticides with the goal of reducing input costs. (farmprogress.com)

To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here . (weedscience.org)
The good news is that, on the whole, the systems map to each other, for example, HRAC Group O, Australian Group I, and WSSA Group 4 are synthetic auxins and contain the same list of herbicides. (weedscience.org)

As a result of natural tolerance or resistance of this grass to other currently registered herbicides growers rely on preemergence (PRE) applications of pronamide and postemergence (POST) applications of the Group 2 herbicides foramsulfuron and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron for hair fescue management. (bioone.org)
In 1990 whilst at the University of Manitoba I created a classification system based on numbers to assist growers in rotating herbicides, and published it in a fact sheet in 1991 - Group 1 = ACCase inhibitors, Group 2 = ALS inhibitors etc. (weedscience.org)
While many methods exist for controlling giant ragweed, herbicides are the tools of choice for most growers. (scirp.org)

Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2). (weedscience.org)
In the early 1990's Australia created a classification system based on letters, and HRAC (Herbicide-Resistance Action Committee) also created a classification system also based on letters … unfortunately not the same letters as the Australian classification system. (weedscience.org)
In the HRAC classification system there are 25 herbicide Groups. (weedscience.org)
Cellular targets of herbicide action and herbicide classification by mode of action according to the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC). (weedscience.org)

Mix 1 part systemic herbicide containing triclopyr and 1 part water. (gardenguides.com)
Although girdling itself will slowly kill a tree, spraying a systemic herbicide will speed up the process and cause the tree to pull the poison down to its roots, which will kill the tree's roots and prevent suckers from forming. (gardenguides.com)
A second ring is not required for girdling, but will make an application of systemic herbicide more effective. (gardenguides.com)
Use caution when mixing and handling systemic herbicides. (gardenguides.com)
The poisons in systemic herbicides can be absorbed directly into your skin through contact. (gardenguides.com)
To prevent this, always wear protective clothing and gloves when handling systemic herbicides. (gardenguides.com)
You should also take a shower immediately after using systemic herbicides. (gardenguides.com)

Synergistic or active effects, prevention of detoxication of one of the herbicide in the mixture, reduction of the doses of the herbicides etc. (krushi.world)
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C., Aug. 26 (UPI) -- Male rats exposed in vitro to low doses of widely used herbicide are more likely than others to develop prostate inflammation, U.S. researchers say. (upi.com)

The emergence pattern of giant ragweed can extend from March to late July [2] , which means early emerged plants will be more competitive while late emerging individuals will make it difficult to properly time a herbicide application. (scirp.org)

unless there is information to the contrary on the product label, users should not apply Acetolactate synthase (ALS) herbicides in tank mixture or sequence with other ALS herbicides including sulfonylureas. (hse.gov.uk)

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Israel have been instrumental in providing you this information. (weedscience.org)

In Israel this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 1991 and infests Forests, and Roadsides. (weedscience.org)
In Denmark this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1991 and infests Spring Barley, and Wheat. (weedscience.org)

To help answer some of the questions, the University of Georgia conducted research last year to assess the impact of adding 2, 4-DB to currently recommended post-emergence tank mixtures of Cadre (imazapic) plus Dual Magnum ( s -metolachlor) or Warrant (acetochlor) and Cobra (lactofen) + Dual Magnum or Warrant. (farmprogress.com)

Herbicide combination after certain advantages like broad spectrum of herbicidal action. (krushi.world)
Last August, they wrote an Open Letter to the U.S. Senate which said, "From an environmental perspective, applying a concentrated broad spectrum herbicide over delicate tropical ecosystems is almost certain to cause significant damage. (cannabisnews.com)

Crop trees have not been planted and are not a concern at this point, so you have greater flexibility in herbicide choice. (msucares.com)
However, the multitude of possible tank-mixtures has not been adequately tested for crop response and efficacy," said Eric Prostko, University of Georgia Extension weed specialist, in a paper presented at the American Peanut Research and Education Society meeting in Charleston, S.C. July 15. (farmprogress.com)
Rain delays and/or late planting have resulted in continual inquiries about peanut herbicide + fungicide tank-mixes and their potential effects on weed control and crop injury. (uga.edu)

Mixtures simulating groundwater contaminants, insecticide formulation, and lawn-care herbicides reduced development to blastocyst and mean cell number per embryo (p or = 0.05). (cdc.gov)
Insecticide" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects that may be present in any environment whatsoever. (virginia.gov)

There is no need to include herbicides with residual activity at this point, since emergence of additional plants is largely finished for the fall. (no-tillfarmer.com)

Benzofuranes (WSSA Group 16), chlorocarbonic acids (Group 26), phosphorodithioates (Group 8), and thiocarbamates (Group 8) are examples of herbicides that are known inhibitors of several plant processes including: 1) biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids which may account for reported reductions in cuticular wax deposition, 2) biosynthesis of proteins, isoprenoids (including gibberellins), and flavonoids (including anthocyanins), and 3) gibberellin synthesis inhibition which may result from the inhibition of kaurene synthesis. (weedscience.org)

Toxicity of Herbicide Mixtures to Tropical Freshwater Microalgae Using" by S. Stone, M. S. Adams et al. (edu.au)
The State Department has concealed information about the true toxicity of the spray mixture and has failed to conduct proper environmental and health assessments," said Pasternack. (cannabisnews.com)

4.B. Evaluate interactions between prohexadione calcium and various postemergence herbicides when applied as a tank-mixture. (usda.gov)

In Czech Republic this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1986 and infests Corn (maize), and Sugar beets. (weedscience.com)

Before pine-friendly herbicides, the only vegetative competition control methods available to forest managers were mechanical vegetation removal (cutting and bulldozer work) and prescribed fire. (msucares.com)

This intervention involves planting field margins with a grass-rich seed mixture. (conservationevidence.com)
Seed mixtures contained either only grass species (three mixes including three to six species, cost £15-£70/ha), a mix of grasses and herbs (six grass and eight herb species, cost £300/ha) or only herbs 11 species, £35/ha). (conservationevidence.com)
Prostko) Getting plenty of calls about perceived reductions in grass control after applications of ACC-ase inhibiting herbicides, such as Select (clethodim) or Poast (sethoxydim), have been applied. (uga.edu)

Herbicides target only a few proteins or processes among the tremendous range present in plants. (weedscience.org)

Chemical herbicides have been popular since the 1920s, although some early mixtures were dangerous. (teara.govt.nz)
Chemical site preparation involves applying herbicides in an attempt to control competing vegetation before planting (Figures 1 and 2). (msucares.com)
What are possible effects of these chemical mixtures and what are safer alternatives? (healthandenvironment.org)
It is a chemical with a high production volume that is used as a reactive intermediate and in the manufacture of numerous chemical products, and as a herbicide in recirculating water systems. (who.int)

This causes repeated application of Group 2 herbicides, which is compounded by the recent registration of flazasulfuron for POST suppression of hair fescue in lowbush blueberry. (bioone.org)
Herbicides were applied in spring nonbearing year, fall bearing year, and fall nonbearing year, with each application timing conducted as a separate experiment. (bioone.org)
Flazasulfuron was effective across all application timings, although its mixture with glufosinate generally improved hair fescue suppression. (bioone.org)
1) The tank mixtures made with desired herbicides and rates just before application. (krushi.world)
In the fall of 2000, the United States and Colombia began an intensive aerial herbicide application program to eradicate coca and poppy crops in drug producing areas of Colombia as part of an anti-narcotics initiative called Plan Colombia. (cannabisnews.com)
The U.S. Department of State says the decision to use aerial spraying is justified because herbicide application by airplane is the most cost effective way of coping with the magnitude of the problem and ensuring that eradication operations do not turn violent. (cannabisnews.com)
While this publication is not an all-encompassing list of treatment options, it does provide information on the most effective product names, rates, and application timings based on operational forest herbicide work and research. (msucares.com)
The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) now has melaleuca under maintenance control in the Water Conservation Areas around Lake Okeechobee, and crews routinely conduct spot treatments to prevent a melaleuca resurgence, using ground application of herbicides. (ufl.edu)
If you are applying for the first authorised label-recommendation of a convenience tank-mix for a product that contains an active substance for which no tank-mixes have been previously authorised in any product, you must submit as part of the application the data and/or reasoned scientific cases demonstrating that the product is physically compatible in the proposed mixture. (hse.gov.uk)

Moreover, human health impacts from a concentrated mixture are obviously more likely. (cannabisnews.com)

I just posted this on the above article but this one is obviously more relevant.60 Minutes - Herbicide Problems: http://www.cbsnews.com/now/story/0,1597,323944-412,00.shtml [ Post Comment ] Comment #2 posted by goneposthole on January 16, 2002 at 15:48:42 PT earthjustice 100,000 hectares of coca would yield how much raw product? (cannabisnews.com)
Prostko explained that replicated, small-plot, weed-free trials were established in Tifton and Attapulgus to evaluate potential peanut yield losses associated with these tank mixtures. (farmprogress.com)
He noted that no interaction between timing and treatment was observed and neither timing nor herbicide treatment had a significant effect on peanut yield. (farmprogress.com)

Methods for controlling this weed include alternative herbicides and herbicide mixtures. (usda.gov)
Other methods of killing a crabapple tree include spraying herbicide over the foliage and trunk, cutting the tree down while it is still living and applying herbicide spray directly to the cut stump, or tree injection. (gardenguides.com)

Spray the herbicide and water mixture onto the groove cut in the tree until the groove is saturated with moisture. (gardenguides.com)

These higher rates may be necessary to control more inherently resistant species or species that have developed resistance to pine-appropriate herbicides. (msucares.com)
Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorsulfuron, florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. (weedscience.org)
A survey on untreated plots in agricultural fields all over Denmark showed that S. media was resistant to SU herbicides in 15% of the fields. (weedscience.org)

This study provides examples showing that target-site resistance to POST herbicides and non-target-site resistance to PRE herbicides can be overcome by offering direct evidence across many L. rigidum populations screened. (edu.au)

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. (weedscience.org)
In an ideal world we would only have one classification system for herbicide sites of action, no such luck. (weedscience.org)
This was added to and became the basis of the Canadian herbicide classification system, which in turn became the basis of the WSSA (Weed Science Society of America) herbicide classification system first published by Retzinger and Mallory-Smith in 1997. (weedscience.org)

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the herbicide mixtures for weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) under middle Gujarat conditions at College Agronomy Farm, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand during Kharif seasons of 2001-2002 and 2002-2003. (ac.lk)
This work aims to evaluate the association of herbicides in the control of C. canadensis . (ufla.br)

UGA will never be able to adequately address all concerns with 90,000+ potential tank-mixtures in peanuts. (uga.edu)

Dual tank-mixtures were slightly more injurious (cosmetic) than Warrant tank mixtures," he said. (farmprogress.com)
programs that included three-way tank-mixtures of Cobra 2EC or Ultra Blazer 2AS plus Dual Magnum provided excellent control of Palmer amaranth with peanut yields equivalent to current standards, according to Prostko. (farmprogress.com)
Once the first convenience tank-mixture has been authorised for any product with that a.s., subsequent convenience tank-mixes for any products must also be supported by physical compatibility data. (hse.gov.uk)

U.S. water safety study reveals HERBICIDES, fragrances and disinfection products are the most commonly detected public water contaminants - but what about FLUORIDE? (naturalnews.com)

The aerial spraying and drift of an herbicide mixture over vast areas of the Colombian and Ecuadorian countryside by private U.S. defense contractors with military protection is harming peasants and indigenous communities, the intervention states. (cannabisnews.com)

Tree injection involves making a series of cuts into the bark of the tree trunk and then injecting herbicide directly into these cuts. (gardenguides.com)

Evolved resistance to binary herbicide mixtures in individual plants may require the accumulation of multiple traits (at least two genetic traits) conferring resistance to each herbicide component applied at the maximum recommended dosage. (edu.au)
The plants invasion of Conyza genus has occurred in several regions in Brazil and in the world, due to the selection caused by the continuous use of herbicides with the same active, causing losses in production. (ufla.br)

Federal and state agencies have cooperated to identify biological control agents and develop herbicide technology that can be used against melaleuca. (ufl.edu)

However, there are other circumstances and special considerations to think about when using herbicides in pine management. (msucares.com)
Herbicides have proven beneficial in management efforts by lowering establishment costs, increasing growth, and reducing mortality when regenerating pine stands. (msucares.com)
These herbicide recommendations are intended for use in loblolly pine management. (msucares.com)

We will accept a Compatibility Assurance Statement(CAS) - a statement certifying that data or evidence is available to demonstrate that the products in the proposed mixture are physically compatible. (hse.gov.uk)
In one study, exposure to methanol alone (excluding methanol mixtures in automotive and cleaning products) was reported in 526 cases. (medscape.com)

2) The concocted herbicide mixtures formulated by the companies at the time of manufacturing. (krushi.world)
5.B. Quantify the impact drying time has on the movement of herbicides applied over-the-top of mulch covered vegetable beds. (usda.gov)
There is still time this fall to apply herbicides for control of winter annuals and marestail. (no-tillfarmer.com)

The seed mixture 'Tübinger Mischung' with only wildflowers attracted most individuals, but the lowest species numbers. (conservationevidence.com)
Other agencies are proposing expanded herbicide use to control invasive species on public lands and waters. (healthandenvironment.org)

Surfactants are used in herbicide formulations as wetting agents, to maximize coverage and aid penetration of the herbicide(s) through plant leaves. (wikipedia.org)
In order to study the possibility of resistance in Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats biotypes to Chloridazon, Desmedipham and mixture of these two herbicides in sugar beet fields of West Azarbayejan, Isfahan, Pars, Khorasan and Khoozestan provinces, two experiments were conducted at greenhouse of Weed Research Department of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection during 2003 and 2004. (weedscience.org)
Herbicide binding at this protein location blocks electron transport from Q A to Q B and stops CO 2 fixation and production of ATP and NADPH 2 which are all needed for plant growth. (weedscience.org)
Herbicides don't work, and that's where you have to head in with biocontrol,' says Jonathan Gressel, a plant physiologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. (dhushara.com)
Defoliant" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for causing the leaves or foliage to drop from a plant, with or without causing abscission. (virginia.gov)
Desiccant" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for artificially accelerating the drying of plant tissue. (virginia.gov)

Herbicide combination or mixtures are used for effective and economical weed control. (krushi.world)

There are a few exceptions, particularly where the herbicide site of action is not well understood. (weedscience.org)
Although the sites of action of Group Z herbicides are not well know, we know that they fall into at least four groups that don't act at the same site of action. (weedscience.org)

There is mounting scientific evidence that some EPA-approved herbicides, as well as so-called "inert" ingredients in the formulas have adverse health effects. (healthandenvironment.org)

The CHE-Alaska Working Group provided an update on herbicide spraying issues in Alaska. (healthandenvironment.org)
Group Z is unusual in that it represents herbicides with mechanisms that are not well understood. (weedscience.org)

4.A. Determine if applications of various organic herbicides can provide economic weed control. (usda.gov)
In addition, you can use higher rates of herbicides for site preparation applications. (msucares.com)

CDDs enter the environment as mixtures containing a variety of individual components and impurities. (cdc.gov)

Organisms8

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs41

Phenomena and Processes2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Health Care2

Weeds15

Glyphosate14

Complex Mixtures1

Atrazine4

Insecticides3

Fungi3

Pesticides4

List of herbicides2

Growers3

HRAC4

Systemic7

Doses2

Giant ragweed1

Acetolactate Synthase1

Resistance Action Committee1

19912

Post-emergence1

Broad spectrum2

Crop3

Insecticide2

Residual activity1

Inhibitors1

Toxicity2

Postemergence1

Infests1

Vegetative1

Grass3

Proteins1

Chemical4

Application9

Impacts1

Yield3

Methods2

Spray1

Resistant3

Populations1

Classification3

Evaluate2

Adequately1

Tank3

Water1

Drift1

Involves1

Plants2

Develop1

Management3

Products2

Time3

Species2

Plant6

Effective1

Site of action2

Effects1

Group2

Applications2

Individual1